苯系衍生物环结构特性指标的^13C—NMR方法

利用~(13)C-NMR 图谱研究各种类型有机化合物的分子结构与性质,已成为实验室的常规方法。若不考虑实验条件的影响,有机物中的~(13)C 化学位移值主要取决于化合物的分子结构。不同的结构效应有不同程度的影响。因此,在一定条件下,人们可以通过分子的~(13)C-     

碘杂环化合物的1H NMR谱研究

碘杂环类化合物的合成及性质已有报导[1-4],但碘杂环中碘作为正离子的¹HNMR谱报导较少。由于碘正离子诱导效应的结果,使环上相邻质子的化学位移向低场移动,这主要是碘正离子吸引电子的结果,使相邻质子的电子云密度降低,化学位移向低场移动。本文报导了19个碘取代及碘杂环化合物的¹HNMR谱,这种类型化合物的¹HNMR谱未见过系统报导。     

2-苯基苯并噻唑的~(13)C NMR取代基效应研究

本文通过测定和解析14个2-苯基苯并噻唑化合物的~(13)C NMR谱,研究了芳杂环上的取代基效应和不同取代基对分子内核电荷密度分布的影响,分析了影响~nJ~(13)C-~1H的结构因素。应用对照分析法研究了苯并噻唑取代基对苯环的微扰作用,得到了苯并噻唑取代基的诱导化学位移值,并作了芳环~(13)C化学位移的经验计算,计算值和实验值相符。用EHMO方法(广义Hückel分子轨道法)对化合物2,3,9作了理论计算,将计算所得的碳原子的总电荷密度与~(13)C化学位移作了回归分析,相关因子为0.96。     

离子水化过程的核磁共振研究——环烷酸皂-长链醇-煤油-水微乳状液体系

有关阳离子水化作用的核磁共振研究,由于通常的实验方法不易做到(M)/(H_2O)>1的条件,所以观察不到少量水分子在大量阳离子环境中水合情况,所得到水中质子化学位移的变化很小,一般仅有0.1 ppm。本文利用无水皂化萃取剂加水生成微乳状液的方法,可使(M~ )/(H_2O)从100:1到1:100范围内变化。在加入不同量水的过程中,水的~1H化学位移出现两个极限值:在(M~ )/(H_2O)=100/1附近,配位水的化学位移向低场移动有最大极限值,在含水量增高的情况,逐渐趋近缔合水(即正常液体水)的化学位移4.8 ppm。这一过程可以看到配位水的化学位移比缔合水向低场移动2 ppm以上,比通常在浓盐水溶液中观察到的差值提高了一个数量级。因而为研究离子水化过程提供了一个新途径。 当(M)/(H_2O)大于100/时,配位水的化学位移随阳离子不同而趋于不同极限值,其顺序为:NH_4~ (7.54)>Li~ (7.08)>Na~ (6.22)>K~ (6.00)。这是由于阳离子场不同,其水化作用也不同。     

搅拌辅助下碲纳米线界面的有序组装

采用水热法合成高长径比的碲纳米线,用搅拌辅助界面组装将其取向排列在石英表面,同时考察了基片内外侧、溶剂、搅拌转数和溶液浓度等条件对组装形貌的影响;以取向排列的碲纳米线为模板,利用化学转化法原位制备了Pt,Pd和Ag2Te的纳米线二维阵列,为有序界面组装提供了新方法.     

用核磁共振技术研究[C4mim][BF4]在重水和氘代氯仿中的聚集行为

运用核磁共振技术, 研究了室温离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([C4mim][BF4])在重水和氘代氯仿中的聚集行为. 实验结果表明, 随着混合体系中离子液体摩尔分数的增加, 在重水中, 离子液体阳离子上各氢原子的化学位移向低场移动, 且呈现了先急剧变化, 后趋于平缓的变化趋势; 在氘代氯仿中, 离子液体阳离子上H2的化学位移向高场移动, H4和H5以及与氮原子直接相连的甲基和亚甲基上的氢原子的化学位移都向低场移动, 且各氢原子的核磁共振信号发生了变化. 根据质量作用定律及1H NMR化学位移随浓度的变化关系计算了[C4mim][BF4]在重水中的临界聚集浓度和聚集数, 并在离子液体阴、阳离子缔合以及离子液体与溶剂相互作用的基础上对实验结果进行了讨论.     

