Platinum-catalyzed multistep reactions of indoles with alkynyl alcohols

PtCl2 effectively catalyzes the multistep reaction of N-methyl indole (1 a) with pent-3-yn-1-ol (2 a) in THF at room temperature for 2 h to give indole derivative 3 a, which contains a five-membered cyclic ether group at C3 in 93% yield. Under similar reaction conditions, various substituted N-methyl indoles 1 b-h and indole (1 i) reacted efficiently with 2 a to afford the corresponding indole derivatives 3 b-h and 3 i in 48-91 and 72% yields. The results showed that N-methyl indoles with electron-donating substituents were more reactive affording higher product yields than those with electron-withdrawing groups. Likewise, various substituted but-3-yn-1-ols 2 b-e and other longer chain alkynyl alcohols 2 f-i also underwent a cyclization-addition reaction with N-methyl indole (1 a) to provide the corresponding cyclization-addition products 3 j-m and 3 a, 3 j, and 3 n-o in good to excellent yields. The present platinum-catalyzed cyclization-addition reaction can be further extended into N-methyl pyrrole. Mechanistically, the catalytic reaction proceeds by an intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of alkynyl alcohol to afford cyclic enol ether followed by the addition of the C--H bond of indole to the unsaturated moiety of cyclic enol ether providing the final product. Experimental evidence to support this proposed mechanism is provided.     

Asymmetric 1,2-Carbamoyl Rearrangement of Lithiated Chiral Oxazolidine Carbamates and Diastereoselective Synthesis of α-Hydroxy Amides

Asymmetric 1,2-carbamoyl rearrangement of lithiated 2-alkenyl carbamates has been investigated. Deprotonation of chiral 2-alkenyl oxazolidine carbamates with sec-butyllithium in ether at −78 °C followed by warming of the resulting 1-lithio-2-alkenyl derivatives to room temperature resulted in 1,2-carbamoyl rearrangement to provide α-hydroxy amides. The rearrangement proceeded with excellent diastereoselectivity and in good to excellent isolated yield of the α-hydroxy amide derivatives. The substrate scope of the reaction was investigated with a variety of 2-alkenyl and benzyl oxazolidine carbamates. A stereochemical model is provided to explain the stereochemical outcome associated with the rearrangement. Acid-catalyzed removal of the chiral oxazolidine afforded α-hydroxy acid in high optical purity.     

Platinum-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination of unactivated olefins with secondary alkylamines

Reaction of benzyl-2,2-diphenyl-4-pentenylamine with a catalytic 1:2 mixture of [PtCl2(H2C=CH2)]2 (2.5 mol %) and PPh3 in dioxane at 120 degrees C for 16 h led to isolation of 1-benzyl-2-methyl-4,4-diphenylpyrrolidine in 75% yield. A number of gamma- and delta-amino olefins underwent intramolecular hydroamination to form the corresponding pyrrolidine derivatives in moderate to good yield. The reaction displayed excellent functional group compatibility and low moisture sensitivity.     

Intramolecular Diamination and Alkoxyamination of Alkenes with N-Sulfonyl Ureas With N-Iodosuccinimide

Reaction of N-δ-alkenyl-N'-sulfonyl urea 1 with N-iodosuccinimde (NIS; 2 equiv) and a catalytic amount of AgOTf (20 mol %) at room temperature led to intramolecular alkoxyamination to form bicyclic isourea 2a in 95% isolated yield. In comparison, reaction of 1 with NIS and sodium bicarbonate (1 equiv) at room temperature led to isolation of bicyclic imidazolidin-2-one 2b in 91% yield. These NIS-mediated alkoxyamination and diamination protocols were effective for a range of N-δ-alkenyl-N'-sulfonyl ureas to form the corresponding heterobicyclic compounds in good yield with high chemoselectivity and good to excellent diastereoselectivity.     

W(CO)5(L)-catalyzed formal cope rearrangement of allenyl silyl enol ethers

[reaction: see text] On treatment of 5-siloxyhexa-1,2,5-trienes with a catalytic amount of W(CO)(6) under photoirradiation, formal Cope rearrangement proceeded to give 2-siloxyhex-1-en-5-ynes in good yield. The electrophilic activation of the allenyl moiety by W(CO)(5) triggers the intramolecular attack of the silyl enol ether in a 6-endo manner to produce a cyclohexenyl tungsten species. Carbon-carbon bond cleavage occurs by electron donation from the anionic W(CO)(5) into the silyloxonium moiety to afford the products with regeneration of the W(CO)(5)(L).     

Gold(I)-catalyzed enantioselective hydroamination of N-allenyl carbamates

Treatment of the N-4,5-hexadienyl carbamate 2a with a catalytic 1:2 mixture of [(S)-1]Au2Cl2 [(S)-1 = (S)-3,5-t-Bu-4-MeO-MeOBIPHEP] and AgClO4 in m-xylene at -40 degrees C for 24 h led to isolation of 2-vinylpyrrolidine 3a in 97% yield with 81% ee. Gold(I)-catalyzed enantioselective hydroamination was effective for a number of carbamate groups and tolerated terminal disubstitutution of the allenyl moiety.     

