Effective Mentoring and the Problem of Assessing Quality in Science

In this short essay, I re-emphasize the inter-relationship between mentoring doctoral students or postdocs and the never ending problem of assessing the quality of scientific outputs. It includes the plea to mentees and mentors not to employ an overblown language in papers, posters and lectures, which constitute a gross exaggeration of the true state of affairs. Doubt is also cast on the present use of Hirsch-factors and other bibliometric data as well as certain social media claiming to be effective in assessing scientific quality.     

装运铁矿石取样的最佳实践

商业交易的装运铁矿石取样应当按照ISO 3082进行。尽管近年来合规性已有所改善,但在一些方面仍存在明显问题,包括:1)大流量样品截取器的设计和操作;2)在二级取样阶段对一级增量样品的划分;3)缩分之前用于减小样品粒度的破碎机的破碎性能;4)在每个取样阶段保留的样品质量;5)样品缩分。取样是测量过程开始的地方,因此如果样品不具有代表性,整个过程在开始时就被破坏了。正确取样的“金规则”是“被取样物料的所有部分都必须有相等的概率被收集到并成为最终分析样品的一部分”。如果不遵守这一规则,那么就很容易引入偏差。例如,在实践中不可能从库存料堆或船舶现场采集到具有代表性的样品。必须在构建堆料或分解堆料时,或在船舶的装载或卸载时取样。在满足“正确取样的金规则”后,取样站设计还应符合以下要求:1)采集的样品质量必须足够大,以考虑粒度大小的影响,将基本误差、分组误差和离析误差降低到可接受的水平;2)需要采取足够数量的增量样品,以将长期质量波动误差降低到可接受的水平;3)应正确地选择取样位置,以避免由于诸如斗轮取料机和离心泵等设备存在的质量周期性变化所造成的影响;4)附加错误诸如样品污染、样品溢出、颗粒降解和操作员失误等,需要从一开始就加以消除。因此为了消除不良的取样做法,确保取样能够兑现应有的承诺,需要通过改进工作人员的培训和提高认识来确保所取样品没有重大偏差,确保样品的总体精度满足所需的任务要求。     

基于科研训练的本科生创新型人才的培养改革与实践

结合浙江工业大学本科生科研训练的现状,首先论述了目前本科生科研训练存在的问题,并以浙江工业大学材料科学与工程学院为试点,提出了以科研训练课程群建设和活动平台建设为基础,以"导师制"为抓手的多元化的科研训练培养形式。改革与实践的具体内容涉及人才培养过程的优化、实验教学的提升、教学方法的改革以及学生综合素质的全面提高。初步的改革实践成效表明,科研训练实践改革的实施,在提高学生科研素质方面取得了很好的效果。经过3年的探索和实践,我们体会到较早开展科研训练,努力促使科研优势转化为教学优势,可丰富研究型人才的培养内容,对培养和提高学生的科研能力有着重要的意义。     

One Hundred Years of Vitamins—A Success Story of the Natural Sciences

The discovery of vitamins as essential factors in the diet was a scientific breakthrough that changed the world. Diseases such as scurvy, rickets, beriberi, and pellagra were recognized to be curable with an adequate diet. These diseases had been prevalent for thousands of years and had a dramatic impact on societies as well as on economic development. This Review highlights the key achievements in the development of industrial processes for the manufacture of eight of the 13 vitamins.     

基于提高学生科学素养的科学实践活动设计与实践——以“果蔬维生素C大比拼”为例

以“果蔬维生素C大比拼”科学实践活动为例,阐述了科学实践活动的设计原则、活动目标设计、教学过程设计、教学实施策略以及活动效果。说明科学实践活动对于培养和提高学生科学素养的独特作用,指出教师应重视科学实践活动的研究与开发,并需不断提高自身的科学素养水平。     

自然水体生物膜有机组分对Pb(2+)的吸附特性及其影响因素

生物膜在天然水环境和工程处理中起着重要的作用．关于自然水体生物膜对重金属的吸附作用已有很多报道．但多数报道认为，生物膜中的无机物即铁锰氧化物对重金属的吸附起着主要作用，而对于生物膜的重要组成部分——有机组分对重金属吸附影响的研究则很少．     

