A Janus‐Headed Lewis Superacid: Simple Access to,and First Application of Me3Si‐F‐Al(ORF)3

Upon reaction of gaseous Me₃SiF with the in situ prepared Lewis acid Al(OR^F)₃, the stable ion‐like silylium compound Me₃Si‐F‐Al(OR^F)₃ 1 forms. The Janus‐headed 1 is a readily available smart Lewis acid that differentiates between hard and soft nucleophiles, but also polymerizes isobutene effectively. Thus, in reactions of 1 with soft nucleophiles (Nu), such as phosphanes, the silylium side interacts in an orbital‐controlled manner, with formation of [Me₃Si?Nu]⁺ and the weakly coordinating [F?Al(OR^F)₃]^– or [(^FRO)₃Al‐F‐Al(OR^F)₃]^– anions. If exchanged for hard nucleophiles, such as primary alcohols, the aluminum side reacts in a charge‐controlled manner, with release of FSiMe₃ gas and formation of the adduct R(H)O?Al(OR^F)₃. Compound 1 very effectively initiates polymerization of 8 to 21 mL of liquid C₄H₈ in 50 mL of CH₂Cl₂ already at temperatures between ?57 and ?30 °C with initiator loads as low as 10 mg in a few seconds with 100 % yield but broad polydispersities.     

Electrophilic Formylation of Arenes by Silylium Ion Mediated Activation of Carbon Monoxide

Arene‐stabilized silylium ions react with carbon monoxide rather than carbon monoxide adducts of silylium ions reacting with arenes. This mechanism is supported by quantum‐chemical calculations. Even sterically hindered mesitylene and electronically deactivated chlorobenzene engage in this electrophilic aromatic substitution. The silylium ion mediated formylation corresponds to Gattermann–Koch reactions promoted by strong Brønsted acids. The resulting silylcarboxonium ion of the arenecarbaldehyde was crystallographically characterized, for the first time revealing the molecular structure of this synthetically important intermediate.     

Activation of CS2 and CO2 by Silylium Cations

The hydride-bridged silylium cation [Et₃Si−H−SiEt₃]⁺, stabilized by the weakly coordinating [Me₃NB₁₂Cl₁₁]⁻ anion, undergoes, in the presence of excess silane, a series of unexpected consecutive reactions with the valence-isoelectronic molecules CS₂ and CO₂. The final products of the reaction with CS₂ are methane and the previously unknown [(Et₃Si)₃S]⁺ cation. To gain insight into the entire reaction cascade, numerous experiments with varying conditions were performed, intermediate products were intercepted, and their structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. Besides the [(Et₃Si)₃S]⁺ cation as the final product, crystal structures of [(Et₃Si)₂SMe]⁺, [Et₃SiS(H)Me]⁺, and [Et₃SiOC(H)OSiEt₃]⁺ were obtained. Experimental results combined with supporting quantum-chemical calculations in the gas phase and solution allow a detailed understanding of the reaction cascade.     

Synthesis of a Perfluorinated Phenoxyphosphorane and Conversion to Its Hexacoordinate Anions

We report the synthesis and structural characterization of a neutral P^V Lewis acid, P(OC₆F₅)₅, and salts containing the six-coordinate anions [P(OC₆F₅)₅F]⁻ and [P(OC₆F₅)₆]⁻. The latter anion exhibits a rare example of F–π_arene interactions in both the solid and the solution phase, which has been quantitatively studied by variable-temperature (VT) NMR spectroscopy. The Lewis acid strength of P(OC₆F₅)₅ has been assessed through experimental fluoride ion competition experiments and quantum-chemical calculations of its fluoride ion affinity (FIA) and global electrophilicity index (GEI). Our findings highlight the importance of considering solvent effects in electrophilicity calculations, even when neutral Lewis acids are involved, and show a rare divergence between FIA and GEI trends. The coordinating abilities of the [P(OC₆F₅)₆]⁻ and [P(OC₆F₅)₅F]⁻ anions towards the trityl cation, as a prototypical electrophile, have been assessed.     

