Structure,surface analysis and bioactivity of Mn doped zinc oxide nanoparticles

Undoped zinc oxide nanoparticles and Mn (5 atomic % & 10 atomic %) doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by soft chemical method. Antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activities in breast cancer cell line MDAMB231 of prepared nanoparticles were investigated. The nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, SEM, EDAX, UV–Vis, FT-IR, and room temperature PL Analysis. Antimicrobial activity was tested against both gram positive and gram negative human pathogens. The antioxidant potential of prepared nanoparticles was estimated using Phosphomolybdate and DPPH assay. The MTT assay was used for cytotoxicity evaluation of prepared nanoparticles against breast cancer cell line MDAMB231. XRD patterns confirmed the nanoparticles were crystallized hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average size of 38.95 ?nm. The absorption wavelength was observed at 361 ?nm in UV–Vis spectrum of Mn (10 atomic %) doped ZnO nanoparticles. The Mn (5 atomic %) doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibited significant antibacterial activity against the gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia at all concentrations. Undoped zinc oxide nanoparticles and Mn doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were effective against the breast cancer cell line MDAMB231.     

Magnetic ZnO Crystal Nanoparticle Growth on Reduced Graphene Oxide for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance under Visible Light Irradiation

Magnetite zinc oxide (MZ) (Fe₃O₄/ZnO) with different ratios of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized using the solid-state method. The structural and optical properties of the nanocomposites were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis/DRS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometry. In particular, the analyses show higher photocatalytic movement for crystalline nanocomposite (MZG) than MZ and ZnO nanoparticles. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) with crystalline ZnO for 1.5 h under visible light was 12%. By contrast, the photocatalytic activity for MZG was more than 98.5%. The superior photocatalytic activity of the crystalline nanocomposite was detected to be due to the synergistic effect between magnetite and zinc oxide in the presence of reduced graphene oxide. Moreover, the fabricated nanocomposite had high electron–hole stability. The crystalline nanocomposite was stable when the material was used several times.     

Organic–inorganic nanocomposites of (2‐hydroxypropyl)cellulose as a precursor of nanocrystalline zinc oxide layers

The sol–gel method of synthesis of the hybrid nanocomposite films of ZnO/(2‐hydroxypropyl) cellulose (HPC) on silica glass is presented. The sol phases were prepared for different weight ratios of zinc acetate dihydrate to HPC in the presence of triethylamine (TEA). Raman spectrum of the mixture of ZnAc and HPC indicates coordinating interaction between zinc ion and HPC. The generation of ZnO nanoparticles in the HPC matrix proceeds in situ through the annealing of the gel phase at a temperature of 160°C. Identification of ZnO nanoparticles in the HPC matrix is done by using photoluminescence (PL), UV–Vis, and Raman spectroscopy. The films of ZnO/HPC nanocomposite are transparent in the visible light and show a higher energy value of absorption edge compared with ZnO in the bulk. Nanocrystalline films of ZnO were obtained by the calcination of ZnO/HPC nanocomposite at 500°C. ZnO films possess a good transparency for the visible light and high absorbance for UV light. Nanocrystallite sizes of ZnO particles were estimated from the X‐ ray lines broadening. The properties of ZnO layers were studied by the evaluation of PL, X‐ray investigation and atom force microscope (AFM) scanning, and the optical absorption edge. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam and evaluation of their bio-activities under in vitro and in vivo conditions

The purpose of this experiment was the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extracts of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam (AgNPs@Ziziphora) and assessment of their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound-healing effects. These nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV–Vis, TEM, and FESEM analyses indicated that the size of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) depended on Z. clinopodioides and AgNO₃ concentrations. In vitro biological experiments indicated that AgNPs@Ziziphora has excellent antioxidant potential against DPPH, antifungal effects against Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, and Candida albicans, and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Also, these nanoparticles did not exhibit cytotoxicity property against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). An in vivo biological test revealed that AgNPs@Ziziphora ointment significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased the levels of wound contracture, blood vessels, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, hexosamine, fibrocytes, fibroblasts, and fibrocyte/fibroblast ratio and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the wound area, and levels of total cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes than other groups in rats. The results of UV–Vis, XRD, FESEM-EDX, AFM, and TEM confirmed that the aqueous extract of Z. clinopodioides can be used to produce silver nanoparticles with significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cutaneous wound-healing properties without any cytotoxicity.     

