On operating deflection shapes of the violin body including in-plane motions

Earlier investigations have assumed only "out-of-plane" vibrations of the plates of the violin. The violin body can, however, be described as a thin-walled, double-arched shell structure and as such it may very well elongate in one direction as it contracts in another. Therefore, at least two orthogonal vibration components have to be included to describe the vibrations. The operating deflection shapes (ODSs) of a good, professionally made and carefully selected violin were therefore measured in several directions by TV holography to determine both "in-plane" and out-of-plane vibration components of the ODSs. The observations were limited to the frequency range 400-600 Hz, as this interval includes two most-prominent resonance peaks of bridge mobility and sound radiation as well as a third poorly radiating resonance. These three peaks clearly showed orthogonal vibration components in the ODSs. The vibration behavior of the violin body, sectioned in the bridge plane, was interpreted as the vibrations of an "elliptical tube" with nodal diameters. The number of nodal diameters increases from two to three in the selected frequency range. The TV holography measurements were supported by electrodynamical point measurements of bridge mobility, of air volume resonances, and by reciprocity, of radiation properties. Furthermore, a fourth mode, the air mode, A1, is involved indirectly in the sound radiation via influence on the body vibrations.     

电子小提琴与常规小提琴的无线载波传输演示

小提琴可分解成拉弦系统和共振箱系统．在拉弦系统中,弦的振动被变为电声信号,以电磁波的形式发射到空中．在共振箱系统中,由调频接收器接收信号,经电声转换后驱动共鸣箱发声．改装后的电子小提琴可用于物理实验演示教学及小提琴弦振动和共鸣箱的频谱分析．     

Transient response in absorptive bistability

Measurements of transient response are described for a system composed of multiple beams of atomic sodium passing through a high-finesse optical cavity. For switching from zero to incident laser intensities above the upper turning point of the steady-state hysteresis cycle, a delay in excess of the empty cavity filling time is observed for the time taken to reach steady state. For switching of the incident laser intensity from zero to above the upper turning point, this delay increases to up to 12 times the empty cavity filling time. The results are in qualitative agreement with earlier theoretical work based upon the mean-field theory for plane waves in absorptive bistability.     

能量选择表面的瞬态响应

为实现强电磁脉冲防护和信号收发的兼容,研究了一种基于能量选择机制的强电磁防护结构,即能量选择表面。该防护表面利用半导体压控导电特性,实现了强场辐照时防护表面由高阻态向低阻态的转变,具有能量低通特性和超宽带特性。利用场路协同仿真方法,分析了能量选择表面瞬态响应与PIN二极管阻抗特性、强电磁脉冲峰值场强及脉冲前沿的关系,结果显示:尖峰泄漏功率和响应时间与Ⅰ层厚度、强电磁脉冲峰值场强成正比,与少数载流子寿命成反比变化。     

能量选择表面的瞬态响应

为实现强电磁脉冲防护和信号收发的兼容,研究了一种基于能量选择机制的强电磁防护结构,即能量选择表面。该防护表面利用半导体压控导电特性,实现了强场辐照时防护表面由高阻态向低阻态的转变,具有能量低通特性和超宽带特性。利用场路协同仿真方法,分析了能量选择表面瞬态响应与PIN二极管阻抗特性、强电磁脉冲峰值场强及脉冲前沿的关系,结果显示：尖峰泄漏功率和响应时间与Ⅰ层厚度、强电磁脉冲峰值场强成正比,与少数载流子寿命成反比变化。     

Modelling of electromagnetic wave interactions with the human body

Electromagnetic modelling plays a more and more important role in the study of complex systems involving Maxwell phenomena, such as the interactions of radiowaves with the human body. Simulation then becomes a credible means in decision making, related to the engineering of complex electromagnetic systems. To increase confidence in the models with respect to reality, validation and uncertainty estimation methods are needed. The different dimensions of model validation are illustrated through dosimetry, i.e., quantification of human exposure to electromagnetic waves. To cite this article: M.-F. Wong, J. Wiart, C. R. Physique 6 (2005).     

