Breakdown threshold in the microwave field at low and high pressures in electronegative gas mixtures

The dependence of the critical value of the microwave field amplitude in electronegative mixtures, which corresponds to the local equality of the ionization frequency and the dissociation attachment frequency, is investigated theoretically in a wide range of pressures with allowance for electron temperature pulsations. The resultant values are compared with the critical value for the static field. The range of pressures in which electron temperature pulsations become significant is determined, and the excess of the critical amplitude over the value in the static field is calculated in the high-pressure limit. Simple formulas are recommended for estimating the critical value of the microwave field amplitude.     

直流场畸变开关中混合气体击穿特性

氩气中一般含有大量亚稳态原子,在强外电场作用下容易产生自由电子,能够促进放电通道快速形成。采用场畸变型气体开关,在直流电压下设计了实验平台来探究气体开关中采用SF6-Ar或N2-Ar混合气体后放电时延及抖动的变化情况。改变多种气体状态进行一系列实验,并得出场畸变气体火花开关中SF6-Ar及N2-Ar的击穿特性,根据工程需要对气体种类及混合比例进行最优化设计。实验表明SF6-Ar中Ar质量分数达到20%及以上时,开关放电时延及抖动明显减小。     

小型场畸变气体开关的击穿抖动特性

基于高功率重复频率脉冲功率源的应用需求,研制了一种三电极场畸变结构气体火花间隙开关,并开展了重复频率条件下的触发特性研究。实验研究了场畸变火花间隙开关的触发特性随重复频率、气体成分、工作压强和工作系数的变化关系,计算了气体开关的触发击穿时延和抖动参数,分析了影响开关触发特性的主要因素。实验结果表明：气体开关触发击穿的抖动随着重复频率增加而增大;填充气体中SF₆和N₂体积比1∶1时,混合气体的综合性能较好;工作系数主要影响开关第二放电火花间隙(间隙2)的击穿抖动。     

Damping of a unitary Fermi gas

We measure the temperature dependence of the radial breathing mode in an optically trapped, unitary Fermi gas of 6Li, just above the center of a broad Feshbach resonance. The damping rate reveals a clear change in behavior which we interpret as arising from a superfluid transition. We suggest pair breaking as a mechanism for an increase in the damping rate which occurs at temperatures well above the transition. In contrast to the damping, the frequency varies smoothly and remains close to the unitary hydrodynamic value. At low temperature T, the damping depends on the atom number only through the reduced temperature, and extrapolates to 0 at T = 0.     

Free electron gas spectrum parameters of noble gases in dc electric field

Free electron gas is present in every gas, whether it is of atomic or molecular structure. Since the Maxwell spectrum type is the consequence of only thermal motion of constitutive gas particles; therefore, the presence of electric field leads to change the spectrum of charged particles due to their directed motion. However, it has been shown that in the case of occurrence only of elastic interactions between electrons and neutral gas particles (a condition that has been met in the case of weakly ionized noble gases of a relatively huge volume) the deviation of the gas spectrum of free electrons in the electric field from the Maxwell type is negligible. In such a case, the gas spectrum of free electrons is either of Maxwell type (if the frequency collision value is energy-independent) or of Druyvesteyn type (if the mean free electron path value is energy-independent). The Maxwell and Druyvesteyn distribution types are very similar. The only noticeable difference is that the tail of the Maxwell distribution decreases with the energy exponent to the first degree of energy, and the tail of Druyvesteyn distribution with the energy exponent to the second degree of energy. The aim of this paper is to determine whether the gas spectrum of free electrons in weakly ionized noble gases at small values of the product pd (pressure and inter-electrode distance) follows either the Maxwell's or Druyvesteyn's type, as well as to determine the dependence of spectrum parameters on the product pd. It has been established that better results are obtained on the assumption that the mean value of collision frequency is energy-independent.     

