Ultra-wideband RCS reduction using novel configured chessboard metasurface

A novel artificial magnetic conductor(AMC) metasurface is proposed with ultra-wideband 180?phase difference for radar cross section(RCS) reduction. It is composed of two dual-resonant AMC cells, which enable a broadband phase difference of 180?±30?from 7.9 GHz to 19.2 GHz to be achieved. A novel strategy is devised by dividing each rectangular grid in a chessboard configuration into four triangular grids, leading to a further reduction of peak bistatic RCS. Both fullwave simulation and measurement results show that the proposed metasurface presents a good RCS reduction property over an ultra-wideband frequency range.     

一种兼具宽带增益改善和宽带、宽角度低雷达散射截面的微带天线

设计并制备了一种兼具高增益和低雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)的微带天线, 通过给原始微带天线加载双屏频率选择表面(frequency selective surface, FSS)覆层, 使其具有宽带的3 dB增益带宽和宽带、宽角度的低RCS特性. 该FSS单元的上层是四个开口处都焊有电阻的金属环结构, 下层是中间和四边都开缝的金属贴片结构. 上层加载的电阻主要用于吸收雷达入射波, 减缩天线RCS; 下层的贴片和天线地板构成Fabry-Perot谐振腔, 提高天线增益. 在5.75–11.37 GHz频带内, S₂₂<-10 dB, S₁₂<-10 dB; 在11.21–11.54 GHz频带内, S₁₁反射系数相位曲线斜率为正, 幅度模值均在0.86以上. 实验结果表明: 与原始天线相比, 在谐振频点11.73 GHz处, 天线增益提高3.4 dB, E, H面的半功率波束宽度分别减小16°和50°; 天线的3 dB增益带宽为10.00–12.40 GHz, 完全覆盖阻抗带宽. 在4.10–11.30 GHz 频带内, 天线法向RCS均有3 dB以上的减缩, 最大减缩23.08 dB; 4.95 GHz处的单站RCS在-20°–20°的角域、双站RCS 在-37°–37°的角域均有3 dB以上的减缩. 实验结果证实了该FSS覆层可用于同时改善天线的辐射和散射 性能. 关键词： 频率选择表面 低雷达散射截面 高增益 宽带     

等离子体覆盖立方散射体目标雷达散射截面的时域有限差分法分析

采用分段线性电流密度递归卷积时域有限差分（PLJERC-FDTD）算法计算了均匀非磁化等离子体覆盖三维立方体目标的散射特性.分析了等离子体厚度、密度和碰撞频率对雷达散射截面（RCS）的影响.计算结果表明：等离子体包层能有效地减小雷达目标的RCS，当等离子体频率比入射电磁波频率小得多时，主要靠增大等离子体的厚度使立方散射体目标的RCS值减小，增大等离子体碰撞频率对立方散射体目标的RCS值影响不大；当等离子体频率约为入射电磁波频率的一半时，增大等离子体厚度和碰撞频率都对立方散射体目标的RCS值减小有影响；当等 关键词： FDTD算法 电磁波 等离子体隐身 雷达散射截面     

太赫兹目标RCS缩比测量技术

论述了国外基于微波上倍频、激光下变频、THz时域光谱三种典型太赫兹波目标雷达散射截面(RCS)缩比测试系统的构成、技术特点和应用范围。采用固态器件、基于微波上倍频技术集成研制了宽带太赫兹低频端目标RCS测量系统,采用基于扫频的时域法RCS测量技术和小角度旋转目标雷达合成孔径（ISAR）成像方法对小目标进行了电磁散射特性测量,获取了目标RCS和二维散射成像信息。     

Application of Millimeter Wave in Verification of Scale Model Measurement for Radar Cross Section

According to the physical optic approximation, a physical scale factor is suggested for scale model measurement of radar cross section (RCS). By this factor, the models of radar targets can be tested at the same frequency as prototype. This is significant for the lack of experimental equipment required or the problem of frequency dependency of radar absorbing materials on the objects. For the purpose of further verification and comparison, millimeter-wave is used to measure the model at the wavelength scaling down proportionally to the prototype. And the measurements of the models are also carried out at microwave band (same working wavelength with prototype). The computed results from models agree well with the data by prototype itself.     