Transient degenerate four wave mixing in saturable absorbers

The transient behaviour of degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) in a three-level saturable absorber is analysed. We discuss two cases which are relevant to present day experiments. We obtain the transient reflectivity in the cases where the pump beams consist of (a) a single pulse and (b) a train of pulses.     

Transient development of surface waves in the presence of porous wave makers

Summary The initial-value problem of surface waves generated by a harmonically oscillating porous wave maker immersed in an incompressible fluid of infinite horizontal extent but finite constant depth is prescribed. By the use of generalized functions and asymptotic analyses, it was possible to get both the steady-state solution and the transient solution without the need of imposing a radiation condition. Two limiting cases are also investigated: in the first the fluid is of infinite depth, while in the other the fluid is shallow.     

Transient response of a hydraulic engine mount

Linear and non-linear transient responses of a typical hydraulic engine mount are analytically and experimentally studied in this paper. First, a lumped parameter linear model is used to approximate the typical step response and to suggest parameters that must be experimentally determined. Various configurations as related to inertia track and decoupler are analyzed. Two bench experiments are constructed for the identification of non-linear compliances and resistances. One of the main non-linear characteristics, however, comes from the decoupler mechanism. To accurately predict the time events of the decoupler opening and closing, an equivalent viscous damper model is employed along with a multi-staged switching mechanism. Additionally, non-linear behavior arising due to the vacuum formation in the top chamber is studied by defining a bi-linear asymmetric stiffness curve. New transient experiments are conducted on an elastomer test system, and measured transmitted force and top chamber pressure signals are analyzed. Results of the proposed simulation model match well with measured responses when step up, step down and triangular waveforms are applied. Areas for future research are identified.     

Transient dipolar sound wave in a viscous compressible fluid

The dipolar sound wave generated by a sudden impulse in an unbounded viscous compressible fluid is studied on the basis of the linearized Navier-Stokes equations. Due to viscosity the spherical wavefront is diffuse with a width which grows with the square root of time. The wavefront is followed by a spherical shell of static potential flow. The shell itself surrounds an expanding spherical region of viscous flow. At long times the energy in each of the three regions is of comparable magnitude, and decays with a t^−3/2 power law.     

Transient response with arbitrary initial conditions using the DFT

It is more economic to compute the response of linear systems with Fourier methods using fast Fourier transform algorithms than with step-by-step numerical integration methods. However, one drawback of Fourier methods is the difficulty in computing transient responses with arbitrary initial conditions (ICs). When the system is modeled with constant-parameter ordinary differential equations, the response can be obtained in closed form but, when using spectral and boundary element methods, this is no longer possible. In this paper, a technique consisting of taking advantage of the periodic character of the discrete Fourier transform to include an ad hoc force pulse to impose the ICs is proposed. The technique is presented in detail and used to compute the responses of single and multiple degree-of-freedom lumped parameter systems. The responses are compared with step-by-step integration solutions.     

Transient amplification characteristics of frequency modulated wave in semiconductor plasmas

We perform an analytical investigation of modulational interaction of an electromagnetic pump wave in a transversely magnetized weakly polar semiconductor plasma medium. Based on the hydrodynamic model, a critical examination of frequency modulational amplification is made in a moderately doped III–V semiconductor crystal (n-GaAs) duly shined by pulsed 10.6 µm CO₂ laser. The effect of electron-LO phonon interaction and coupled magnetoplasma excitations on the nonlinear interaction of a laser beam adds new dimension to the analysis. Steady state and transient gain coefficients, threshold pump intensity and optimum-pulse duration for the onset of modulational instability are estimated. The paper concentrates on the study of gain characteristics mainly in transient region. Effect of doping and applied magnetic field on the threshold pump intensity and growth rate has been significantly analysed. Graphical analysis interprets strong dependence of transient amplification characteristics on these parameters. So a judicious choice of physical parameters may develop growth at much lower pump intensity improving the cost effectiveness of the system. These results may help to be important for understanding and improving the performance of modulator.     