Assessment of antioxidant,cytotoxicity, antibacterial,antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing activities of green synthesized manganese nanoparticles using Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaves under in vitro and in vivo condition

In recent decades, nanotechnology is growing rapidly owing to its widespread application in medical science. The aim of the experiment was the evaluation of cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing activities of green synthesized manganese nanoparticles using Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaves (MnNPs@ZC). The synthesized MnNPs@ZC were characterized using different techniques including UV–Vis., FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). According to the XRD analysis, 48.10 nm was measured for the crystal size of nanoparticles. SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and size in the range of 47.58 to 70.26 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. MnNPs@ZC revealed excellent non-cytotoxicity effect against human umbilical vein endothelial cells, antioxidant activity against DPPH, antibacterial properties against Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli O157:H7) and Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis), and antifungal potentials against Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Candida guilliermondii, and Candida krusei. Also, use of MnNPs@ZC ointment decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte and raised significantly (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, hydroxyl proline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate compared to other groups in experimental animals. In conclusion, synthesized MnNPs@ZC indicated antibacterial, antifungal, non-cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and cutaneous wound healing effects in a dose-depended manner. After confirming in the clinical trials, these nanoparticles can be used in human for the treatment of cutaneous and infectious diseases.     

Hyaluronic Acid (HA)‐Based Silk Fibroin/Zinc Oxide Core–Shell Electrospun Dressing for Burn Wound Management

Burn injuries represent a major life‐threatening event that impacts the quality of life of patients, and places enormous demands on the global healthcare systems. This study introduces the fabrication and characterization of a novel wound dressing made of core–shell hyaluronic acid–silk fibroin/zinc oxide (ZO) nanofibers for treatment of burn injuries. The core–shell configuration enables loading ZO—an antibacterial agent—in the core of nanofibers, which in return improves the sustained release of the drug and maintains its bioactivity. Successful formation of core–shell nanofibers and loading of zinc oxide are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray. The antibacterial activity of the dressings are examined against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and it is shown that addition of ZO improves the antibacterial property of the dressing in a dose‐dependent fashion. However, in vitro cytotoxicity studies show that high concentration of ZO (>3 wt%) is toxic to the cells. In vivo studies indicate that the wound dressings loaded with ZO (3 wt%) substantially improves the wound healing procedure and significantly reduces the inflammatory response at the wound site. Overall, the dressing introduced herein holds great promise for the management of burn injuries.     

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoflowers using Hypericum triquetrifolium extract: characterization,antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity against lung cancer A549 cells

Zinc oxide nanoparticles have attracted significant interest in recent years due to their unique multifunctional chemical and physical properties along with their biological activities. This study demonstrated for the first time the biogenetic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by utilization of the methanolic extract of Hypericum triquetrifolium (HT). The obtained nanoparticles (HT-ZnO) were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The shape of the resulted nanoparticles is fusiform nanoflowers with an average hydrodynamic size of 275.46 ± 0.20 nm and a zeta potential of −8.23 ± 0.26 mV. SEM micrographs revealed that HT-ZnO nanoflowers have a multi-process structure in which one of the processes is large and the others have similar smaller dimensions. The synthesized nanoflowers have an average length of 312.28 ± 78.93 nm and the tip of its processes has a width of 48.69 ± 9.71 nm. The antimicrobial activity of HT-ZnO nanoflowers was performed using microbroth dilution format. It showed a bactericidal mode of action against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis with MIC/MBC values of 20 μg/mL and 5 μg/mL, respectively. MTT assay had revealed that HT-ZnO nanoflowers caused a dose-dependent decline in the viability of A549 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells with an IC₅₀ value of 20.45 μg/mL. The effect of HT-ZnO nanoflowers on the migration and colony formation abilities against the same cells was evaluated as well. In conclusion, zinc oxide nanoflowers were successfully synthesized using methanolic extract of H. triquetrifolium. The resulting particles showed a bactericidal effect against Gram-positiveS. aureus and E. faecalis and a cytotoxic activity against A549 cells.     