Gold(I)-catalyzed hydration of allenes

A gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene complex catalyzes the intermolecular hydration of allenes to form allylic alcohols in modest yield with selective delivery of water to the terminal carbon atoms of the allenyl moiety.     

Ruthenium-catalyzed intramolecular oxidative amination of aminoalkenes enables rapid synthesis of cyclic imines.

[RuCl2(CO)3]2/dppp is shown to be a highly effective catalyst system for the first intramolecular oxidative amination of a variety of aminoalkenes when it is used concomitantly with K2CO3 and allyl acetate in N-methylpiperidine, to give the corresponding cyclic imines and indoles in excellent yields. For example, the reaction of 2,2-diphenyl-4-pentenyl-1-amine performed in the presence of 2 mol % of [RuCl2(CO)3]2, 4 mol % of dppp, K2CO3, and allyl acetate in N-methylpiperidine at 140 degrees C for 8 h gives 4,4-diphenyl-2-methyl-1-pyrroline in quantitative (>99%) yield.     

二茂铁乙炔苯巯基化合物的合成及电化学性质

以室温下Zn/Me2SiCl2/DMA还原体系代替传统低温下(-78 ℃)有机锂试剂体系,高收率合成了4-乙酰巯基碘苯(6)和4-碘苯甲硫醚(7)。 分别将二者与二茂铁乙炔偶联合成了二茂铁乙炔基苯硫酚衍生物1和2。 研究了衍生物1和2的光谱和电化学性质,将其自组装到金电极上,获得了电活性较好的修饰电极。 衍生物1修饰Au/GCE电极对芦丁有良好的催化电氧化作用,在生物/电化学传感器领域有潜在应用前景。     

Synthesis of allenamides by copper-catalyzed coupling of allenyl halides with amides, carbamates, and ureas

[reaction: see text]. A variety of N-substituted allenes have been synthesized by the copper-catalyzed coupling reaction between allenyl halides and amides, carbamates, and ureas. The reactions proceed in good to excellent yield using 7 mol % copper thiophenecarboxylate and 15 mol % of a diamine catalyst.     

One-pot selective cleavage of prenyl carbamates using iodine in methanol followed by zinc

The prenyloxycarbonyl (Preoc) moiety was efficiently removed from carbamates to provide the corresponding amines in good to excellent yields (63-88%) by using iodine in methanol followed by treatment of the resulting β-methoxyiodides by zinc powder. The reaction conditions are compatible with the presence of a number of functional groups such as Boc and Cbz carbamates, sulfides, double bonds, indoles and aromatic methyl ethers.     

A new methodology for the synthesis of 3-amino-1H-indole-2-carboxylates

A new methodology has been developed for the synthesis of 3-amino-1H-indole-2-carboxylates. 2-Aminobenzonitriles were protected as benzyl (2-cyanophenyl)carbamates and converted into corresponding glycinate esters using sodium hydride and bromoacetate esters. Sodium hydride efficiently promotes the addition of the glycinate α-carbon to the cyano group at low temperatures, resulting in the formation of the desired indole core with 3-amino and 2-carboxylate groups. This new methodology uses Pd–C mediated hydrogenolysis with molecular hydrogen, providing neutral conditions for removal of the N-carbamate protecting group. This methodology demonstrates good functional group tolerance towards a variety of substituents in the aromatic ring and ester groups. The overall yield of 3-amino-1H-indole-2-carboxylates obtained by this four-step methodology is at least 30% or higher with yields as high as 50% realised for three of the indoles investigated in this study.     

A Brønsted acid mediated cascade enone synthesis from aldehydes containing a tethered propargylsilane

MeSO3H effects the intramolecular allenylation of a series of aldehydes 1 to provide allenyl alcohol product 3 as a single diastereoisomer. Cyclization proceeds rapidly at -78 degrees C. However, when the reaction is performed at room temperature, aldehyde 1 provides enone product 7 instead. A mechanism for the formation of this product is proposed in which the initially formed allenyl alcohol 3 undergoes dehydration to provide an allyl carbocation, which is trapped with water, thereby installing the enone.     

Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition‐Mediated Stereoselective Synthesis of Disubstituted Cyclopentane: A Simple Model for the Cyclopentane Ring System of Polycyclic Oroidine Alkaloids

We present a diastereoselective synthesis of disubstituted cyclopentane 8 having a nitrogen‐containing quaternary carbon center, which is found in axinellamine A ( 5 ) and related compounds. During this work, we found that the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition product 24 immediately underwent intramolecular redox reaction at the newly formed morpholin‐2‐one moiety, thus affording disubstituted cyclopentane containing a tertiary amine ( 9 ) stereoselectively in good yield. The amine 9 was successfully converted into guanidine 31 , which corresponds to 8 , through iminium cation–enamine isomerization.     