Thermodynamics of a trapped unitary Fermi gas

We present the first model-independent comparison of recent measurements of the entropy and of the critical temperature of a unitary Fermi gas, performed by Luo et al., with the most complete results currently available from finite temperature Monte Carlo calculations. The measurement of the critical temperature in a cold fermionic atomic cloud is consistent with a value T(c) = 0.23(2)epsilon(F) in the bulk, as predicted by the present authors in their Monte Carlo calculations.     

Coefficient of ion mobility versus electric field strength dependence in gases: Experimental determination

A technique for finding the electric field dependence of the coefficient of ion mobility in gases is suggested. For ions of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, 1,3-dinitrobenzene, and dimethylmethylphosphonate, these dependences are taken in air by applying a variable periodic polarity-asymmetric specially shaped electric field. The accuracy of the technique suggested is estimated and compared with that of the conventional drift tube method.     

Momentum distribution and contact of the unitary Fermi gas

We calculate the momentum distribution n(k) of the unitary Fermi gas by using quantum Monte Carlo calculations at finite temperature T/?(F) as well as in the ground state. At large momenta k/k(F), we find that n(k) falls off as C/k?, in agreement with the Tan relations. From the asymptotics of n(k), we determine the contact C as a function of T/?(F) and present a comparison with theory. At low T/?(F), we find that C increases with temperature, and we tentatively identify a maximum around T/?(F) ? 0.4. Our calculations are performed on lattices of spatial extent up to N(x) = 14 with a particle number per unit volume of ? 0.03-0.07.     

Virial theorem and universality in a unitary fermi gas

Unitary Fermi gases, where the scattering length is large compared to the interparticle spacing, can have universal properties, which are independent of the details of the interparticle interactions when the range of the scattering potential is negligible. We prepare an optically trapped, unitary Fermi gas of 6Li, tuned just above the center of a broad Feshbach resonance. In agreement with the universal hypothesis, we observe that this strongly interacting many-body system obeys the virial theorem for an ideal gas over a wide range of temperatures. Based on this result, we suggest a simple volume thermometry method for unitary gases. We also show that the observed breathing mode frequency, which is close to the unitary hydrodynamic value over a wide range of temperature, is consistent with a universal hydrodynamic gas with nearly isentropic dynamics.     

Breakdown of gas gaps in a nonuniform electric field at a subnanosecond voltage pulse rise time

The influence of the nitrogen pressure on the breakdown voltage in a nonuniform electric field is studied. Voltage pulses with nanosecond and subnanosecond rise times are applied to the gas gap. Simultaneously with the application of voltage pulses, supershort avalanche electron beam pulses are observed behind a foil anode. It is found that, when a runaway electron beam is generated and voltage pulses have a subnano-second rise time, the breakdown voltage rises as the nitrogen pressure decreases from 9 × 10⁴ to 1 × 10² Pa. Experimental data are in good agreement with pulsed breakdown analytical curves.     

Breakdown of universality for unequal-mass Fermi gases with infinite scattering length

We treat small trapped unequal-mass two-component Fermi gases at unitarity within a nonperturbative microscopic framework and investigate the system properties as functions of the mass ratio κ, and the numbers N1 and N2 of heavy and light fermions. While equal-mass Fermi gases with infinitely large interspecies s-wave scattering length a(s) are universal, we find that unequal-mass Fermi gases are, for sufficiently large κ and in the regime where Efimov physics is absent, not universal. In particular, the (N?,N?) = (2, 1) and (3, 1) systems exhibit three-body and four-body resonances at κ=12.314(2) and 10.4(2), respectively, as well as surprisingly large finite-range effects. These findings have profound implications for ongoing experimental efforts and quantum simulation proposals that utilize unequal-mass atomic Fermi gases.     