Falcaria vulgaris leaf aqueous extract mediated synthesis of iron nanoparticles and their therapeutic potentials under in vitro and in vivo condition

In recent years, researchers have used bionanotechnology techniques as cost‐effective and eco‐friendly routes to fabricate nanoparticles. The present study confirms the ability of aqueous extract of Falcaria vulgaris for the biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs@F. vulgaris). Also, in this study, we showed the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, cutaneous wound healing, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of these nanoparticles. FeNPs@F. vulgaris were characterized by UV, FT‐IR, XRD, FE‐SEM, and TEM analysis. According to the XRD analysis, 25.3 nm was measured for the crystal size of nanoparticles. FE‐SEM and TEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and average diameters of 25 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. FTIR results offered protein and polysaccharides in F. vulgaris were the sources of reducing power, reducing iron ions to FeNPs@F. vulgaris. In vivo design, FeNPs@F. vulgaris ointment remarkably reduced (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte and substantially increased (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate compared to other groups in rats. Also, FeNPs@F. vulgaris indicated potential antioxidant activity against DPPH, antifungal potentials against Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida guilliermondii, antibacterial properties against Gram‐positive bacteria (Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram‐negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli O157:H7) without any cytotoxicity effect against human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Finally, the results showed the useful antioxidant, non‐cytotoxic, cutaneous wound healing, antifungal, and antibacterial effects of FeNPs@F. vulgaris.     

Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaves aqueous extract mediated synthesis of zinc nanoparticles and their antibacterial,antifungal, cytotoxicity,antioxidant, and cutaneous wound healing properties under in vitro and in vivo conditions

LamZiziphora clinopodioides Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant medicine is under exploration is due to wide biomedica applications and research interest in nanotechnology, the recent study was assessing green synthesis of zinc nanoparticle using ), the use of plant material Ziziphoraleaves extract (ZnNPs@ not only makes the process eco‐friendly but also the abundance makes it more economical. Also, in this study, Vis. and– were characterized using different techniques including UVZiziphora were synthesized in aqueous medium using the plant extract as stabilizing and reducing agents. The synthesized ZnNPs@Ziziphora conditions. ZnNPs@in vivo and in vitro under Ziziphorawe investigated the therapeutical properties of ZnNPs@ FT‐IR spectroscopy, . SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology in size of 32.34 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectrometry (EDS), and‐X Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium part of this study, these nanoparticles indicated excellent antibacterial properties against Gram‐negative bacteria (in vitronm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. In the biological , andCandida krusei, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata), antifungal potentials against Bacillus subtilis, andStaphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniaO157:H7) and Gram‐positive bacteria ( leaves aqueous extract can be used to yield zinc nanoparticles with a significant amount of antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cutaneous wound healing properties without any cytotoxicity.Z. clinopodioides ointment ameliorated the cutaneous wounds with increasing the levels of wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate and decreeing the wound area, total cells, and lymphocyte compared to other groups in rats. The results of UV, FT‐IR, XRD, FE‐SEM, EDS, and TGA confirm that the Ziziphora part of our experiment, ZnNPs@in vivo, non‐cytotoxicity effect against human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and antioxidant activity against DPPH. In the biological Candida guilliermondii     

Green synthesis,characterization, and biological activities of saffron leaf extract-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles: A sustainable approach to reuse an agricultural waste

To increase the profitability and sustainability of agricultural waste, a facile green approach was established to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using saffron leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Structural characteristics of NPs were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and UV–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. Characterization results revealed that ZnO NPs is highly crystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and spherical particles with diameter less than 50 nm, as confirmed by XRD and FESEM techniques. UV–Vis absorption spectra depicted an absorption peak at 370 nm, which confirms the formation of ZnO NPs. FTIR spectral analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups and metal oxygen groups. The biological activities of ZnO NPs were also investigated. The antibacterial effect of ZnO NPs was investigated against selected food pathogens (Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis). The study results prove that the green synthesized ZnO NPs show enhanced antibacterial activity against S. Typhimurium when compared with other strains. A dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity was observed for ZnO NPs in both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) assays. The ZnO NPs were evaluated for their photocatalytic activity during the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye in aqueous solutions. The maximum removal of MB achieved was 64% with an initial ZnO NP concentration of 12 mg/mL under UV light. The present study revealed that the agricultural waste (saffron leaf) provides a simple and eco-friendly option to sustainably synthesize ZnO NPs for use as a photocatalyst. In addition, this is the first report on saffron leaf-mediated synthesis of ZnO NPs.     