Coinage metals-catalyzed cascade reactions of aryl alkynylaziridines: silver(I)-single vs gold(I)-double cyclizations

Alkynylaziridines carrying an aryl group could be efficiently converted into aminoallenylidene isochromans, isoquinolines, or tetrahydronaphtalenes with silver(I) salts and into 1-azaspiro[4.5]decane derivatives with gold(I) complexes. Mechanistic investigations revealed that both Ag- and Au-catalyzed reactions involved a Friedel-Crafts type intramolecular reaction leading to an allene and that Au also rapidly promoted a second intramolecular cyclization of the aminoallene intermediate to the corresponding spiro derivative. Stereochemical investigations suggested an anti-SN(2)'-type pathway for the first cyclization leading to a stereodefined allene, which could then be cyclized to the corresponding stereodefined spiro product. These results highlight the duality between oxo- or azaphilicity and alkynophilicity of Ag and Au as well as their complementarity in terms of reactivity.     

A d,l-proline catalyzed diastereoselective trimolecular condensation: an approach to the one-pot synthesis of perhydrofuro[3,2-b]pyran-5-ones

d,l-Proline was found to catalyze efficiently the one-pot trimolecular condensation of indoles, a sugar hydroxyaldehyde, and Meldrum’s acid followed by intramolecular cyclization with evolution of carbon dioxide and elimination of acetone to afford 7-(1H-3-indolyl)-2,3-dimethoxyperhydrofuro[3,2-b]pyran-5-ones. The reaction proceeded cleanly at ambient temperature to afford the products in good yields with high diastereoselectivity.     

Chiral Lewis acid-catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular carbonyl ene reactions of unsaturated alpha-keto esters

[reaction: see text] Chiral Lewis acid-promoted highly enantioselective intramolecular carbonyl ene reactions of unsaturated alpha-keto esters have been investigated. In the presence of chiral Lewis acids such as [Sc((R,R)-Ph-pybox)](OTf)(3) and [Cu((S,S)-Ph-box)](OTf)(2), several unsaturated alpha-keto esters underwent carbonyl ene reactions in CH(2)Cl(2) at room temperature to give monocyclic products in good yield and excellent enantioselectivity.     

Palladium-catalyzed cyclization/carboalkoxylation of alkenyl indoles

Reaction of 1-methyl-2-(4-pentenyl)indole with a catalytic amount of PdCl2(CH3CN)2 (5 mol %) and a stoichiometric amount of CuCl2 (3 equiv) in methanol under CO (1 atm) at room temperature for 30 min led to cyclization/carboalkoxylation to form the corresponding tetrahydrocarbazole in 83% isolated yield as a single regioisomer. Palladium-catalyzed cyclization/carboalkoxylation of 2-(4-pentenyl)indoles tolerated substitution along the alkenyl chain and at the internal and cis-terminal olefinic positions. Palladium-catalyzed cyclization/carboalkoxylation tolerated a range of alcohols and was effective for the cyclization of 2-(3-butenyl)indoles, 3-(3-butenyl)indoles, 3-(4-pentenyl)indoles, and 2-(5-hexenyl)indoles.     

Alkyne versus allene activation in platinum- and gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization of hydroxylated 1,5-allenynes

Chemo- and stereoselective transformations of 3-hydroxy-1,5-allenynes 1 into a variety of new and potentially useful cyclic compounds have been achieved. Substrates bearing a silyl group at the alkyne moiety undergo purely thermal or Lewis acid catalyzed Alder-ene type transformations into 2-methylene-3-vinylcyclopent-3-enol derivatives 2. When heated in the presence of a catalytic amount of PtCl(2) or PtCl(4), these incipient cyclopentenols could be further transformed into 3-vinylcyclopent-2-enones 3. On the other hand, alkyl-substituted 3-hydroxy-1,5-allenynes proved to be stable under refluxing conditions. Nevertheless, PtCl(2) and PtCl(4) could selectively activate the alkyne moiety of these substrates toward intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the internal allene double bond to yield unprecedented 6-methylenebicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one derivatives 4. With gold-based catalysts, provided that the reaction is carried out in dichloromethane, both Au(I) and Au(III) complexes selectively activate the allene fragment of the substrates toward intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the hydroxyl group to yield 2-ethynyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrans 5. Compounds of type 4 can also be formed with Au(I) and Au(III) complexes if the reaction is carried out in toluene. The reactivity of these new compounds has been partially investigated, and polycyclic ketones were obtained after oxidation under mild conditions or gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization.     

Scaffold-directed traceless synthesis of tetrahydro-beta-carbolinehydantoins

Pharmacologically interesting tetrahydro-beta-carbolinehydantoins have been prepared through four-step traceless synthesis by a combinatorial approach. Two-arm PEG 1 (MW approximately 4000) was used as a soluble polymer support and reacted with Fmoc-protected L-tryptophane 2 to form bis-ester 3. The resulting polymer-supported amino ester 3 was deprotected, and amino ester 4 underwent Pictet-Spengler reaction with varoius ketones to form tricyclic indoles 5. The nucleophilic piperidine in the tricyclic indole reacted with isocyanate to generate the urea intermediates and simultaneously intramolecular cyclization to release the target compounds 7 from the support in good yields.