Transient response of an open resonator in the time domain

In the present paper a time response of a quasi-optical open resonator when exciting it by a pulse signal with a radiofrequency filling has been investigated using an inverse Fourier transformation. The radiofrequency filling corresponds to millimeter wavelengths region. Fourier image of the time response of the resonator is calculated from a product of two frequency’s functions. One of these functions is the Fourier image of a pulse signal at the resonator input, and the second is a calculated or measured amplitude — phase characteristic of the resonator. When calculating the amplitude- phase characteristic of the resonator (a complex transfer coefficient) a plane — layered model of the resonator was used. Experimental investigation has been conducted in millimeter wavelengths with Fabry-Perot type open resonator. Amplitude- phase characteristic of the resonator were measured in “on passage“ regime in wide frequency band. It was shown that presence of weakly absorbing layer in the resonator leads to changing of the time response of the resonator. The obtained results can be used in the dielectric measurements, defectoscopy of stratiform materials, relaxometry, non-destructive control of materials and structures, etc.     

Parametric plate-bridge dynamic filter model of violin radiativity

A hybrid, deterministic-statistical, parametric "dynamic filter" model of the violin's radiativity profile [characterized by an averaged-over-sphere, mean-square radiativity (R(ω)(2))] is developed based on the premise that acoustic radiation depends on (1) how strongly it vibrates [characterized by the averaged-over-corpus, mean-square mobility (Y(ω)(2))] and (2) how effectively these vibrations are turned into sound, characterized by the radiation efficiency, which is proportional to (R(ω)(2))/(Y(ω)(2)). Two plate mode frequencies were used to compute 1st corpus bending mode frequencies using empirical trend lines; these corpus bending modes in turn drive cavity volume flows to excite the two lowest cavity modes A0 and A1. All widely-separated, strongly-radiating corpus and cavity modes in the low frequency deterministic region are then parameterized in a dual-Helmholtz resonator model. Mid-high frequency statistical regions are parameterized with the aid of a distributed-excitation statistical mobility function (no bridge) to help extract bridge filter effects associated with (a) bridge rocking mode frequency changes and (b) bridge-corpus interactions from 14-violin-average, excited-via-bridge (Y(ω)(2)) and (R(ω)(2)). Deterministic-statistical regions are rejoined at ~630 Hz in a mobility-radiativity "trough" where all violin quality classes had a common radiativity. Simulations indicate that typical plate tuning has a significantly weaker effect on radiativity profile trends than bridge tuning.     

Transient wave propagation in a semi-infinite,transversely isotropic rod

In this study the response in a transversely isotropic, semi-infinite elastic rod is found to an input on its end that is time dependent. The solution follows closely the method developed by Skalak for isotropic rods which uses integral transforms to solve the governing equations. The solution differs from that of Skalak, apart from material properties, in that in this study mixed-mixed conditions are assumed for the end of the rod. The responses are found at a “distant” station and are expressed in terms of the axial and tangential strains.     

井中雷达的瞬态电磁波传输特性及实验验证

研究了瞬态电磁波在地层中的传输特性,为井中雷达系统设计和地层信息解释提供重要依据。通过对传播速度和衰减系数的理论计算,确定目标物与井眼间的距离以及井中雷达最大的探测距离。基于以上雷达波传输特性的理论研究,设计了一个井中雷达系统。为了验证该系统的工作性能,在石灰岩地层中开展了实验测试。实验结果表明：该雷达系统能够探测到距离井眼8 m 远的金属目标。     

井中雷达的瞬态电磁波传输特性及实验验证(英文)

研究了瞬态电磁波在地层中的传输特性,为井中雷达系统设计和地层信息解释提供重要依据。通过对传播速度和衰减系数的理论计算,确定目标物与井眼间的距离以及井中雷达最大的探测距离。基于以上雷达波传输特性的理论研究,设计了一个井中雷达系统。为了验证该系统的工作性能,在石灰岩地层中开展了实验测试。实验结果表明:该雷达系统能够探测到距离井眼8m远的金属目标。