Synthesis of a Counteranion‐Stabilized Bis(silylium) Ion

The preparation of a molecule with two alkyl‐tethered silylium‐ion sites from the corresponding bis(hydrosilanes) by two‐fold hydride abstraction is reported. The length of the conformationally flexible alkyl bridge is crucial as otherwise the hydride abstraction stops at the stage of a cyclic bissilylated hydronium ion. With an ethylene tether, the open form of the hydronium‐ion intermediate is energetically accessible and engages in another hydride abstraction. The resulting bis(silylium) ion has been NMR spectroscopically and structurally characterized. Related systems based on rigid naphthalen‐n,m‐diyl platforms can only be converted into the dications when the positively charged silylium‐ion units are remote from each other (1,8 versus 1,5 and 2,6).     

Competition for Hydride Between Silicon and Boron: Synthesis and Characterization of a Hydroborane-Stabilized Silylium Ion

Potent main-group Lewis acids are capable of activating element-hydrogen bonds. To probe the rivalry for hydride between silylium- and borenium-ion centers, a neutral precursor with the hydrosilane and hydroborane units in close proximity on a naphthalene-1,8-diyl platform was designed. Abstraction of one hydride leads to a hydroborane-stabilized silylium ion rather than a hydrosilane-coordinated borenium ion paired with [B(C₆F₅)₄]⁻ or [HCB₁₁Cl₁₁]⁻ as counteranions. Characterization by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction supported by DFT calculations reveals a cationic, unsymmetrical open three-center, two-electron (3c2e) Si−H−B linkage.     

Superacids Based on Pentafluoroorthotellurate Derivatives of Aluminum

The new Lewis acid Al(OTeF₅)₃ and its acetonitrile adduct CH₃CN→Al(OTeF₅)₃ were obtained by a simple one-step synthesis in batches of up to 15 g. Al(OTeF₅)₃ and the adduct were characterized by vibrational spectroscopy (IR, Raman) and quantum-chemical calculations. Furthermore, five different salts of the new weakly coordinating anion [Al(OTeF₅)₄]⁻ were prepared in a two-step procedure. [Ph₄P][Al(OTeF₅)₄], Cs[Al(OTeF₅)₄], [Ph₃C][Al(OTeF₅)₄], as well as the protonated benzene derivatives [C₉H₁₃][Al(OTeF₅)₄] and [C₆H₇][Al(OTeF₅)₄] were characterized by low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. Arenium salts have rarely been characterized in the solid state and were synthesized in this work in a simplified fashion.     

Exploring the Reactivity of B-Connected Carboranylphosphines in Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry: A New Frame for a Classic System

The primary phosphines MesPH₂ and tBuPH₂ react with 9-iodo-m-carborane yielding B9-connected secondary carboranylphosphines 1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PHR (R=2,4,6-Me₃C₆H₂ (Mes; 1 a ), tBu ( 1 b )). Addition of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) to 1 a , b resulted in the zwitterionic compounds 1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PHR(p-C₆F₄)BF(C₆F₅)₂ ( 2 a , b ) through nucleophilic para substitution of a C₆F₅ ring followed by fluoride transfer to boron. Further reaction with Me₂SiHCl prompted a H−F exchange yielding the zwitterionic compounds 1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PHR(p-C₆F₄)BH(C₆F₅)₂ ( 3 a , b ). The reaction of 2 a , b with one equivalent of R'MgBr (R’=Me, Ph) gave the extremely water-sensitive frustrated Lewis pairs 1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PR(p-C₆F₄)B(C₆F₅)₂ ( 4 a , b ). Hydrolysis of the B−C₆F₄ bond in 4 a , b gave the first tertiary B-carboranyl phosphines with three distinct substituents, 1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PR(p-C₆F₄H) ( 5 a , b ). Deprotonation of the zwitterionic compounds 2 a , b and 3 a , b formed anionic phosphines [1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PR(p-C₆F₄)BX(C₆F₅)₂]⁻[DMSOH]⁺ (R=Mes, X=F ( 6 a ), R=tBu, X=F ( 6 b ); R=Mes, X=H ( 7 a ), R=tBu, X=H ( 7 b )). Reaction of 2 a , b with an excess of Grignard reagents resulted in the addition of R’ at the boron atom yielding the anions [1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PR(p-C₆F₄)BR’(C₆F₅)₂]⁻ (R=Mes, R’=Me ( 8 a ), R=tBu, R’=Me ( 8 b ); R=Mes, R’=Ph ( 9 a ), R=tBu, R’=Ph ( 9 b )) with [MgBr(Et₂O)_n]⁺ as counterion. The ability of the zwitterionic compounds 3 a , b to hydrogenate imines as well as the Brønsted acidity of 3 a were investigated.     