Bio-therapeutic Potential and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Pectin-Mediated Synthesized Nanostructured Cerium Oxide

In the present studies, renewable and nontoxic biopolymer, pectin, was extracted from Indian red pomelo fruit peels and used for the synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂-NPs) having bio-therapeutic potential. The structural information of extracted pectin was investigated by FTIR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. Physicochemical characteristics of this pectin suggested its application in the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. Using this pectin as a template, CeO₂-NPs were synthesized by simple, one step and eco-friendly approach. The UV–Vis spectrum of synthesized CeO₂-NPs exhibited a characteristic absorption peak at wavelength 345 nm, which can be assigned to its intrinsic band gap (3.59 eV) absorption. Photoluminescence measurements of CeO₂-NPs revealed that the broad emission was composed of seven different bands. FTIR analysis ensured involvement of pectin in the formation and stabilization of CeO₂-NPs. FT-Raman spectra showed a sharp Raman active mode peak at 461.8 cm^?1 due to a symmetrical stretching mode of Ce–O vibration. DLS, FESEM, EDX, and XRD analysis showed that the CeO₂-NPs prepared were polydispersed, spherical shaped with a cubic fluorite structure and average particle size ≤40 nm. These CeO₂-NPs displayed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, antioxidant potential, and non-cytotoxic nature.     

Preparation and characterization of cellulose-ZnO nanocomposite based on ionic liquid ([C4mim]Cl)

Cellulose-ZnO composite was achieved by microwave assisted dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C₄mim]Cl) followed by addition of premixed ground of Zn(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O and NaOH. Surface characterization, optical property and thermal stability of nanocomposite were determined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy and thermo gravimetric analysis. XRD patterns showed the ZnO in polymer matrix has the wurtzite structure. Presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles and cellulose fibers in the composites were observed by SEM. Band-edge transition of zinc oxide in the nanocomposite occurs in lower wavelength than bulk zinc oxide. Thermal stability of nanocomposite was lower than regenerated cellulose due to catalyst behavior of zinc oxide nanoparticles in cellulose matrix.     

Synthesis of titanium nanoparticles using Allium eriophyllum Boiss aqueous extract by green synthesis method and evaluation of their remedial properties

The application of nanotechnologies to medicine, or nanomedicine, which has already demonstrated its tremendous impact on the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, is rapidly becoming a major driving force behind ongoing developments in the antimicrobial and wound healing fields. This study confirms the potential of Allium eriophyllum Boiss aqueous extract for the green synthesis of titanium nanoparticles (TiNPs). Also, we reveal the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, cutaneous wound healing, antifungal and antibacterial properties of TiNPs. These nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and UV–visible spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FT‐IR findings suggested molecular interactions of compounds in the plant were the sources of reducing power, reducing titanium ions to TiNPs. In XRD analysis, 22.8 nm was measured for the crystal size of the nanoparticles. SEM and TEM images indicated a uniform spherical morphology and average diameters of 22 nm. 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl experiments were conducted to assess the antioxidant activities, which indicated similar antioxidant potentials for TiNPs and butylated hydroxytoluene. In the antimicrobial part of this study, agar diffusion experiments were done to determine the antibacterial and antifungal characteristics. TiNPs had antifungal activities against Candida guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. albicans and C. glabrata and antibacterial potentials against Gram‐negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7) and Gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis). Also, these nanoparticles did not have any cytotoxicity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In in vivo experiments, TiNP ointment significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.01) wound area, total cells, macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes and notably increased (p ≤ 0.01) wound contracture, vessels, hydroxyproline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocytes and fibrocyte/fibroblast ratio in rats. The results of FT‐IR, UV, XRD, TEM and SEM analyses confirm that aqueous extract of A. eriophyllum leaves can be used to yield TiNPs with notable antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and cutaneous wound healing potentials without any cytotoxicity. Further clinical trials are necessary for confirmation of these remedial properties of TiNPs in humans.     

