微针肋槽道内去离子水换热特性

设计了槽肋比为1:2和2:1的矩形大长宽比微针肋散热器,并实验研究了去离子水在其内的流动换热性能。结果表明:当进口温度为40 ℃、微针肋槽道在雷诺数小于650、最高壁面温度低于77 ℃时,单位面积散热量可达21.32 W/cm2。当雷诺数一定时,同一个槽道壁面温度沿着流动方向不断增加、同一个位置壁面温度随着加热功率的增加而增大,局部努谢尔数沿着流动方向先减小后逐渐增加并趋于定值。当针肋流动换热长度较长时,其入口效应可以忽略,槽道平均努谢尔数随着雷诺数的增大而增大,与加热功率无关;为了更好地表达微针肋槽道内的换热特性,考虑了槽肋比、流动雷诺数等影响,拟合了去离子水在微针肋槽道内的对流换热关系式。     

基于纳米磁流体微通道内流动换热性能研究

为探究磁场强度和肋片高度对微通道内Fe₃O₄-H₂O纳米磁流体流动换热性能的影响,采用数值模拟的方法,以开放式间断微通道热沉为研究对象,在雷诺数为200到500之间展开数值模拟研究,模拟微通道内流体工质流动换热过程。结果表明：进出口压降随雷诺数的增大而增大,且随着磁场强度的增大,压降的增大趋势愈显著;微通道的换热性能随着磁场强度的增大,呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;通过增加肋片高度,可以有效的提高热沉的传热性能。研究发现,开放型微通道综合换热性能优于封闭型,在所研究的参数范围内,微通道肋片高度达到0.9 mm时,综合换热性能和均温性最佳。     

三角形微通道流动冷凝的实验研究

实验研究了三角形硅微通道中的流动冷凝.通道中的冷凝流型沿程主要有珠状流、环状流、喷射流和弹状-泡状流等.在同一通道中,喷射流位置随着工质流量的增大而延后;在相同蒸气入口雷诺数下,喷射流位置则随着通道尺度的增大而延后.喷射流频率随着蒸气入口雷诺数和冷凝液韦伯数的增大而增大.较小水力直径的三角形通道中的流动冷凝不稳定性较高.冷凝通道的壁面温度呈沿程下降趋势.在同一通道中,流动冷凝的平均冷凝传热系数和平均努塞尔数,皆随着蒸气入口雷诺数的增大而增大,通道尺度的减小显著强化冷凝传热.     

肋片间距对环形通道流动和换热的影响

本文用稳态层流模型对几种具有不同肋片间距的环型通道内的流动和换热进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明:长直肋片截断后,流动和换热沿长度方向具有周期性的入口段效应,从而增强了换热.与长直肋片通道相比,βL=13/7时,换热增强了27%,而阻力仅增加6.8%.对于带肋环形通道,Re数增大,换热增强.     

涡轮叶片内冷通道高性能肋流动与传热

涡轮叶片内部冷却通道内壁面布置扰流肋是一种高效的强化传热措施.本文在8500~60000雷诺数范围内,对直肋、斜肋、V肋和W肋开展实验研究,得到了四种肋的换热和流阻特性.实验结果表明:1)W肋具有最高的平均努塞尔数,是光滑通道充分发展流动传热性能的2.2~2.6倍,其次是V肋和直肋,而斜肋的传热性能最低,约是光滑通道的1.7倍;2)W肋表现出最大的流阻性能,是光滑通道的2.5~3.7倍,其次是V肋和直肋,而斜肋流阻最小,约为光滑通道的1.8~2.5倍。W肋具有最优的综合热性能,而直肋的综合热性能最低。另一方面,本研究还通过瞬态液晶热像技术获得了W肋表面详细局部传热分布,实验结果表明W肋中间的顶点迎风区域是强换热区,该区域与气流相互作用,热边界层较薄,有效强化了换热能力。     

涡轮叶片冷却通道高性能微小肋湍流传热的数值研究

为了提高涡轮叶片内冷通道的换热性能,针对分别带有直肋、斜肋、V肋和W肋这四种微小结构肋的冷却通道进行了数值计算并。通道宽高比为6,肋间距与肋高比为10,肋高与水力直径比为0.029。采用低雷诺数AKN k-ε模型研究了雷诺数范围从36700到60000时四种带肋通道的换热与流动特性并与实验结果相比较,发现通道换热性能和压力损失与稳态实验结果较一致。研究表明,W肋换热性能最优,其平均努塞尔数是流动充分发展的光滑通道的2.2到2.4倍,摩擦因子是光滑通道的3.7～4.0倍。其次是V肋、直肋,斜肋最低。分析流场发现直肋下游回流区最大,壁面努塞尔数在横向上较均匀,而斜肋、V肋和W肋因为二次流的存在回流区较小,壁面努塞尔数沿着肋展方向降低。     

进气方式对冲击与气膜组合冷却效果的影响

通过数值模拟的方法,研究了涡轮叶片弦中区所采用的新型双层腔冷却结构的冷却特性,系统分析了冲击与气膜组合冷却的流动与换热特性,讨论了冷气进口雷诺数Re、吹风比M以及进气方式对组合冷却效果的影响.计算参数范围是:冷气进口雷诺数Re=2000～5000,吹风比M=0.6～2.0.计算结果表明:冷气进口雷诺数、吹风比以及冷气的进气方式对组合冷却效果均有很大影响.(1)冷气进口雷诺数越高、吹风比越大,组合冷却效果越好.(2)反向进气时的组合冷却效果明显好于正向进气时的组合冷却效果.     

非对称蛇形旋转通道换热及流场数值研究

为了深入了解空冷涡轮动叶的冷却机理和冷气流动特性,采用商业软件CFX5对旋转状态下某涡轮动叶的非对称蛇形内冷通道模型中的湍流流动和换热性能进行了数值模拟.得到了各主要换热面的换热系数分布,分析了通道内的流动规律.发现肋片结构与旋转因素引起了通道内的横向二次流,使整体的换热能力得到了增强,其中非对称因素及旋转因素导致了各个壁面的换热性能的差异.     

纳米通道内液体流动的分子动力学研究

本文采用分子动力学方法模拟液体在定截面及变截面纳米通道内的三维Poiseuille流动,研究液体浸润性及通道截面变化对纳米通道内液体流动的影响.研究结果表明:液体对壁面不湿润时,壁面处有速度滑移存在,并且随接触角的增大而增大,液体对壁面湿润则不存在速度滑移;同时,摩擦阻力系数随接触角的减小而增大.通道截面形状的变化对流场的影响随着远离变截面位置而迅速减弱,对流体通道平直处的流体速度相对值分布影响不大,对摩擦阻力系数影响较大.     

涡轮叶片不同肋倾角交错肋冷却流动与传热研究

交错肋是航空发动机涡轮叶片的一种高性能内冷结构,为研究涡轮叶片内部交错肋冷却结构的流动和传热特性,针对30?、35?和45?三种肋倾角的交错肋结构进行了雷诺数在17000～70000之间的稳态传热实验和数值模拟研究。数值计算的有效性通过与实验结果进行对比得到充分验证。实验结果显示,在子通道个数和雷诺数均相同的情况下,平均Nu数和摩擦因子均随肋倾角的增大而增加;对比30?倾角的交错肋结构,45?倾角交错肋结构的平均Nu数增加了40.7%,摩擦因子增加了204.9%,综合传热性能提升了13.4%。数值计算结果显示,肋倾角的增大不仅增强了转向区域的冲击作用,而且加强了对侧子通道间的流动掺混,从而达到强化传热的效果。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.