Microstructure scaling properties and fatigue resistance of pre-strained aluminium alloys (part 1: Al–Cu alloy)

The objective of this work is to provide the link between the fatigue behaviour of pre-strained aluminium alloys and the scaling properties of damage induced on the fracture surface. Fatigue tests performed on pre-strained aluminium alloys revealed a large difference in their residual fatigue resistance linked to the material: the Al–Cu alloy demonstrated a sharp decrease of HCF life-time due to the pre-straining whereas the insensitivity of the Al–Mg alloy was clear. For the Al–Cu alloy, the investigations made at a ‘mechanical’ scale allow us to associate the strain energy absorbed during the prior loading with the aspect of the surface and the residual HCF life-time. The statistical characterization of the fatigue damaged zone was done from the measurement of the surface roughness. Scaling properties were established that allowed the conclusion of the universality of HCF damage kinetics as the mechanism controlling the sensitivity of Al–Cu alloy whatever the pre-straining history.     

纯钛与Ti6Al7Nb合金氮离子注入层在小牛血清溶液中的扭动微动磨损试验研究

文中主要研究了纯钛、Ti6A17Nb基体以及经过氮离子注入后的改性层的扭动微动磨损行为.氮离子注入采用高能离子注入机及增强沉积系统,加速电压为50 kV,注入剂量分别为1×l017、5×1017和9×1017cm-2.采用球/平面接触模式,对纯钛和Ti6Al7Nb合金/(Zr2O球(直径为25.2 mm),接触副在小牛血清介质条件下进行了纯钛和Ti6Al7Nb合金及其改性层的了扭动微动磨损试验.借助X衍射仪(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、三维形貌仪(3D)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了两种材料及其改性层的化学成分、微动磨损磨痕形貌和微观组织结构,探讨了纯钛和Ti6Al7Nb合金基材和改性层的扭动微动运行行为和损伤机制.研究结果表明:用氮离子注入方法处理钛及其合金,生成的氮化物层能够改善材料表面的综合性能,提高其扭动微动磨损的耐磨性.纯钛和Ti6Al7Nb基体的磨损现象为氧化和剥落,其离子注入层的磨损现象为犁沟.     

Protective role of local Al cladding against corrosion damage and hydrogen embrittlement of 2024 aluminum alloy specimens

The present investigation aims to inquire whether Al cladding of 2024 aluminum alloy specimens could provide, additionally to the expected protection against corrosion damage, also a protection against the corrosion induced hydrogen embrittlement of the alloy. The latter is observed when bare 2024 material is subjected to laboratory exfoliation corrosion exposure also in the absence of mechanical loading. Furthermore, the study aims to ponder on the question whether local Al cladding at small regions of the specimen surface might suffice for protecting the specimen against corrosion damage and hydrogen embrittlement. The work comprises the results of an extensive experimental investigation including tensile tests on precorroded 2024 specimens protected through both complete and local surface Al cladding, metallographic and fractographic analyses as well as measurements of the hydrogen uptake during the corrosion process.     

Al2O3p／ZA22复合材料拉伸变形时的原位观察

在配有拉伸台的扫描电镜上对Ａｌ２Ｏ３ｐ／ＺＡ２２复合材料进行了单向拉伸的动态原位观察试验。研究结果表明，颗粒的开裂、颗粒与基体的界面脱粘是该复合材料的主要损伤形式。     

Particle fracture in high-volume-fraction ceramic-reinforced metals: Governing parameters and implications for composite failure