用核磁共振技术研究[C4mim][BF4]在重水和氘代氯仿中的聚集行为

运用核磁共振技术,研究了室温离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([C4mim[BF4])在重水和氘代氯仿中的聚集行为.实验结果表明,随着混合体系中离子液体摩尔分数的增加,在重水中,离子液体阳离子上各氢原子的化学位移向低场移动,且呈现了先急剧变化,后趋于平缓的变化趋势;在氘代氯仿中,离子液体阳离子上H2的化学位移向高场移动,H4和H5以及与氮原子直接相连的甲基和亚甲基上的氢原子的化学位移都向低场移动,且各氢原子的核磁共振信号发生了变化.根据质量作用定律及1H NMR化学位移随浓度的变化关系计算了[C4mim][BF4]在重水中的临界聚集浓度和聚集数,并在离子液体阴、阳离子缔合以及离子液体与溶剂相互作用的基础上对实验结果进行了讨论.     

基于双碲键的动态共价聚合物的合成及其性能研究

以单质碲、硼氢化钠和溴丙醇为原料合成了一种羟基功能化的双碲化合物,即2,2'-二碲二丙醇((HOC_3H_6Te)_2);以(HOC3H6Te)_2为引发剂,在脂肪酶Novozym 435的催化作用下,分别引发己内酯(ε-CL)和1,3-二恶烷-2-酮(TMC)开环聚合,制备了含双碲聚己内酯((PCLTe)_2)和含双碲聚碳酸酯((PTMCTe)_2),并利用1H-NMR、125Te-NMR对其结构进行表征.以联苯二碲(PhTe)_2、(PCLTe)_2为研究对象,利用1H-NMR、13C-NMR、125Te-NMR探究了含双碲聚合物的动态性能.结果表明,在避光和室温条件下,(PhTe)_2与(PCLTe)_2能立即发生双碲键的相互交换反应,并瞬间达到反应平衡.利用125Te-NMR、飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)证明了在没有外界刺激的条件下,(PCLTe)_2与(PTMCTe)_2之间可以发生相互交换反应,并产生了嵌段共聚物(PCLTeTePTMC),这种嵌段共聚物极大地提高了(PCLTe)_2与(PTMCTe)_2之间的相容性,并改善了(PCLTe)_2/(PTMCTe)_2共混薄膜的力学性能.     

丁基罗丹明B-碲钼杂多酸缔合显色反应的研究

本文研究了在聚乙烯醇(PVA)存在下,丁基罗丹明B(BRB)与碲钼杂多酸的离子缔合显色反应,碲钼杂多酸在0.025～0.075 mol/L硫酸溶液中形成丁基罗丹明B-碲钼杂多酸离子缔合物。形成酸度为1.26～2.16 mol/L硫酸,钼酸铵、丁基罗丹明B及PVA的适宜条件分别4.6×10~(-3)mol/,5.3×10~(-5) mol/L和0.16％。缔合物最大吸收波长为570 nm,表观摩尔吸光系数ε值为3.2×10~5 L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),符合比耳定律范围0～16μg Te/25ml。探讨了反应机理,用平衡移动法确定缔合物的摩尔比为Te:Mo:BRB=1:7:2,缔合物的可能化学式为(BRB)_2[TeMo_7O_(24)]。方法已用于烟尘中碲的测定,结果满意。     

线性标度方法计算几个藜芦生物碱的13C NMR化学位移

本文采用几种密度泛函方法计算了环杷明(cyclopamine)的~(13)C NMR化学位移。与实验值比较发现采用B97-2/pcSseg-1的气相优化结构结合SMD溶剂化模型计算获得的~(13)C NMR化学位移最合适。在此基础上,对藜芦中的五种典型生物碱结构(环杷明、介芬胺、藜芦胺、计明胺和棋盘花胺)进行了相应的~(13)C NMR化学位移计算。通过与实验值进行拟合,得到线性标度公式σ=(184.4-σ_(cal))/1.0261。其相关系数R~2=0.9976。此外,理论计算也可以解决化合物中的相似碳的~(13)C NMR化学位移归属困难的问题。线性标度方法获得化学位移对建立天然产物的NMR数据库、匹配结构和解析实验测试数据提供了一种快捷可靠的解决方案。     

Syntheses and Peculiar Behavior in Solutions of Optically Active Telluronium Salts

A diastereomeric (epimeric) mixture of ethylmethylphenyltelluronium (1S)-(+)-camphor-10-sulfonate (dia.-1) was optically resolved by fractional recrystallization into the diastereomerically pure isomers (R)(Te)-1 and (S)(Te)-1. The absolute configurations of the isomers were determined by the X-ray crystallographic analysis of (R)(Te)-1. Enantiomerically pure (R)-ethylmethylphenyltelluronium perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, p-chlorobenzenesulfonate, bornane-10-sulfonate, tetraphenylborate, and picrylsulfonate (R)-2-7 were isolated, respectively, by anion-exchange reactions of diastereomerically pure (R)(Te)-1. The optically active telluronium salts were found to show peculiar optical properties on their specific rotations and circular dichroism spectra in solutions compared with those of the corresponding sulfonium and selenonium salts. On the basis of NMR studies, the behavior on the optical properties of the optically active telluronium salts was found to be caused by a strong solvation in polar solvents.     