Application of Millimeter Wave in Verification of Scale Model Measurement for Radar Cross Section

According to the physical optic approximation, a physical scale factor is suggested for scale model measurement of radar cross section (RCS). By this factor, the models of radar targets can be tested at the same frequency as prototype. This is significant for the lack of experimental equipment required or the problem of frequency dependency of radar absorbing materials on the objects. For the purpose of further verification and comparison, millimeter-wave is used to measure the model at the wavelength scaling down proportionally to the prototype. And the measurements of the models are also carried out at microwave band (same working wavelength with prototype). The computed results from models agree well with the data by prototype itself.     

基于超材料吸波体的低雷达散射截面微带天线设计

设计了一种高吸波率、宽入射角、无表面损耗层的超材料吸波体, 并将其用于微带天线的带内雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)减缩.实验结果表明: 设计的吸波体的厚度为0.3 mm, 吸波率达99.9%, 相比普通微带天线, 加载该吸波体后的天线在工作频带内法向RCS减缩都在3 dB以上, 最大减缩16.7 dB, 单站RCS在-30°–+30° 角域、双站RCS在-90°–+90°角域减缩超过3 dB, 且天线辐射性能保持不变. 证实了该吸波体具有良好的吸波效果, 可以应用于微带天线的带内隐身. 关键词： 超材料吸波体 微带天线 雷达散射截面     

Multiple scattering effects on the radar cross section (RCS) of objects in a random medium including backscattering enhancement and shower curtain effects

This paper presents a theory of the radar cross section (RCS) of objects in multiple scattering random media. The general formulation includes the fourthorder moments including the correlation between the forward and the backward waves. The fourth moments are reduced to the second-order moments by using the circular complex Gaussian assumption. The stochastic Green's functions are expressed in parabolic approximation, and the objects are assumed to be large in terms of wavelength; therefore, Kirchhoff approximations are applicable. This theory includes the backscattering enhancement and the shower curtain effects, which are not normally considered in conventional theory. Numerical examples of a conducting object in a random medium characterized by the Gaussian and Henyey-Greenstein phase functions are shown to highlight the difference between the multiple scattering RCS and the conventional RCS in terms of optical depth, medium location and angular dependence. It shows the enhanced backscattering due to multiple scattering and the increased RCS if a random medium is closer to the transmitter.     

Wideband radar cross section reduction based on absorptive coding metasurface with compound stealth mechanism

A scheme of combing wave absorption and phase cancellation mechanisms for widening radar cross section(RCS)reduction band is proposed. An absorptive coding metasurface implementing this scheme is derived from traditional circuit analog absorber(CAA) composed of resistive ring elements which characterize dual resonances behavior. It is constructed by replacing some of the CAA elements by another kind of resistive ring elements which is singly resonant in between the original two resonant bands and has reflection phase opposite to that of the original elements at resonance. Hence the developed metasurface achieves an improved low-RCS band over which the lower and higher sub-bands are mainly contributed by wave absorption mainly while the middle sub-band is formed by joint effect of wave absorption and antiphase cancellation mechanisms. The polarization-independent wideband RCS reduction property of the metasurface is validated by full-wave simulation results of a preliminary and an advanced design examples which employ the same element configuration but different element layout schemes as partitioned distribution and random coding. The advanced design also exhibits broadband bistatic low-RCS property and keeps a stable specular RCS reduction performance with regard to incident elevation angle up to 35°. The advanced design is fabricated and the experimental results of the sample agrees qualitatively well with their simulated counterparts. The measured figure of merit(i.e., low-RCS bandwidth ratio versus electrical thickness) of the sample is 40.572, which is superior to or comparable with those for most of other existing metasurface with compound RCS reduction mechanism. The proposed compound metasurface technique also features simple structure, light weight, low cost and easy fabrication compared with other techniques. This makes it promising in applications such as radar stealth and electromagnetic compatibility.     