In Vivo Biological Behavior of Polymer Scaffolds of Natural Origin in the Bone Repair Process

Autologous bone grafts, used mainly in extensive bone loss, are considered the gold standard treatment in regenerative medicine, but still have limitations mainly in relation to the amount of bone available, donor area, morbidity and creation of additional surgical area. This fact encourages tissue engineering in relation to the need to develop new biomaterials, from sources other than the individual himself. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of an elastin and collagen matrix on the bone repair process in critical size defects in rat calvaria. The animals (Wistar rats, n = 30) were submitted to a surgical procedure to create the bone defect and were divided into three groups: Control Group (CG, n = 10), defects filled with blood clot; E24/37 Group (E24/37, n = 10), defects filled with bovine elastin matrix hydrolyzed for 24 h at 37 °C and C24/25 Group (C24/25, n = 10), defects filled with porcine collagen matrix hydrolyzed for 24 h at 25 °C. Macroscopic and radiographic analyses demonstrated the absence of inflammatory signs and infection. Microtomographical 2D and 3D images showed centripetal bone growth and restricted margins of the bone defect. Histologically, the images confirmed the pattern of bone deposition at the margins of the remaining bone and without complete closure by bone tissue. In the morphometric analysis, the groups E24/37 and C24/25 (13.68 ± 1.44; 53.20 ± 4.47, respectively) showed statistically significant differences in relation to the CG (5.86 ± 2.87). It was concluded that the matrices used as scaffolds are biocompatible and increase the formation of new bone in a critical size defect, with greater formation in the polymer derived from the intestinal serous layer of porcine origin (C24/25).     

微量元素在生命体中的最适浓度

简要介绍了人体中的生命元素、微量元素和必需微量元素以及微量元素在人体中的生理功能和特征，指出微量元素摄入过量和不足所引起的不良后果。阐述了生命体中元素的最适浓度定律。     

促进学生认识素养发展的高中化学教学策略实证与反思

根据胡久华著的《化学课程与学生认识素养发展》中提及的促进学生认识素养发展的5点教学策略展开实证研究,以多个课堂教学案例进行阐述,强调发展学生认识素养的重要性,教学必须关注认识方式的建构。介绍了在教学实践过程中遇到的问题及实施的调整措施,进行有目的、有策略的学生认识素养的培养,从而建立学生终身受益的基本化学观念和认识。     

学科核心素养发展导向的高中化学课程内容和学业要求——《普通高中化学课程标准(2017年版)》解读

在2017年版高中化学课程标准的修订过程中,课程内容和学业要求部分的修订基于以下原则和思路进行：学科核心素养导向,彰显知识的素养发展功能,明确学习内容和学业要求,删减调整部分内容,明确规定学生必做实验,基于主题进行教学指导,提供教学策略、学习活动和情境素材等。其中必修和选择性必修课程内容的修订重点在突出核心观念引领、调整具体内容等方面相似,同时又基于2类课程的定位不同各有侧重。     

美国化学教育专业博士培养方案研究

基于学科的教育研究人才的培养对于深入推进教育改革具有重要意义。研究了美国6所大学的化学教育专业博士培养方案,分析了其培养目标、课程设置、科研要求、教学实践要求等方面的特点。结果发现：其培养目标既指向基础教育又指向高等教育;课程设置强调化学专业知识、教育理论和研究方法三位一体;科研要求注重科学研究态度的培养和科学研究能力的训练;教学实践要求为将来走上工作岗位奠定基础。结合与其相对应的我国化学课程与教学论专业博士培养方案,提出了明确并扩展培养目标、提高化学专业课程要求、强化研究方法课程、重视教学实践能力等启示。     

“三合一”仪器分析平台的建设

立足于现有分析仪器,通过建立“三合一”仪器分析平台,将学生实习、教师科研、企业检测等3方面需求结合起来。仪器分析平台以“准专业化”方式运作,具有如下功能:(1)增加了学生实习时间和就业机会;(2)改善了教师科研条件,缓解了实验压力;(3)为本地小微企业提供了就近的检测服务;(4)为学校和企业提供了技术合作平台。     