Chimie des complexes de metaux de transition avec des hydrocarbures cyanes : III. Quelques observations sur la conformation et la reactivite de complexes dicyclopentadienyles du molybdene et du tungstene

A new class of cyclic telluronium salts has been prepared. All the salts are stable in solution in CHCl₃ or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Conductivity measurements in DMSO and dimethylformamide (DMF) have shown that considerable ion pairing occurs in solution. Infrared, ¹H, ¹³C, ¹²⁵Te NMR, and mass spectra are reported and discussed.     

Quasirelativistic theory for the magnetic shielding constant. III. Quasirelativistic second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and its application to tellurium compounds

The quasirelativistic (QR) generalized unrestricted Hartree-Fock method for the magnetic shielding constant [R. Fukuda, M. Hada, and H. Nakatsuji, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 1015 (2003); R. Fukuda, M. Hada, and H. Nakatsuji, J. Chem. Phys.118, 1027 (2003)] has been extended to include the electron correlation effect in the level of the second-order M?ller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2). We have implemented the energy gradient and finite-perturbation methods to calculate the magnetic shielding constant at the QR MP2 level and applied to the magnetic shielding constants and the NMR chemical shifts of 125Te nucleus in various tellurium compounds. The calculated magnetic shielding constants and NMR chemical shifts well reproduced the experimental values. The relations of the chemical shifts with the natures of ligands, and the tellurium oxidation states were investigated. The chemical shifts in different valence states were explained by the paramagnetic shielding and spin-orbit terms. The tellurium 5p electrons are the dominant origin of the chemical shifts in the Te I and Te II compounds and the chemical shifts were explained by the p-hole mechanism. The tellurium d electrons also play an important role in the chemical shifts of the hypervalent compounds.     

Synthesis,characterization, and solution properties of new heterocyclic tellurium compounds based on 5,6-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-2-telluraindene

The synthesis and characterization of a new range of heterocyclic tellurium compounds based on 5,6-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-2-telluraindene are reported. Conductivity measurements of most compounds in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) showed considerable ionic character in both solvents. ¹H and ¹³C NMR studies indicated that the telluronium salts are stable to reductive elimination and no reaction between solute and solvent was observed. Benzyl and allyl telluronium salts are exceptional. Infrared and mass spectral data are reported and discussed.     

Quasirelativistic study of 125Te nuclear magnetic shielding constants and chemical shifts

Calculations for ¹²⁵Te magnetic shielding constants and chemical shifts were carried out using a quasirelativistic Hamiltonian including the spin‐free relativistic, one‐ and two‐electron spin–orbit, and relativistic magnetic interaction terms. For the tellurium‐containing series Te(CH₃)₂, TeH₂, TeF₆, Te(CH₃)₄, and Te(CH₃)₂Cl₂, the relativistic effects amounted to as much as 1300 ppm and were very important for qualitatively reproducing the absolute value of the ¹²⁵Te shielding constants obtained experimentally. On the other hand, for the ¹²⁵Te chemical shifts the relativistic effects were less important, because they cancelled each other between the sample and reference compounds. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1502–1508, 2001     

Fast atom bombardment mass spectra of telluronium salts

The fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra of telluronium salts were studied. The spectra exhibit the intact cation (C⁺) and cluster ions ([M + C]⁺). The principal fragment ions in the FAB mass spectra of telluronium salts are [RTe]⁺, [R₂Te]⁺˙, [R₂Te − H]⁺, [RTeR′]⁺˙, and [RTeR′ + H]⁺. When the anion was [BPh₄]⁻, interesting cluster ions such as [M + C − BPh₃]⁺ appeared.     

Solution studies of triorganotelluronium salts

Evidence for telluronium ylid formation via the salt method is obtained for Ph₂Te(CH₂COPh)Br, but generally telluronium salts (aryl)₂Te(CH₂R)X rapidly dissociate in chloroform solution to (aryl)₂Te and RCH₂X. The relative rates of dissociation of Ph₂(CH₃)TeX in CHCl₃ are: X = I > Br ～ NCS > Cl > PhCOO. Conductivity and ¹H NMR data suggest the salts Ph₂(CH₃)TeX to be covalent and at least dimeric in CHCl₃, but more ionic in DMSO and, to a lesser extent, a DMF. IR data indicate association in solid Ph₂(CH₃)Tel. Kinetic data show that the reaction of CH₃I with excess Ph₂Te (solvent) affords an equilibrium mixture of ionic and covalent forms of Ph₂(CH₃)Tel, the ionic species being formed via the covalent one. Spin trapping experiments with phenyl(t-butyl)nitrone indicate that oxidative addition of alkyl halides to Ph₂Te and redcutive elimination of CH₃SCN from Ph₂ (CH₃)Te(NCS) proceed via radical pathways. A mechanism is proposed for oxidative addition which involves the preformation of a charge transfer complex of RX (alkyl halide) and diphenyltelluride.     