Forward and backward probabilistic inference of the sea clutter

The fast dynamics of the sea surface result in highly volatile time series of the sea clutter. Measures made by a moving sensor which observes the sea from different points of view cannot be compared directly if the clutter has significantly evolved during the sampling interval. The issue of transporting measures to a common time reference is addressed using a model in which the sea clutter and associated observables are homogeneous Markov processes described by stochastic differential equations. We solve the Fokker–Planck equations of the speckle and radar cross-section (RCS) to obtain their present to future transition probabilities, from which we derive those of the intensity and the real and imaginary parts of the reflectivity. Using Bayes’s formula and the independence property of the speckle and RCS, we show that the formula remain valid for the present to past transition probabilities. Numerical distributions are systematically computed and match the analytical distributions. The resulting two-way prediction capability can be used to probabilistically balance the dynamics of the sea clutter. A series of deterministic measures from different positions and times is transformed into a series of probabilistic measures from different positions at the same time.     

Suppression of Sea-ice Clutter Observed by a Millimeter Wave Radar

Sea-ice clutter was measured using a millimeter wave radar (MWR) with a frequency of 34.86 GHz, the beamwidth of 0.25° and pulsewidth of 30 ns which is located at Mombetsu in Hokkaido, Japan. In this paper, targets are an iron tower and a breakwater which are embedded in sea-ice clutter. We have found that the sea-ice clutter amplitude obeys the Weibull distribution. As a result of this, we obtained target to clutter ratio improvement of 22.6, 17.2 dB for an iron tower and a breakwater, respectively, by considering the modified LOG/CFAR system which is the transformation from Weibull to Rayleigh distribution.     

Multiple scattering effects on the radar cross section (RCS) of objects in a random medium including backscattering enhancement and shower curtain effects

Abstract

This paper presents a theory of the radar cross section (RCS) of objects in multiple scattering random media. The general formulation includes the fourthorder moments including the correlation between the forward and the backward waves. The fourth moments are reduced to the second–order moments by using the circular complex Gaussian assumption. The stochastic Green's functions are expressed in parabolic approximation, and the objects are assumed to be large in terms of wavelength; therefore, Kirchhoff approximations are applicable. This theory includes the backscattering enhancement and the shower curtain effects, which are not normally considered in conventional theory. Numerical examples of a conducting object in a random medium characterized by the Gaussian and Henyey–Greenstein phase functions are shown to highlight the difference between the multiple scattering RCS and the conventional RCS in terms of optical depth, medium location and angular dependence. It shows the enhanced backscattering due to multiple scattering and the increased RCS if a random medium is closer to the transmitter.     

Optical design of retro-reflectors by coordinate transformation

Transformation optics based on the form-invariant coordinate transformation of Maxwell’s equations offers an unconventional approach for designing devices with unprecedented electromagnetic (EM) behaviors. In this paper, we expand the coordinate transformation method to design omni-directional (OD) retro-reflectors by extending the conventional Luneberg lens reflectors to work in a much wider angular width. The constitutive medium tensors of the transformation devices are derived. Based on full wave simulations combined with Huygen’s principle, the flat and efficient backscattering responses of the resultant devices have been evaluated quantitatively. We confirm that the proposed structures are highly visible to incident EM waves from all directions, and they can be used as good OD radar cross section (RCS) enhancers in radar applications, such as the reference target for RCS measurements, range finding and position identification.     

海杂波的分段分数布朗运动模型

主要研究了分段分数布朗运动(PFBM)模型在雷达海杂波分形建模中的应用.由于自然界和人造系统中研究对象不具有数学上完美的分形特性, 从而研究对象的分形特性无法在整个尺度区间上成立, 传统上, 海杂波的单一分形模型仅利用无标度区间内海杂波的自相似信息进行参数估计, 并没有考虑海杂波在无标度区间以外的尺度下所包含的信息.分段分数布朗运动从频域角度对海杂波频谱进行分段描述, 对应到时域即从粗略尺度和精细尺度两方面描述海杂波时间序列.结合海杂波产生的物理背景, 该模型可以为海杂波时间序列在粗略尺度和精细尺度下表现出的不同粗糙度提供机理性解释.在此基础上, 还研究了具有不同多普勒频率的运动目标对海杂波的影响, 结果表明运动目标对粗略尺度和精细尺度下海杂波的影响程度是不同的.     

