混酸捕集-原子吸收光谱法测定主流烟气中的铅和镉

研究建立了用盐酸-硝酸混酸捕集主流烟气中铅和镉,并用原子吸收光谱法测定其含量的方法.对主流烟气中铅和镉的捕集条件和捕集液处理条件进行优化,并与常用的剑桥滤片法进行比较,对原子吸收光谱法测定主流烟气中铅和镉含量的回收率、精确度进行了试验,同时选取了5个烤烟型和1个混合型卷烟样品进行检测实验.结果表明:用10％盐酸+5％硝...     

原子吸收光谱法测定污染土壤中铅和镉的形态

土壤重金属污染及其环境生态效应已成为人们关心的热点问题,土壤中重金属的赋存污染的研究是探讨重金属迁移规律和生物可利用性的前提.以江苏省南部某重金属污染稻田土壤为研究对象,采用BCR逐级提取—石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法对土壤中典型重金属铅、镉元素的形态分布特征进行了分析测定.石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定溶液中的铅、镉的校准曲线分别为A=0.036C(mg·L-1)+0.009、A=0.400C(mg·L-1)+0.020,相关系数(r)分别为0.9960和0.9890.污染土壤铅、镉元素含量分别为603.3mg·kg-1和21.8mg·kg-1;土壤中铅的赋存形态质量分数具有可还原态＞＞酸溶态＞残渣态＞可氧化态的分布规律,而镉则呈现酸溶态≌可还原态＞＞残渣态＞可氧化态的分布特征,说明土壤条件下的不同重金属元素能够呈现不同化学作用过程和机制,因此表现出不同程度的生物可利用性特征.     

不同烟碎片制备的造纸法再造烟叶致香成分分析比较

为了研究不同烟碎片制备的再造烟叶在致香成分方面的差异,将白肋烟碎片、土耳其香料烟碎片、津巴布韦烤烟碎片和云南烤烟碎片这4种原料分别制备成不同再造烟叶,采用同时蒸馏萃取结合GC/MS方法对再造烟叶进行致香成分的分离,定量,检测和分析了酮类、醛类、醇类、酯类、酸类这5种不同类型致香成分的差异,结果显示:津巴布韦烤烟碎片和土耳其香料烟碎片制备的再造烟叶5类致香成分总量和酯类物质含量较高;津巴布韦烤烟碎片和白肋烟碎片制备的再造烟叶在酮类物质和醛类物质的含量上较高;白肋烟碎片制备的再造烟叶在酸类物质和醇类物质的含量上较低.     

涉铅企业周边土壤和稻谷中铅的污染现状

对涉铅企业周边土壤和稻谷进行取样调查,分别测定并分析了土壤和谷物中铅的含量.结果表明,涉铅企业周边土壤存在不同程度铅污染,涉铅企业A尤为突出.参照《食品中污染物限量》,涉铅企业A周边稻谷中存在高铅污染风险.     

国内化妆品中铅的检测方法

对化妆品中微量元素铅的含量的检测方法进行综合评述。     

重金属铅离子胁迫下玉米叶片光谱弱差信息的DSAT甄别模型

光谱间微弱信息测度是当今高光谱遥感研究难点之一,传统光谱测度方法难以区分光谱信息的微弱差异。研究设计了不同浓度的铅(Pb)污染实验,并测量了不同浓度铅离子(Pb2+)胁迫下玉米叶片的高光谱反射率、叶绿素含量及Pb2+含量,但是从所测结果得出,不同浓度Pb2+胁迫下的光谱相似性相关系数均达到0.999,难以区分不同浓度Pb2+胁迫引发的光谱间微弱信息差异和污染程度。针对这一情况,基于光谱微分处理、正切函数增强、光谱角量度与波谱分段检测等,提出了一种新型的相似光谱测度方法,即微分光谱角正切(derivative spectral angle tangent,DSAT)法。为了验证DSAT在区分相关系数达0.99以上相似光谱的可行性和有效性,将DSAT用于不同浓度Pb2+胁迫玉米叶片的整体波形与光谱区间子波形的信息差异性度量与检测。实验结果得到,波形差异信息与玉米叶片中叶绿素相对浓度与Pb2+含量显著相关。进而也证明DSAT法在甄别较高相似性光谱间差异上具有更好的实用性和优越性。     

