Elastic scattering of electrons from tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol

Differential cross-sections (DCSs) for elastic scattering of electrons from tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), which can be considered as an analogue molecule to DNA sugar deoxyribose, were determined using crossed beam measurements for incident energies from 40 eV to 300 eV and scattering angles from 30° to 110°. The relative DCSs were measured both as a function of incident electron energy and scattering angle, allowing absolute calibration of the whole data set via normalization to a single point. The absolute calibration has been performed according to calculated absolute DCSs obtained by the corrected independent atom method using an improved quasifree absorption model. The calculated data-set includes DCSs and integral elastic and inelastic cross-sections in the incident energy range from 5 eV to 5000 eV. The theoretical results agree very well with the experimental ones, regarding the shape of DCSs. Moreover, the same theoretical procedure has been used to obtain DCSs for elastic electron scattering from a simpler deoxyribose analogue tetrahydrofuran (THF), which agree very well, both in shape and on the absolute scale, with the recent experimentally obtained absolute DCSs [A.R. Milosavljević et al., Eur. Phys. J. D 35, 411 (2005)]. The present results are also compared with the recent theoretical data for THF and THFA. Finally, according to both experimental and theoretical data, the DCSs for elastic electron scattering from THFA and THF molecules appear to be very similar both in shape and absolute scale.     

He同位素原子与HBr分子碰撞的微分截面

基于作者构造的He-HBr体系的各向异性势,采用密耦方法计算了³He,⁴He,⁶He和⁷He与HBr分子在碰撞能量分别为40和75meV时的微分截面,详细讨论了入射氦同位素对微分截面的影响.结果表明：在相同碰撞能量时,随着同位素氦原子质量的增加,总微分截面在0° 时的角分布逐渐增大,同一级衍射振荡极小值位置逐渐向小散射角方向移动;弹性与总非弹性截面交界角逐渐减小,总非弹性截面逐渐增加.碰撞能量越低,入射同位素He原子的 关键词： 同位素效应 微分截面 各向异性势 He-HBr体系     

Elastic and inelastic scattering of slow positrons from a LiF(100) surface

The intensity profile for the elastic specular reflection of 5–100 eV positrons from a LiF(100) surface (ang1e of incidence 45°) has been measured using a simple time-of-flight spectrometer. The profile exhibits strong maxima below 25 eV and a smaller peak at 57 eV. Positron energy loss spectra have also been measured for a range of incident energies by retarding field analysis of the scattered beam. The mean energy loss appears to increase with increasing incident beam energy. Both the elastic and inelastic results are compared with similar data for slow-electron scattering obtained with the same apparatus.     

Coupling to the elastic channel in electron impact spectroscopy: A simple second born model and its application to excitation of the 61P1 state of mercury and to the excitation of molecules

The matrix element in the infinite channel close coupling approximation responsible for coupling to the elastic channel in electron impact inelastic encounters is investigated. The contribution from the imaginary part of the energy denominator in the elastic coupling matrix element for dipole allowed transitions is shown to yield large angle differential cross sections in good agreement with experiment. This coupling mechanism predicts that the shape of the inelastic differential cross section will be dominated by the shape of the elastic cross section in the large angle high energy limit. In fact the coupling matrix element exhibits a dependence on incident energy, k², and momentum transfer, K, of the form 1/kK² which is in agreement with the theoretical predictions of Huo and means that in the limit of high incident energy the non-first-Born elastic coupling will dominate the angular dependence of the inelastic differential cross section at large scattering angles. In the case of molecular electron impact spectra it is shown that the analog of the Massey—Moore coherence features depending on the symmetry of the states involved in the excitation process will also occur in the coupling contribution. It is suggested that this new mechanism for producing coherent features in inelastic differential cross sections may be the explanation of the coherent features observed experimentally by Karle and Swick.It can be concluded on the basis of the results obtained here that the coupling to the elastic cross section provided by the imaginary contribution from the second Born energy denominator is sufficient to explain presently available experimental data on the large angle differential cross section and spin polarization. The simple coupling model was found to be inadequate to explain the small angle differential cross section in the range 10° < θ < 30° even at incident energies as high as 400 eV. The calculations also showed significant differences between first and second Born calculations at zero scattering angle. No conclusion can be drawn about this observation as all the omitted terms should make significant contributions in the small angle region. It is important to again emphasize that the large angle scattering even in the limit of high incident electron energy will be completely dominated by the coupling to the elastic channel^{7, 11}. On the basis of this work it appears that the coherent structure in the large angle inelastic differential cross section observed by Swick and Karle^{12, 13} at incident electron energies in the keV region may well be due to coupling to the elastic channel.     