基于宽带吸波体的微带天线雷达散射截面缩减设计

利用加载集总电阻的方式设计出一种极化稳定且宽入射角的宽带超材料吸波体(wide-band metamaterial absorber, WBMA), 在平面波垂直入射时, 其吸波半波功率带宽达12.7 GHz, 吸波率大于90%的带宽达10.42 GHz, 峰值吸波率达99.9%. 将其与微带天线共基板共接地板的方式加载, 制备出WBMA微带天线, 实现了天线宽频域内雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)大幅缩减. 仿真与实测结果表明: 将WBMA加载于微带天线后, 天线的前向增益提高了0.53 dB, 整体辐射特性基本保持不变; 在不同极化波下, 天线的工作频带带内和带外等宽频域(6.95-17.91 GHz)内的单站RCS缩减大于3 dB以上, 最大缩减值达21.2 dB; 在天线的中心频点8 GHz处± 48°的宽角域内, 双站RCS缩减效果明显, 很好地实现了天线的宽频域大角度的隐身设计.     

不同运动状态下的飞机目标雷达散射截面积统计特性分析

目标的运动状态对其动态雷达散射截面积(RCS)起伏特性具有十分重要的影响,同一目标在不同运动状态下,可能具有不同的RCS起伏模型。结合实测数据,对在平稳直线飞行和曲线机动飞行两种状态下的飞机动态RCS进行统计分析。分析结果表明:在平稳直线飞行状态下,飞机目标的动态RCS起伏模型与观测视角内的静态RCS起伏模型近似;在曲线机动飞行状态下,飞机目标的动态RCS起伏更显著、更随机,当观测时间足够长、目标的运动随机性更大时,其起伏模型更接近于指数分布。     

基于十字形结构的相位梯度超表面设计与雷达散射截面缩减验证

基于十字形结构设计了一种在雷达波低频段极化不敏感的相位梯度超表面, 并通过仿真和实验进行了验证. 不同金属十字周期结构单元复合, 在超表面上形成附加的平行波矢分量, 对反射波波前进行调控, 获得超表面后向雷达散射截面积(RCS)缩减. 在设计波段内, 超表面在法线方向的单站RCS缩减达18.19 dB, 偏离法线-30°–+30°范围的单站RCS 平均缩减达8 dB; 仿真与实验结果符合较好.     

Scaled radar cross section measurement method for lossy targets via dynamically matching reflection coefficients in THz band

In the terahertz band, the dispersive characteristic of dielectric material is one of the major problems in the scaled radar cross section (RCS) measurement, which is inconsistent with the electrodynamics similitude deducted according to the Maxwell's equations. Based on the high-frequency estimation method of physical optics (PO), a scaled RCS measurement method for lossy objects is proposed through dynamically matching the reflection coefficients according to the distribution of the object facets. Simulations of the model of SLICY are conducted, and the inversed RCS of the lossy prototype is obtained using the proposed method. Comparing the inversed RCS with the calculated results, the validity of the proposed method is demonstrated. The proposed method provides an effective solution to the scaled RCS measurement for lossy objects in the THz band.     

Computation of PO Integral on Parametric Surfaces

The paper presents a general method for computing the physical optics (PO) integral on the most of curved parametric surfaces. Today, most of radar cross section (RCS) codes use the parametric geometry code for modeling complex object geometry. The PO integral formulation is presented that fully utilize the geometry information available in parametric geometry codes. The formulation presented can be used with any of these geometry codes independent of the difference between versions. The PO integral is evaluated over the parametric space of the parametric surfaces using splitting extrapolation method. Therefore, the method is very general, allowing its use for the PO integral on the most of parametric surfaces. Moreover, it is efficient and accurate. The method is applied to calculate the RCS values of several objects modeled with non-uniformed rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces at a millimeter-wave frequency, the results agree with geometric optics (GO) predictions.