基于太赫兹技术的植物叶片水分检测初步研究

叶片含水量是植物健康状况的重要衡量指标之一。太赫兹波处于红外和微波之间,对样品水分变化非常敏感,当太赫兹光谱穿透含水丰富的叶片时,叶片中水分等物质能对太赫兹光谱产生强烈的吸收,根据叶片不同位置处水分含量的不同,能利用太赫兹光谱技术对植物叶片进行成像。本研究利用太赫兹技术检测植物叶片的水分含量,初步探讨植物叶片中水分和太赫兹成像的相关关系。实验采集离体绿萝叶片,每隔一定时间通过太赫兹光谱仪对叶片逐点扫描,获取叶片每一点的太赫兹时域光谱数据,经过傅里叶变换得到对应频域光谱,提取时域幅值的光谱参数以及特定频域光谱,对植物叶片图像进行重构,获取植物叶片的二维图像。结果表明,不同频率下,绿萝离体叶片的太赫兹二维图像呈现明显差异,叶肉与叶脉中水分含量不同,对太赫兹波的吸收也不同,根据图像,能清晰显示植物叶片叶肉与叶脉部位的水分含量差异。通过叶片时域幅值的平均值、叶片频域平均值与叶片水分含量建立相应的回归模型,时域最小幅值光谱与水分含量建立的最佳模型预测相关性达0.989 1,预测均方根误差为0.024 4 g。研究表明太赫兹技术用于植物叶片的水分含量检测具有较好的研究潜力。     

文具中可溶性铅和镉的测定

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了学生文具中可溶性铅、镉的含量.铅在0.00-10.00μg·mL-1之间,镉在0.00-4.00μg·mL-1之间具有良好的线性关系.方法的RSD≤4.13%.回收率在93.7%-104.5%之间.方法快速简便,结果准确,可用于文具中可溶性铅、镉含量的监测.     

两种消解法测定烟用接装纸中铬、铅和镉的比较

采用两种不同的样品消解法消解烟用接装纸样品,并采用电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱仪测定了其中的3种有害元素铬、铅和镉的含量,通过几组样品的测定结果对比,证明两种样品前处理方法均可用于实际样品测定.     

ICP-MS法分析不同种质荒漠肉苁蓉矿质元素分布特征

矿质元素是中药材品质评价的重要指标之一,与中药材功效物质合成及其功效的发挥密切相关,中药材矿质元素含量受其种质、采收时期、药用部位、产地等因素的影响。荒漠肉苁蓉是我国著名补益中药,也是药食同源类药材,其矿质元素含量越来越受到人们关注。应用ICP-AES法测定了黄花、白花、紫花三种类型荒漠肉苁蓉不同部位4种常量矿质元素和8种微量矿质元素含量。结果表明：(1)不同类型荒漠肉苁蓉均含有K、 Ca、 Mg、 Na、 Fe、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn、 Cr、 As、 Pb和Cd元素,但不同类型荒漠肉苁蓉矿质元素含量差异较大,黄花肉苁蓉矿质元素含量低于白花肉苁蓉和紫花肉苁蓉;白花肉苁蓉K、 Ca、 Mg、 Na、和Cu含量高于紫花肉苁蓉,而Zn、 Cr和Cd含量低于紫花肉苁蓉。(2)荒漠肉苁蓉中12种矿质元素分布特征差异明显,K、 Ca、 Mg、 Na和Cu主要分布在上部。(3)荒漠肉苁蓉不同部位矿质元素比值差异显著,三种类型荒漠肉苁蓉K/Na值均为下部>中部>上部;Mg/Fe值紫花、白花类型中部最高,黄花类型上部最高;Zn/Mn比值紫花和黄花类型中部最高,而白花类型下部最高;Cu/Cr...     