钾元素概念的发展史及其意义

通过对钾元素概念的发展史考证分析可知,钾是电化学兴起后最先发现的活泼金属。19世纪初,随着科学思想和实验条件的发展,通过电解法首次制取到钾的单质,但并未确定为元素。19世纪中期,对钾元素性质的实验验证和原子论的发展,使得钾元素的概念被确认。20世纪20年代,钾元素同位素的发现,形成了现代的钾元素概念。钾元素概念的发展史不仅是元素概念的发展史,也是科学方法的发展史与科学思想的演变史。     

我国台湾学科能力测验中自然科学选择题的设置及评价

我国台湾学科能力测验自然科学的题型全部为选择题,通过增加选项数目、增加多项选择题比例、改变多项选择题编排模式、改变计分方式、改变题量与总分关系等可以减少选择题存在的强猜现象、无法考查思维过程及无法顾及学生差异性等不足,改善了选择题的考查评价功能,使考试更加公平科学,可以为我国大陆即将全面铺开的学业水平考试选择题部分的设计提供参考。     

以实践创新为导向的天然药物化学教学模式的研究

基于教学实践,从理论研究与实践探索2个方面开展研究并探讨天然药物化学的新颖教学模式。分别从构建新型的天然药物实验平台课程、改革课程的教学方式和方法、着力发挥人文教育作用和推广现代教育技术手段应用等多方面积极推进。旨在构建多模块立体式实践教学体系,在实践中培养创新型中药人才。     

The Quality of Standards in Least Squares Calibrations

Frequently, the Least Square Regression Model (LSRM) assumption related to standards quality is either forgotten or formulated in too strict of a way, making its application unsuccessful or difficult. This work posits that the LSRM requires calibration standards with concentration ratios affected by negligible uncertainties that are achievable for standard solutions with large relative uncertainties. Criterion to test this assumption and a model to take into account the uncertainty of standards in performed quantifications are presented. The developed models were successfully tested with a combination of experimental data about interpolation uncertainty, for the determination of hexachlorobenzene by GC-ECD, with simulated values of standards concentrations.     

大学生科研创新训练的探索与实践——以1,4-二(1-羧亚甲基-4-咪唑基)苯的合成为例

开展了以1,4-二(1-羧亚甲基-4-咪唑基)苯的合成为内容的大学生科研创新训练,从化合物合成路线设计、结构表征、性质研究等方面进行探索与实践。结果表明,大学生科研实践能有效地促进理论知识体系和实践技能相整合,提高学生的综合素质和创新能力。     

The Channel Behavior of Gramicidin D in the Self-assembled Monolayer

Gramicidinisalinearpolypeptideantibioticconsistingof15hydrophobicaminoacidswithLandDconfiguration.Itcanformionchannelsinmembraneswhicharespecificforsmallmonovalentcanons'.Traditionally,itisthoughtthatthebilayerorbilayer-likeenvironmentisnecessarytogramicidinchannelforming.Allofthereportedworkswerebasedonbiologicalmembranes,suchaserythrocytes,mitochondria,orartificialmembranes,suchasbilayerlipidmembrane(BLM),liposomeandsoon.Onlyonepaperreportedtheincorporationofgramicidinintosolidsubstratesup…     

Study on Metronidazole Acid-Base Behavior and Speciation with Ca2+ for Potential Applications in Natural Waters

Metronidazole (MNZ) is an antibiotic widely used for the treatment of various infectious diseases and as an effective pesticide agent for the cultivation of chickens and fish. Its high resistance to purification processes and biological activity has led to the classification of MNZ as an emerging contaminant. A speciation study, aimed to define the acid-base properties of MNZ and its interaction with Ca²⁺, commonly present in natural waters, is reported. The protonation constants of MNZ, as well as the formation constant value of Ca²⁺-MNZ species, were obtained by potentiometric titrations in an aqueous solution, using NaCl as background salt at different ionic strengths (0.15, 0.5, 1 mol L⁻¹) and temperature (15, 25 and 37 °C) conditions. The acid-base behavior and the complexation with Ca²⁺ were also investigated by ¹H NMR and UV-Vis titrations, with results in very good agreement with the potentiometric ones. The dependence of the formation constants on the ionic strength and temperature was also determined. The sequestering ability of MNZ towards Ca²⁺ was defined by the empirical parameter pL_0.5 at different pH and temperature values. The speciation of MNZ simulating sea water conditions was calculated.