Microscopic approach to shear viscosities of unitary Fermi gases above and below the superfluid transition

Recent experiments on the shear viscosity η in a unitary Fermi gas fail to see the theoretically predicted upturn in η at the lower T. In this Letter, we compute η in a fashion which is demonstrably consistent with conservation laws and, in the process, provide an understanding of recent experiments. We show that this disagreement with prior theories cannot be readily attributed to the trap, since (via edge effects) trap-averaged viscosities will be larger than their homogeneous counterparts. The small values of η we find can be simply understood; they reflect the fact that the Goldstone bosons (phonons) do not couple to transverse probes such as η, and fermionic excitations, which determine the viscosity, are necessarily absent in the ground state.     

Radiation field eigenstates and its unitary equivalence to coordinate eigenstates

In this paper, we reconstruct the explicit representation of the radiation field eigenstates in Fock space by decomposing the normally ordered Gaussian operator. Then with the help of the technique of integration within an ordered product of operators, the phase-shifting operator in quantum optics has been expressed through the Dirac's representation theory. In addition, the unitarily equivalent relation between the radiation field eigenstates and the coordinate eigenstates has been naturally established by the phase-shifting operator in quantum optics. These results deepen people's understanding to the radiation field eigenstates and phase-shifting operator in quantum optics.     

Clustering properties,Jack polynomials and unitary conformal field theories

Recently, Jack polynomials have been proposed as natural generalizations of Zk${\mathbb{Z}}_k$ Read–Rezayi states describing non-Abelian fractional quantum Hall systems. These polynomials are conjectured to be related to correlation functions of a class of W-conformal field theories based on the Lie algebra A_k−1$A_{k-1}$. These theories can be considered as non-unitary solutions of a more general series of CFTs with Zk${\mathbb{Z}}_k$ symmetry, the parafermionic theories. Starting from the observation that some parafermionic theories admit unitary solutions as well, we show, by computing the corresponding correlation functions, that these theories provide trial wavefunctions which satisfy the same clustering properties as the non-unitary ones. We show explicitly that, although the wavefunctions constructed by unitary CFTs cannot be expressed as a single Jack polynomial, they still show a fine structure where the mathematical properties of the Jack polynomials play a major role.     

Instabilities in binary mixtures of one-dimensional quantum degenerate gases

We show that one-dimensional binary mixtures of bosons or of a boson and a spin-polarized fermion are Luttinger liquids with the following instabilities: (i) For different particle densities, strong attraction between the mixture components leads to collapse, while strong repulsion leads to demixing, and (ii) For a low-density mixture of two gases of impenetrable bosons (or a spin-polarized fermion and an impenetrable boson) of equal densities, the system develops a gap and exhibits enhanced pairing fluctuations when there is attraction between the components. In the boson-fermion mixture, the pairing fluctuations occur at finite momentum. Our conclusions apply to mixtures both on the continuum and on optical lattices away from integer or fractional commensurability.     

Vanishing bulk viscosities and conformal invariance of the unitary fermi gas

By requiring general-coordinate and conformal invariance of the hydrodynamic equations, we show that the unitary Fermi gas has zero bulk viscosity, zeta=0, in the normal phase. In the superfluid phase, two of the bulk viscosities have to vanish, zeta1=zeta2=0, while the third one zeta3 is allowed to be nonzero.     

Dielectric properties of SF6 mixtures containing oxygen and other gases

Conclusion This paper has explored the influence of an oxygen addition on the dielectric strength of the SF₆ by numerically solving the Boltzmann equation with given cross section data. The linear variation of the dielectric strength with a mole fraction of oxygen was obtained. Similar calculations were performed for SF₆ + air for which only approximative estimates had existed in the literature. To check the results and for other practical reasons the method of the Boltzmann equation was applied to the SF₆ + He and SF₆ + N₂ mixtures, the dielectric strength of which had already been explored by other authors. In comparison with other mixtures currently studied the SF₆ + O₂ mixture reveals rather poor dielectric properties. In spite of the fact that the oxygen is an attaching gas, its addition to SF₆ and its mixtures spoils the dielectric strength. This numerical analysis exactly qualified this behaviour and it is in agreement with the few available experiments.