Radionuclides in deposition in the Ignalina NPP region in 2005

Results of radionuclide activity concentration measurements in deposition and ground-level air conducted at the station of the Institute of Physics situated 3.5 km from the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (Ignalina NPP) in 2005 are analyzed. Atmospheric depositional fluxes of ⁷Be, ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs are estimated. Radionuclide particle deposition rates are calculated. The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model of the global dispersion and deposition is used to explain variations in the ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in the ground-level air in the Ignalina NPP region in 2005. An increase in the ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration of up to 17.4 μBq m⁻³ on 30 October-5 November is studied. Modelling results show that the Chernobyl NPP Unit 4 Sarcophagus and the radiocaesium resuspension from the Chernobyl NPP accident polluted regions are sources of ¹³⁷Cs to the environment of the Ignalina NPP. Results on solubility in water of aerosols — carriers of ¹³⁷Cs — are discussed.     

Universal scaling in BCS superconductivity in three dimensions in non-s waves

The solutions of a renormalized BCS equation are studied in three space dimensions in s, p and d waves for finite-range separable potentials in the weak to medium coupling region. In the weak-coupling limit, the present BCS model yields a small coherence length and a large critical temperature, , appropriate for some high- materials. The BCS gap, , and specific heat as a function of zero-temperature condensation energy are found to exhibit potential-independent universal scalings. The entropy, specific heat, spin susceptibility and penetration depth as a function of temperature exhibit universal scaling below in p and d waves. Received: 18 July 1997 / Revised: 8 September 1997 / Accepted: 29 September 1997     

Thermal convection in Rivlin-Ericksen elastico-viscous fluid in porous medium in hydromagnetics

The thermal instability of a layer of Rivlin-Ericksen elastico-viscous fluid in porous medium acted on by a uniform magnetic field is considered. For stationary convection, Rivlin-Ericksen elastico-viscous fluid behaves like a Newtonian fluid. The magnetic field is found to have stabilizing effect whereas medium permeability has destabilizing effect. The magnetic field introduces oscillatory modes in the system, A sufficient condition for the non-existence of overstability is also obtained.     

Fano-type features in magnetoabsorption in semiconductors

It is shown that bulk semiconductors exhibit strongly asymmetric Fano-type resonance profiles in magnetoabsorption processes involving the formation of hot electron-hole pairs (EHPs) and accompanied by the scattering of the EHPs by defects. This result is valid for transitions to electronic states with large Landau quantum numbers, when the Coulomb interaction plays a small role. The physical reason for such a sharp change in the magnetoabsorption coefficient as compared with the expected result for the ordinary density of states in a quantizing magnetic field is that the electronic excitations are quasi-one-dimensional. The form of the resonance absorption is in good qualitative agreement with the experimental data. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 63, No. 8, 619–622 (25 April 1996)     

Uncertainty in prediction and in inference

The concepts of uncertainty in prediction and inference are introduced and illustrated using the diffraction of light as an example. The close relationship between the concepts of uncertainty in inference and resolving power is noted. A general quantitative measure of uncertainty in inference can be obtained by means of the so-called statistical distance between probability distributions. When applied to quantum mechanics, this distance leads to a measure of the distinguishability of quantum states, which essentially is the absolute value of the matrix element between the states. The importance of this result to the quantum mechanical uncertainty principle is noted. The second part of the paper provides a derivation of the statistical distance on the basis of the so-called method of support.     

Supergravity in theory in 11 dimensions

We present the action and transformation laws of supergravity in 11 dimensions which is expected to be closely related to the O(8) theory in 4 dimensions after dimensional reduction.