Inelastic effect in low energy ion-surface collisions: He+Au,Ag

Energy distributions of He⁺ ions scattered by Au and Ag surfaces are measured by an ISS system with high energy resolution, at a scattering angle of 90° and at incident ion energies ranging from 277 to 977 eV. It is found that the observed peak energies deviate toward the low energy side by several electron-volts with respect to the calculated elastic single collision energies. Both the deviation Q' and the inelastic loss energy Q are plotted as a function of incident ion energy for the Au surface.     

Analysis of total reaction cross sections for deuterons on 1p-shell-nuclei

This study aims to analyze the differential cross sections(DCSs) of elastic scattering and total reaction cross sections(TRCSs) of the loosely-bound deuteron projectile impinging on 1 p-shell nuclei, such as9 Be,12 C, and16 O, at incident energies ranging between10.6 and 171 MeV using the continuum discretized coupled channel(CDCC) method. By fitting the experimental data for the DCSs and TRCSs, energy-dependent renormalization factors for the real and imaginary parts of the nucleon-nucleus opticalmodel potentials deduced from the studies proposed by Koning and Delaroche(KD02) and by Watson, Singh, and Segel(WSS),are obtained. It is found that with the WSS potential, which was obtained specifically for 1 p-shell nuclei, the CDCC calculations can simultaneously reproduce both the DCSs and the TRCSs. The results show that it is important to choose appropriate optical potentials to describe deuteron-induced reactions.     

Elastic and inelastic contributions to the auger electron appearance potential spectrum of titanium

The energy distribution of electrons contributing to the L-shell Auger electron appearance potential spectrum of a polycrystalline titanium surface has been measured. The Auger electron appearance potential spectrum is obtained by differentiating the total secondary electron yield of an electron bombarded sample as a function of incident electron energy. At the threshold for scattering from a core level the secondary yield increases. Most of the electrons contributing to this increase have energies below 30 eV, and result from secondary processes following Auger recombination of the core hole. The elastic yield decreases at the threshold, however, due to opening a new channel for inelastic scattering. A comparison of the elastic yield spectrum (DAPS), the total yield spectrum (AEAPS) and the soft X-ray yield spectrum (SXAPS), shows very similar line shapes, but differences in the relative strengths of the lines.     

Elastic scattering of electrons by benzene

Relative differential cross-sections for the elastic scattering of electrons from benzene have been measured at incident energies 300, 500, 700 and 900eV and for scattering angles between 30° and 120°. The results are discussed and compared with the independent atom model (IAM) calculations. Two different sets of scattering amplitudes for the constituent atoms of benzene were used in these calculations, one obtained from first Born approximation and the other from partial wave analysis of the Dirac equation. Only the static interaction was taken into account in the calculations. The higher the incident energy, the better is the observed agreement between experiment and theory. This indicates that at higher energies, absorption, exchange and polarization effects are not significant as compared to the static interaction and that the IAM satisfactorily predicts the interference of scattering from the individual atoms of C₆H₆.     