Weibull parameters of angular alumina particles are determined from experimental tensile test data on high-ceramic-content metal matrix composites using a micromechanical model that accounts for internal damage in the form of particle cracking, the dominant damage mode in these composites. The fraction of broken particles is assessed from the drop of Young's modulus and particle fracture is assumed to be stress controlled. Two extreme load-sharing modes, namely a purely local and a global load-sharing mode, are considered to account for the load redistribution due to particle fracture. Consistent powder strength parameters can be thus “back-calculated” for particles that are embedded in different Al-Cu matrices. On the other hand, this calculation fails for pure Al matrix composites, which exhibit a much larger strain to failure than Al-Cu matrix composites. It is shown that for Al matrix composites, the role of plastic (composite) strain on particle fracture constitutes a second parameter governing particle damage. This finding is rationalized by particle-particle interactions in these tightly packed ceramic particle-reinforced composites, and by the increase of matrix stress heterogeneity that is brought with increasing plastic strain. Failure of the alloyed matrix composites is well described by the (lower bound) local load-sharing micromechanical model, which predicts a catastrophic failure due to an avalanche of damage. The same model predicts failure of pure aluminium matrix composites to occur at the onset of tensile instability, also in agreement with experimental results once the role of plastic strain on damage accumulation is accounted for.     

准一维应变下Al2O3陶瓷动态压缩失效的实验研究

为了考察Al2O3陶瓷准一维应变下的力学性能,采用LY12铝套筒和45钢套筒对陶瓷试样进行了环向约束,在准静态和动态下分别进行了压缩实验,得到了材料的应力-应变曲线。实验结果表明,Al2O3陶瓷的轴向压缩强度基本上随围压的增大而增大,动态压缩加载下的轴向压缩强度随应变率增大而增大。Al2O3陶瓷在准一维应变下的破坏形式为裂纹破坏,准静态的脆性失效行为可以用Mohr-Coulomb失效准则来描述。     

平面撞击对Ti6Al4V合金结构的影响

采用一级轻气炮对Ti6Al4V合金进行对称与非对称正碰撞冲击,回收冲击样品,并进行电镜扫描和X射线衍射分析。结果表明:随着冲击速度的增加,样品发生不同程度的变形,材料内部产生微裂纹并导致材料发生损伤,而损伤进一步促进了微裂纹的产生、扩展;由X射线分析结果可知,冲击使材料的晶面发育更加完整,并在材料冷却过程中出现一种亚稳态结构,在一定程度上可提高冲击韧性。 更多还原     

Experimental study and modeling of damage of Al alloys using tensor theory

This article presents and evaluates experiments for the characterization and modeling of damage of structural aluminum and aluminum–magnesium alloys. Tensile tests were performed for specimens with artificial defects (voids) represented by different arrangements of pre-drilled micro-holes. The corresponding stress–strain curves were experimentally obtained. Plastic dilatation and deviatoric strain were determined both for the local zones with artificial defects and directly for meso-elements (i.e., material cells with artificial defects). A symmetric second-rank order tensor of damage was applied for a quantitative estimate of the material damage connected with the volume fraction and shape of micro-defects. The definition of this tensor is physically motivated, since its hydrostatic and deviatoric parts describe the evolution of damage connected with a change in volume fraction and shape of micro-defects, respectively. Such a representation of damage kinetics allows us to use two integral measures for the calculation of damage in deformed materials. The first measure determines damage related to an increase in void volume fraction (i.e., plastic dilatation). A critical amount of plastic dilatation corresponds to the moment of macro-fracture of the deformed metal. By means of experimental analysis, we can determine the function of plastic dilatation which depends on the strain accumulated by material particles under various stress and temperature-rate conditions of forming. The second measure accounts for the deviatoric strain of meso-elements, and is related to the change in their shapes. The critical deformation of ellipsoidal voids corresponds to the onset of their coalescence and to the formation of large cavernous defects. The second measure is considered as a criterion of micro-destruction due to formation of cavities in the deformed material. Based on the experimental data, some numerical modeling is realized for the investigated Al alloys to taken a change in stress triaxiality into account. It shows that a change in triaxiality toward smaller values results in an appreciable decrease of damage induced by strain. Both damage measures are important for the prediction of the meso-structure quality of metalware produced by metal forming techniques.     