Synergistic Surface Passivation of CH3NH3PbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dots with Phosphonic Acid and (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane

CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are synthesized by using four different linear alkyl phosphonic acids (PAs) in conjunction with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) as capping ligands. The resultant PQDs are characterized by means of XRD, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, UV/Vis, photoluminescence (PL), time-resolved PL, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). PA chain length is shown to control the PQD size (ca. 2.9–4.2 nm) and excitonic absorption band positions (λ=488–525 nm), with shorter chain lengths corresponding to smaller sizes and bluer absorptions. All samples show a high PL quantum yield (ca. 46–83 %) and high PL stability; this is indicative of a low density of band gap trap states and effective surface passivation. Stability is higher for smaller PQDs; this is attributed to better passivation due to better solubility and less steric hindrance of the shorter PA ligands. Based on the FTIR, Raman, and XPS results, it is proposed that Pb²⁺ and CH₃NH₃⁺ surface defects are passivated by R−PO₃²⁻ or R−PO₂(OH)⁻, whereas Br⁻ surface defects are passivated by R−NH₃⁺ moieties. This study establishes the combination of PA and APTES ligands as a highly effective dual passivation system for the synergistic passivation of multiple surface defects of PQDs through primarily ionic bonding.     

Evaluation of Wound-Healing and Antioxidant Effects of Marantodes pumilum (Blume) Kuntze in an Excision Wound Model

Marantodes pumilum (MP) is a great source of herbal medicine used traditionally by both men and women for various purposes. MP may have potential wound-healing effects due to its diverse biological properties. An extensive study was conducted in a normal male rat model for determining the effects of MP var. pumila (MPvp) and var. alata (MPva) on the wound healing process. Here, 126 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into seven groups as follows: sham-operated (SH), vehicle dressing (VD), flavine dressing (FD), MPvp leaves (PL), MPvp roots (PR), MPva leaves (AL), and MPva roots (AR). The parameters studied were the percentage of wound contraction, histomorphology study by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson–Goldner trichrome (MGT), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. In addition, the levels of enzymatic antioxidants and malondialdehyde were also measured in the wound tissue homogenates. Wounds treated with extracts (PL, PR, AL, and AR) showed significantly faster healing (p < 0.05) compared to untreated and control groups (SH, VD, and FD). Histological analysis among MP-treated groups revealed better re-epithelialization, higher collagen deposition, enhanced fibronectin content and fibroblast cells, and higher fiber transformation from collagen-III to collagen-I, accompanied with a significant surge in enzymatic antioxidant activities and a decline in lipid peroxidation. MP has antioxidant effects that may enhance wound healing in the rat model.     

Synthesis of CuS and ZnO/Zn(OH)2 nanoparticles and their evaluation for in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities

In this study, the copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS‐NPs) and the zinc oxide/zinc hydroxide nanoparticles ((ZnO/Zn(OH)₂‐NPs) were synthesized by a simple and low‐cost method, and the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized and identified by UV–Vis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The antimicrobial activity of the CuS‐NPs and the ZnO/Zn(OH)₂‐NPs were examined by broth dilution to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibacterial agent required to inhibit the growth of a pathogen and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) required to kill a particular bacterium. Agar disc diffusion method was used to determine the zone of inhibition. The nanoparticles demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 1827), Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 150504), Escherichia coli (ATCC 33218) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25293). Antifungal activity against Aspergillus oryzae (PTCC 5164) was also obtained. The data obtained from antimicrobial activities by broth dilution and agar disc diffusion methods exhibited the CuS‐NPs were more effective than the ZnO/Zn(OH)₂‐NPs. A good correlation was observed between the data obtained by both methods.     