Superacidity of Boron Acids H2(B12X12) (X=Cl,Br)

Acid remarks : The anhydrous diprotic boron acids H₂(B₁₂X₁₂) (X=Cl, Br; see picture, B orange, X green) are the first examples of diprotic superacids and may be the strongest acids yet isolated. Both protons protonate benzene to give benzenium ion salts that are stable at room temperature. These acids owe their existence to the stability of the icosahedral B₁₂ cluster with its dinegative charge buried beneath a layer of halide substituents.

     

Noncoordinating Anions—Fact or Fiction? A Survey of Likely Candidates

Is there anything resembling a truly noncoordinating anion? Would it not be great to be able to prepare any crazy, beautiful, or simply useful cationic species that one has in mind, or has detected by mass spectroscopy? In condensed phases the target cation has to be partnered with a suitable counteranion. This is the moment when difficulties arise and many wonderful ideas end in the sink owing to coordination or decomposition of the anion. However, maybe these counteranion problems can be overcome by one of the new weakly coordinating anions (WCAs). Herein is an overview on the available candidates in the quest for the least coordinating anion and a summary of new applications, available starting materials, and general strategies to introduce a WCA into a system. Some of the unusual properties of WCA salts such as high solubility in low dielectric media, pseudo gas‐phase conditions in condensed phases, and the stabilization of weakly bound and low‐charged complexes are rationalized on thermodynamic grounds. Limits of the WCAs, that is, anion coordination and decomposition, are shown and a quantum chemical analysis of all types of WCAs is presented which allows the choice of a particular WCA to be based on quantative data from a wide range of different anions.     

A Stable Crystalline Copper(I)–N2O Complex Stabilized as the Salt of a Weakly Coordinating Anion

Nitrous oxide is considered a poor ligand, and therefore only a handful of well‐defined metal–N₂O complexes are known. Oxidation of copper powder with an extreme oxidant, [Ag₂I₂][ An ]₂ ([ An ]^?=[Al(OC(CF₃)₃)₄]^?) in perfluorinated hexane leads to Cu^I[ An ], the first auxiliary ligand‐free Cu^I salt of the perfluorinated alkoxyaluminate anion. The compound is capable of forming a stable and crystalline complex with nitrous oxide, Cu(N₂O)[ An ], where the Cu?N₂O bond is by far the strongest among all other molecular metal–N₂O complexes known. Thorough characterization of the compounds together with the crystal structure of Cu(N₂O)[ An ] complex supported with DFT calculations are presented. These give insight into the bonding in the Cu⁺–N₂O system and confirm N‐end coordination of the ligand.     

三配位硅正离子研究的新进展

本文综述了固相和液相中三配位硅正离子(R3Si^+)研究的最新进展, 讨论了硅上不同取代基, 阴离子及溶剂对硅正离子特征的影响。     

Cleavage of Unactivated Si−C(sp3) Bonds with Reed's Carborane Acids: Formation of Known and Unknown Silylium Ions

An efficient method for the benzenium‐ion‐mediated cleavage of inert Si−C(sp³) bonds is reported. Various tetraalkylsilanes can thus be converted into the corresponding counteranion‐stabilized silylium ions. The reaction is chemoselective in the case of hexamethyldisilane. Computations reveal a mechanism with backside attack of the proton at one of the alkyl groups. Several activated Si−C(spⁿ) bonds (n=3–1) react equally well, and the procedure can be extended to the generation of stannylium ions.     

Synthesis of Five‐ and Six‐Coordinate Tris(pentafluoroethyl)fluorosilicates

The research area of perfluoroalkylsilanes is still in its infancy. Although there are already many examples of difluorotriorganylsilicates, the first example of a completely characterized trifluorotriorganylsilicate is presented, the dianion [Si(C₂F₅)₃F₃]^2?. The strongly electron‐withdrawing influence of the pentafluoroethyl groups appears to be a fundamental cause of the stability of this compound. This dianion is also the first structurally characterized example of a tris(pentafluoroethyl)silicon compound. The synthesis and complete characterization of [PPh₄]₂[Si(C₂F₅)₃F₃] and [PPh₄][Si(C₂F₅)₃F₂] along with the precursor [H(OEt₂)₂][Si(C₂F₅)₃F₂] was achieved from SiCl₄ and LiC₂F₅.     