增量型各向异性损伤理论与数值分析

考虑到目前各向异性损伤理论存在一些不足,该文在增量型各向异性损伤理论的框架下,引入二阶对称张量,构造四阶对称有效损伤张量,建立了有效应力方程.类似于塑性流动分析方法,定义了增量弹性应力-应变关系.利用von Mises塑性屈服准则,并考虑各向异性损伤效应,推导出四阶对称的弹-塑性变形损伤刚度张量,其对称性反映了材料的固有特性.根据物体的变形和现时损伤状态,构造了材料损伤演化方程,方程中各项具有明确的物理意义.通过对Al2024-T3金属薄板单向拉伸的有限元分析,确定了损伤演化参数,验证了损伤演化方程的正确性.此外还对含孔口薄板做有限元模拟,讨论了反力-位移曲线的变化规律以及它所揭示变形性质,给出了损伤场的分布规律.     

波阻抗梯度材料加强型Whipple结构撞击极限研究

为研究一种改进型的波阻抗梯度材料防护结构Ti/Al/Mg结构的撞击极限,采 用 二 级 轻 气 炮 以3.0～8.0 km/s的速度对Ti/Al/Mg结构、Al/Mg结构和2A12结构开展了超高速撞击实验,建立了Ti/Al/Mg结构的撞击极限曲线。结果表明:高阻抗的钛合金表层能产生更高的冲击压力和温升,使弹丸充分破碎;在面密度相同的条件下,与Al/Mg结构和2A12结构相比,Ti/Al/Mg结构具有更强的防护性能。通过理论计算得到Ti/Al/Mg结构撞击极限曲线的区间转变速度小于7.0 km/s,但其实验撞击极限曲线上并未出现明显的区间转变,在实验速度范围内,撞击极限随着撞击速度的提升而增大,这与典型Whipple结构撞击极限曲线存在差异。     

QUANTIFICATION OF SHEAR DAMAGE EVOLUTION IN ALUMINIUM ALLOY 2024T3

Shear damage may occur in the process of metal machining such as blanking and cutting, where localized shear deformation is developed. Experimental findings indicate that microscopic shear damage evolution in aluminium alloy 2024T3 (A1 2024T3) is a multi-stage mechanism, including particle cracking, micro-shear banding, matrix microcracking and coalescence of microcracks. This study is an attempt to use a set of equations to describe the multi-stage shear damage evolution in Al 2024T3. The shear damage variables in terms of multi-couple parameters of a power-law hardening material have been defined. An evolution curve of shearing damage has been calculated from experimental data. The values of the shear damage variable at different stages of damage have also been calculated. By making use of the findings, the relation between the microscopic shear damage evolution and the macroscopic shear response of the material has been discussed.     

An elasto-plastic damage constitutive theory and its prediction of evolution of subsequent yield surfaces and elastic constants

Based on pair functional potentials, Cauchy-Born rule and slip mechanism, a material model assembling with spring-bundle components, a cubage component and slip components is established to describe the elasto-plastic damage constitutive relation under finite deformation. The expansion/shrink, translation and distortion of yield surfaces can be calculated based on the hardening rule and Bauschinger effect defined on the slip component level. Both kinematic and isotropic hardening are included. Numerical simulations and predictions under tension, torsion, and combined tension-torsion proportional/non-proportional loading are performed to obtain the evolution of subsequent yield surfaces and elastic constants and compare with two sets of experimental data in literature, one for a very low work hardening aluminum alloy Al 6061-T6511, and another for a very high work hardening aluminum alloy annealed 1100 Al. The feature of the yield surface in shape change, which presents a sharp front accompanied by a blunt rear under proportional loading, is described by the latent hardening and Bauschinger effect of slip components. Further, the evolution law of subsequent yield surfaces under different proportional loading paths is investigated in terms of their equivalence. The numerical simulations under non-proportional loading conditions for annealed 1100 Al are performed, and the subsequent yield surfaces exhibit mixed cross effect because the kinematic hardening and isotropic hardening follow different evolution tendency when loading path changes. The results of non-proportional loading demonstrate that the present model has the ability to address the issue of complex loading due to the introduction of state variables on slip components. Moreover, as an elasto-plastic damage constitutive model, the present model can also reflect the variation of elastic constants through damage defined on the spring-bundle components.     