An NMR, IR and theoretical investigation of (1)H chemical shifts and hydrogen bonding in phenols

The change in (1)H NMR chemical shifts upon hydrogen bonding was investigated using both experimental and theoretical methods. The (1)H NMR spectra of a number of phenols were recorded in CDCl(3) and DMSO solvents. For phenol, 2- and 4-cyanophenol and 2-nitrophenol the OH chemical shifts were measured as a function of concentration in CDCl(3). The plots were all linear with concentration, the gradients varying from 0.940 (phenol) to 7.85 (4-cyanophenol) ppm/M because of competing inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Ab initio calculations of a model acetone/phenol system showed that the OH shielding was linear with the H...O=C distance (R) for R < 2.1 A with a shielding coefficient of - 7.8 ppm/A and proportional to cos(2)phi where phi is the H...O=C--C dihedral angle. Other geometrical parameters had little effect. It was also found that the nuclear shielding profile is unrelated to the hydrogen bonding energy profile. The dependence of the OH chemical shift on the pi density on the oxygen atom was determined as ca 40 ppm/pi electron. This factor is similar to that for NH but four times the value for sp(2) hybridized carbon atoms. The introduction of these effects into the CHARGE programme allowed the calculation of the (1)H chemical shifts of the compounds studied. The CHARGE calculations were compared with those from the ACD database and from GIAO calculations. The CHARGE calculations were more accurate than other calculations both when all the shifts were considered and also when the OH shifts were excluded. The calculations from the ACD and GIAO approaches were reasonable when the OH shifts were excluded but not as good when all the shifts were considered. The poor treatment of the OH shifts in the GIAO calculations is very likely due to the lack of explicit solvent effects in these calculations.     

Calculating nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts in solvated systems

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift is extremely sensitive to molecular geometry, hydrogen bonding, solvent, temperature, pH, and concentration. Calculated magnetic shielding constants, converted to chemical shifts, can be valuable aids in NMR peak assignment and can also give detailed information about molecular geometry and intermolecular effects. Calculating chemical shifts in solution is complicated by the need to include solvent effects and conformational averaging. Here, we review the current state of NMR chemical shift calculations in solution, beginning with an introduction to the theory of calculating magnetic shielding in general, then covering methods for inclusion of solvent effects and conformational averaging, and finally discussing examples of applications using calculated chemical shifts to gain detailed structural information.     

1H chemical shifts in NMR: Part 22-Prediction of the 1H chemical shifts of alcohols, diols and inositols in solution, a conformational and solvation investigation

The (1)H NMR spectra of a number of alcohols, diols and inositols are reported and assigned in CDCl(3), D(2)O and DMSO-d(6) (henceforth DMSO) solutions. These data were used to investigate the effects of the OH group on the (1)H chemical shifts in these molecules and also the effect of changing the solvent. Inspection of the (1)H chemical shifts of those alcohols which were soluble in both CDCl(3) and D(2)O shows that there is no difference in the chemical shifts in the two solvents, provided that the molecules exist in the same conformation in the two solvents. In contrast, DMSO gives rise to significant and specific solvation shifts. The (1)H chemical shifts of these compounds in the three solvents were analysed using the CHARGE model. This model incorporates the electric field, magnetic anisotropy and steric effects of the functional group for long-range protons together with functions for the calculation of the two- and three-bond effects. The long-range effect of the OH group was quantitatively explained without the inclusion of either the C--O bond anisotropy or the C--OH electric field. Differential beta and gamma effects for the 1,2-diol group needed to be included to obtain accurate chemical shift predictions. For DMSO solution the differential solvent shifts were calculated in CHARGE on the basis of a similar model, incorporating two-bond, three-bond and long-range effects. The analyses of the (1)H spectra of the inositols and their derivatives in D(2)O and DMSO solution also gave the ring (1)H,(1)H coupling constants and for DMSO solution the CH--OH couplings and OH chemical shifts. The (1)H,(1)H coupling constants were calculated in the CHARGE program by an extension of the cos(2)phi equation to include the orientation effects of electronegative atoms and the CH--OH couplings by a simple cos(2)phi equation. Comparison of the observed and calculated couplings confirmed the proposed conformations of myo-inositol, chiro-inositol, quebrachitol and allo-inositol. The OH chemical shifts were also calculated in the CHARGE program. Comparison of the observed and calculated OH chemical shifts and CH.OH couplings suggested the existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in a myo-inositol derivative.