Absolute collision cross sections for low energy electron scattering from NO: the role of resonances in elastic scattering and vibrational excitation

Absolute measurements of elastic scattering and vibrational excitation of the NO molecule by low energy electron impact (0.4-2.5 eV) are presented. They show that previous estimates of these cross sections may be in error by as much as a factor of 3 and provide compelling evidence for a reassessment of the balance between elastic scattering and vibrational excitation at incident energies below 2 eV. They also confirm the critical contribution that intermediate negative ion resonances (NO-) make to the various scattering processes for this molecule at low incident energies.     

Spinpolarisation und differentielle Wirkungsquerschnitte bei der inelastischen Elektron-Atom-Streuung

Measurements of electron spin polarization resulting from inelastic electron scattering by mercury (excitation of the 6¹ P ₁ state, 6.7 eV energy loss) are reported. Differential cross sections and angular dependences of the polarization have been measured for incident energies of 25, 30, 50 and 180 eV.     

Generalized oscillator strengths for two transitions in CO2 at incident electron energies of 300, 400 and 500 eV

Generalized oscillator strengths have been obtained for two transitions in CO₂ from inelastic electron scattering determinations as a function of angle. Excitation energies for the two transitions are 11.04 and 11.38 eV, respectively. This spectral region was studied previously by Lassettre and Shiloff¹ but at a resolution too low to resolve the two transitions. In the present experiments the two are clearly resolved. Results are compared with the previous experiments of Foo et al.². Since substantial discrepancies are found both with the previous results of Lassettre and Shiloff and that of Foo et al., the accuracy of angular trends has been checked by comparing elastic scattering with the accurate determinations of Bromberg.⁶ Agreement is good. Multiple scattering is shown to be absent by varying the pressure. Generalized oscillator strengths are compared with the theoretical calculations of McKoy and collaborators. The change in the shape of the CO₂ spectrum in the region of 7–10 eV excitation energy is also studied.     

电子与锂和铍原子碰撞角分布的理论研究

用模型势方法研究电子与锂和铍原子弹性散射，计算了能量从０．１到１．０ｅＶ散射电子的角分布（微分散射截面），从理论计算中，看到在０．１－１．０ｅＶ能区内，随入射电子能量增加，电子被Ｌｉ和Ｂｅ原子散射的微分截面有相似变化，即小角微分散射截面越来越大     

Angular-distribution neutron-emission spectra of niobium following bombardment by fast neutrons

Neutron-emission spectra at ten angles between 20 and 160 degrees and incident neutron energies of 5.9, 7.1 and 8.4 MeV were measured relative to the neutron field emitted after spontaneous fission of ²⁵²Cf. The angular distribution of inelastically scattered neutrons appears to be essentially isotropic where it can be separated from the dominant elastic scattering peak. Above an excitation energy of 4 MeV the spectra are well described by a Maxwellian temperature distribution.     

Total electron scattering cross section of C3F6O at the intermediate-energy region for developing an alternative insulation gas to SF6

Perfluoro methyl vinyl ether (C₃F₆O) is a promising alternative gas to SF₆ for switching applications in the power industry. We measured the total electron scattering cross section (TCS) of C₃F₆O in the intermediate energy region from 15 to 90 eV using a magnetized electron beam apparatus. The overall TCS values were less than 20.8 × 10⁻¹⁶ cm² within the measuring energy region. The measured and observed TCS exhibited some features, a steep increase before 30 eV, the highest value near 30 eV, and a gradual decrease after 30 eV. The total uncertainty was evaluated as 3.5–8.5%, depending on the incident electron energies. These first measurement data of C₃F₆O are useful for understanding both the discharging characteristics and identifying the insulation properties and arc-extinguishing.     