Al/Mg波阻抗梯度材料加强型Whipple结构超高速撞击特性研究

波阻抗梯度材料加强型Whipple结构具有优异的防护性能。本文的目的是研究Al/Mg波阻抗梯度材料加强型Whipple结构在5.0 km/s撞击速度下的超高速撞击特性,以及除具有高阻抗的迎撞击面在弹丸中产生更高的冲击压力和温升外,影响波阻抗梯度材料防护性能的主要因素。本文中提出一种由铝合金表层和镁合金基底组成的面密度等效于1.5 mm厚铝合金的新型波阻抗梯度防护屏,采用二级轻气炮在5.0 km/s的撞击速度下对Al/Mg波阻抗梯度材料加强型和铝合金Whipple结构进行了初步超高速撞击对比实验,研究了超高速撞击防护屏穿孔、碎片云和后墙损伤特性。与铝合金防护结构相比,Al/Mg防护结构具有防护屏穿孔翻边更明显、后墙损伤较轻微、碎片云扩散半角大和撞击坑细化程度高4个主要特征。本文中开展了理论分析与计算,研究了冲击耦合过程、波传播特性和热力学状态等。结果表明：不受面密度影响,Al/Mg防护屏能改变冲击波在靶中的传播特征,使弹丸破碎程度更高,并且提升了防护屏中的内能转化率,具有优异的动能耗散特性。因此,与同等面密度的铝合金Whipple结构相比,Al/Mg结构具有更优异的防护性能。

     

Improved performance of aluminum pigments encapsulated in hybrid inorganic–organic films

An organic silane acrylate resin (PMBK) was synthesized by free-radical solution polymerization using methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate and (3-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane as monomers. Aluminum (Al) particles were then encapsulated in inorganic–organic hybrid films that were prepared by hydrolysis and condensation of PMBK and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) on the surface of Al pigments. Characterization results showed that PMBK and TEOS could simultaneously hydrolyze and condense with hydroxyl groups on the surface of the Al particles to form composite Al particles coated with inorganic–organic hybrid films. Compared with raw Al particles, the corrosion resistance and adhesive properties of paint films containing the composite Al particles were improved greatly, while the glossiness of the paint films decreased slightly, from 48.6° to 47.0°. In alkaline media (pH 11), the volume of evolved H₂ of composite Al particles was only 3.5 mL, whereas that of raw Al was 83.5 mL. The glossiness of paint films containing composite Al particles decreased by 1.66% after immersion in alkaline media for 24 h, whereas that of raw Al decreased by 14.82%. Peel-off tests of the paint films showed that the composite particles moved slightly away from the paint films. In contrast, the raw Al particles were seriously desquamated, suggesting encapsulation of hybrid films can greatly improve the adhesive properties of Al particles in paint films.     

A void–crack nucleation model for ductile metals

A phenomenological void–crack nucleation model for ductile metals with secondphases is described which is motivated from fracture mechanics and microscale physicalobservations. The void–crack nucleation model is a function of the fracture toughness of theaggregate material, length scale parameter (taken to be the average size of the second phaseparticles in the examples shown in this writing) , the volume fraction of the second phase, strainlevel, and stress state. These parameters are varied to explore their effects upon the nucleationand damage rates. Examples of correlating the void–crack nucleation model to tension data in theliterature illustrate the utility of the model for several ductile metals. Furthermore, compression,tension, and torsion experiments on a cast Al–Si–Mg alloy were conducted to determinevoid–crack nucleation rates under different loading conditions. The nucleation model was thencorrelated to the cast Al–Si–Mg data as well.     

Al-DLC薄膜结构及其在水介质下摩擦学性能研究

采用磁控溅射技术,以Al为溅射靶材,甲烷为溅射气体,在不同射频功率下制备了一系列Al含量不同的类金刚石碳基薄膜(AL-DLC).分析了Al含量对薄膜成分、结构及机械性能的影响,并探讨了其在空气和水介质下的摩擦磨损行为.结果表明:Al掺杂使得薄膜中sp~3-C的生长受到抑制,sp~2-C增加,表面吸附水分子能力变强,在水介质摩擦过程中的剪切阻力变小,从而使得摩擦磨损减小.通过调整射频功率可以对薄膜中Al含量进行调控,在最优Al含量时,Al-DLC在空气和水介质中均具有优异的摩擦学性能.     