Lewis Base Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Intermolecular Azide–Zwitterion Cycloaddition

The discovery of a novel aerobic oxidative intermolecular azide–zwitterion reaction catalyzed by an organocatalyst is presented. It is demonstrated that the merger of the Lewis base 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene and electron‐deficient olefins generates reactive zwitterion intermediates, which readily participate in cycloaddition reactions with an array of azides, thus providing facile entry to fully or highly substituted 1,2,3‐triazole frameworks. The reaction features an excellent substrate scope, and the products are obtained with high yields and excellent regioselectivities. It is demonstrated that some of these products can be transformed into pharmaceutically important agents. In addition to the experimental results, a detailed mechanistic survey is also provided, including MS studies rationalizing the origin of regioselective control.     

Synthesis and Properties of the Weakly Coordinating Anion [Me3NB12Cl11]−

The weakly coordinating anion [Me₃NB₁₂Cl₁₁]^? has been prepared by a simple two‐step procedure. The anion [Me₃NB₁₂Cl₁₁]^? is easily obtained in batches of up to 20 g by chlorination of the known [H₃NB₁₂H₁₁]^? anion with SbCl₅ at about 190 °C and subsequent N‐methylation with methyl iodide. Starting from Na[Me₃NB₁₂Cl₁₁], several synthetically useful salts with reactive cations ([NO]⁺, [Ph₃C]⁺, and [(Et₃Si)₂H]⁺) were prepared. Full spectroscopic (NMR, IR, Raman, TGA, MS) characterization and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies confirmed the identity and purity of the products. The thermal, chemical, and electrochemical stability as well as the basicity of the [Me₃NB₁₂Cl₁₁]^? anion is similar to that of the structurally related weakly coordinating 1‐carba‐closo‐dodecaborate and closo‐dodecaborate anions. The facile preparation of the [Me₃NB₁₂Cl₁₁]^? anion and its ideal chemical and physical properties make it a cheap alternative to other classes of weakly coordinating anions.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Tetrakis(pentafluoroethyl)aluminate

While perfluorinated aryl, aryloxy and alkoxy aluminum species are well-established as weakly coordinating anions (WCAs), corresponding perfluoroalkyl aluminum derivatives are virtually unknown. Reaction of Si(C₂F₅)₃CH₃ with Li[AlH₄] afforded the tetrakis(pentafluoroethyl)aluminate, [Al(C₂F₅)₄]⁻. Several salts of the [Al(C₂F₅)₄]⁻ ion were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopic methods, mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction studies and elemental analysis.     

The Family of Ferrocene‐Stabilized Silylium Ions: Synthesis, 29Si NMR Characterization,Lewis Acidity,Substituent Scrambling,and Quantum‐Chemical Analyses

The purpose of this systematic experimental and theoretical study is to deeply understand the unique bonding situation in ferrocene‐stabilized silylium ions as a function of the substituents at the silicon atom and to learn about the structure parameters that determine the ²⁹Si NMR chemical shift and electrophilicity of these strong Lewis acids. For this, ten new members of the family of ferrocene‐stabilized silicon cations were prepared by a hydride abstraction reaction from silanes with the trityl cation and characterized by multinuclear ¹H and ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy. A closer look at the NMR spectra revealed that additional minor sets of signals were not impurities but silylium ions with substitution patterns different from that of the initially formed cation. Careful assignment of these signals furnished experimental proof that sterically less hindered silylium ions are capable of exchanging substituents with unreacted silane precursors. Density functional theory calculations provided mechanistic insight into that substituent transfer in which the migrating group is exchanged between two silicon fragments in a concerted process involving a ferrocene‐bridged intermediate. Moreover, the quantum‐chemical analysis of the ²⁹Si NMR chemical shifts revealed a linear relationship between δ(²⁹Si) values and the Fe???Si distance for subsets of silicon cations. An electron localization function and electron localizability indicator analysis shows a three‐center two‐electron bonding attractor between the iron, silicon, and C′_ipso atoms, clearly distinguishing the silicon cations from the corresponding carbenium ions and boranes. Correlations between ²⁹Si NMR chemical shifts and Lewis acidity, evaluated in terms of fluoride ion affinities, are seen only for subsets of silylium ions, sometimes with non‐intuitive trends, indicating a complicated interplay of steric and electronic effects on the degree of the Fe???Si interaction.