Investigation of fast neutron interaction with235U

The angular distribution of neutrons emitted by elastic, inelastic and fission processes on²³⁵U were measured at the incident neutron energies of 1.5, 1.9, 2.3, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5 MeV using nanosecond time-of-flight technique. The differential elastic scattering cross sections and their angular distributions at all the seven energies are presented. The total elastic scattering cross sections, angle and energy integrated cross sections for the inelastically scattered neutrons in energy bands of 200 keV, fission cross sections and the angular distributions of fission neutrons were extracted at 1.5, 1.9 and 2.3 MeV incident neutron energies. The energy distributions of the prompt fission neutrons and of the inelastically scattered neutrons are given at the incoming neutron energies of 1.5, 1.9 and 2.3 MeV; and the average fission neutron energies and the inelastic neutron evaporation temperatures were also evaluated at these energies.     

The scattering of fast neutrons from W184

Neutrons with energies of 0.3 to 1.5 MeV are scattered from W¹⁸⁴. Pulsed-beam fast time-of-flight techniques including a magnetic bunching system are utilized to resolve the elastically scattered neutrons from those inelastically scattered. The differential elastic cross section is measured at 50 keV intervals with an ≈20 keV incident neutron energy spread. The differential cross sections for inelastic scattering resulting in the excitation of residual nuclear levels at 111±5, 365±10, 690±40, 900±25, 1000±30, and 1120±30 keV are determined. In all instances the inelastically scattered neutrons are emitted, within experimental error, isotropically. The experimental results are compared with those obtained in previous work and with the predictions of theory.     

H++CO2散射在30电子伏能量下电荷转移和非电荷转移的非绝热分子动力学模拟

在大气化学、天体物理学和癌症质子疗法中都涉及到高能H⁺+CO₂散射反应.本文在最简电子-核动力学（SLEND）基础上系统研究在30 eV下的H⁺+CO₂散射.SLEND用经典力学描述核,用单行列式Thouless波函数描述电子.本文模拟了CO₂在42个取向共3402条轨线,为理解H⁺+CO₂散射中的各个反应过程和机制提供了系统描述：非电荷转移散射（NCTS）,电荷转移散射（CTS）和C=O双键的断裂,这些关于反应的有用信息不能完全从实验中获取.本文提供了散射的详尽细节,包括随CO₂取向不同主彩虹角和次彩虹角的出现和合并.SLEND NCTS和CTS的微分散射截面通过高等半经典方法计算,显示NCTS散射截面对所有散射角都同实验符合得很好,而CTS散射截面只大散射角时同实验结果符合得很好而在小角散射时稍差.无论是CTS还是NCTS SLEND都预言了主彩虹角的特征,这同实验完全一致.     

ASYMMETRY PARAMETERS AND DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS FOR PHOTOIONIZATION-EXCITATION OF HELIUM

Asymmetry parameter β₂ for photoionization of helium leaving the He⁺ ion in the n=2 level and differential cross sections(DCSs) in the n=2,3,4 levels with photon emission angle θ=90⁰ are provided at photon energies 69-76.8 eV employing the R-matrix method with a 20-term target representation, in which five polarization orbitals \bar{6}l are included. The asymmetry parameter β₂ and the DCS, in the n=2 level in the region of 69-73 eV, are in good agreement with available experimental and theoretical results. Above the n=3 threshold, we present new theoretical results along with measurements. No theoretical and experimental results can be used to compare with the present calculations of the DCSs for photoionization into the He⁺ ion in the n=3,4 levels.     

电子碰撞Ne和类Ne离子电离的三重微分截面理论研究

采用扭曲波玻恩近似理论计算了共面对称几何条件下类Ne离子2p轨道电子在不同出射电子能量下的(e,2e)反应三重微分截面,出射电子能量分别为3,5,7.5,10,15,20,30和50 eV.计算结果表明,随着出射电子能量的增大和核电荷数Z的增大,三重微分截面的幅度逐渐减小.除Ne以外,对其他离子,在出射电子角度为150?附近出现了一个新的结构,对比不同出射电子能量时的(e,2e)反应三重微分截面,发现这个结构的幅度随着出射电子的能量先增大后减小,文中用一种两次两体碰撞过程对这些现象进行了解释.