激光熔覆原位制备Ti3Al金属间化合物涂层结构及摩擦学性能

利用激光熔覆原位合成技术在纯钛表面制备了Ti3Al金属间化合物涂层.用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和高分辨透射电镜分析了涂层的组成和组织结构.在UMT-2MT摩擦磨损试验机上对Ti3Al金属间化合物涂层在不同载荷和不同滑动速度下的摩擦磨损性能进行了测试.结果表明:Ti3Al金属间化合物涂层的主要组成物相为Ti3Al,涂层与基材冶金结合,涂层显微组织结构主要为树枝状晶,涂层的平均显微硬度约为HV0.2530,涂层的摩擦系数随载荷和滑动速度的增加而减小,磨损体积随载荷和滑动速度的增加而增加.Ti3Al金属间化合物涂层相对于钛基材耐磨性能显著提高.     

用损伤理论方法预测铝合金薄板成型极限

应用各向异性损伤理论研究2024-T3铝合金薄板的成形极限,通过构造有限元单胞模型预测薄板结构的极限应变.单胞模型由两相材料组成:铝合金基体和金属强化物.基体采用全耦合弹塑性-损伤本构方程描述,而金属强化物则视为弹脆性材料.采用所提出的缩颈准则,得到了双轴拉伸状态下铝合金薄板的极限应变,和实验结果比较两者吻合较好.研究结果揭示有限元单胞模型可以提供铝合金的细观损伤机理信息,当忽略材料的损伤影响,采用金属薄板成型理论的研究结果将过高估计薄板的极限应变.     

Modeling of K-shell Al and Mg radiation from compact single, double planar and cylindrical alloyed Al wire array plasmas produced on the 1 MA Zebra generator at UNR

Radiative emission from alloyed Al single, double and compact cylindrical wire arrays have been studied using the 1 MA Zebra UNR generator. Single planar wire arrays using ten wires and double planar wire arrays and compact cylindrical wire arrays (CCWA) that both had sixteen wires were utilized. The wire composition is Al-5056 (95% of Al and 5% of Mg). We have observed that implosion of these alloyed Al wire loads generated optically thick Al plasmas that can be diagnosed using K-shell Mg lines. In particular, among the considered loads, the K-shell lines of Al from implosions of the double planar wire arrays have the highest optical depth for He-like Al resonance transitions, which occurred near the stagnation phase. X-ray time-gated and time-integrated spectra and pinhole images as well as photoconductive detectors signals were analyzed to provide information on the plasma parameters; electron temperatures and densities, implosion dynamics features and power and yields of the X-ray radiation. Previously developed non-LTE models were applied to model axially-resolved time-integrated, as well as time-gated spatially-integrated, K-shell spectra from Al and Mg. The derived time-dependent electron temperature, density and axial opacity were studied and compared. In addition, the wire ablation dynamics model (WADM) was used to calculate the kinetic energy of the plasma, which with the aid of a Local Thermal Equilibrium (LTE) magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) simulation, allowed to estimate the precursor and stagnated z-pinch plasma electron temperatures from implosions of wire array loads.     

微量离子液体润滑下铝自配副的载流摩擦学性能

本文中考察了铝自配副在干摩擦和微量离子液体润滑条件下的载流摩擦学性能.在干摩擦条件下,铝自配副因黏着极易发生卡咬.而微量的离子液体L-P106就可有效润滑铝自配副,摩擦系数可低至0.1左右.无论载流与否,润滑状态均为边界润滑.与无载流条件相比,载流时铝自配副的摩擦系数稍有增大,且在高速(0.79 m/s及以上)磨损由中等程度的磨损转化为严重磨损.电流会导致电侵蚀磨损,从而使磨损加剧.