Preparation and properties of low-cost cotton nanocomposite fabrics with in situ-generated copper nanoparticles by simple hydrothermal method

In this work, copper nanoparticles were in situ generated in cotton fabrics by simple hydrothermal method. These low-cost nanocomposite fabrics were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and antibacterial tests. The presence of spherical nanoparticles was visualized by SEM analysis. FTIR spectra did not show any differences between the peak positions of cotton fabrics and their nanocomposites. The crystallinity of cotton nanocomposites was enhanced by the copper nanoparticles. The cotton nanocomposite fabrics exhibited good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria and hence can be considered for medical applications such as wound dressing, surgical aprons, hospital bed materials, etc.     

Biosynthesis,characterization, biological and photo catalytic investigations of Elsholtzia blanda and chitosan mediated copper oxide nanoparticles

Bio synthesis of nanoparticles using plant parts has gained considerable attention, given the fact that the method is green, environment friendly, cheaper, simple and involves no hazardous substances. The present study involves the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using chitosan and the aqueous leaf extract of Elsholtzia blanda, an aromatic medicinal herb. The synthesized E.blanda-chitosan mediated copper oxide nanoparticles (CPCE) and E. blanda mediated copper oxide nanoparticles (PCE) were subjected to different characterization techniques, Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED). The absorbance peaks in UV–Vis spectroscopy at 286 nm and 278 nm for CPCE and PCE respectively indicated the formation of nanoparticles. TEM and SEM employed for studying the surface morphology showed rod-like and spherical morphology bearing average size of 47.71 nm for CPCE and 36.07 nm for PCE. The antibacterial activities of the prepared nanoparticles were tested against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi by agar well diffusion method. The results indicate that CuO NPs possess effective antibacterial potential against all tested bacteria with a maximum zone of inhibition of 18 mm for Enterococcus faecalis. Antioxidant studies revealed the highest DPPH scavenging activity of 89% at 25 μg/mL concentration of the nanoparticles. The percentage of the photo catalytic degradation of Congo red was found to be 95% after 10 h.     

The green synthesis of fine particles of gold using an aqueous extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monotheca buxifolia</Emphasis> (Flac.)

This study deals with the synthesis and physicochemical investigation of gold nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of Monotheca buxifolia (Flac.). On the treatment of aqueous solution of tetrachloroauric acid with the plant extract, gold nanoparticles were rapidly fabricated. The synthesized particles were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometry (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The formation of AuNPs was confirmed by noting the change in color through visual observations as well as via UV–Vis spectroscopy. UV?Vis spectrum of the aqueous medium containing gold nanoparticles showed an absorption peak at around 540 nm. FTIR was used to identify the chemical composition of gold nanoparticles and Au-capped plant extract. The presence of elemental gold was also confirmed through EDX analysis. SEM analysis of the gold nanoparticles showed that they have a uniform spherical shape with an average size in the range of 70–78 nm. This green system showed to be better capping and stabilizing agent for the fine particles. Further, the antioxidant activity of Monotheca buxifolia (Flac.) extract and Au-capped with the plant extract was also evaluated using FeCl₃/K₃[Fe(CN)]₆ in vitro assay.     

Chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles promoted antibacterial,antibiofilm, wound-healing of murine macrophages and antiproliferation of human breast cancer MCF 7 cells

In the present study, environmentally benign silver nanoparticles were synthesized using commercially purchased shrimp-shell chitosan as a capping agent. The synthesized chitosan-silver nanoparticles (Ch-AgNPs) were physico-chemically characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) along with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), DLS and Zeta potential analysis. Ch-Ag NPs were crystalline, uniformly dispersed, and spherically shaped, with particle size between 8 and 48 nm. The average size of Ch-AgNPs was 21 nm. In-vitro anti-biofilm activity of Ch-AgNPs was tested against wound infection-causing pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative). Ch-AgNPs displayed anti-biofilm activity in a dose-dependent manner. Light and confocal-laser scanning microscopy confirmed the significant inhibition of biofilm growth of S. aureus (85%) and P. aeruginosa (95%) at 100 μg mL⁻¹ of Ch-AgNPs. Moreover, Ch-AgNPs promoted wound healing by increasing the migration of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages cells at 75 and 100 μg mL⁻¹after 24 h. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity of Ch-AgNPs against MCF 7 (human breast cancer) cells, depicted the greater inhibition of proliferation of cells (64%) at 100 μg mL^−1.