ТЕМПЕРАТУРНАЯ ЗАВИС ИМОСТЬ ТЕРМОЭЛЕКТРОДВИЖУЩ ЕЙ СИЛЫ СЕРОГО ОЛОВА С ПРИМЕСЯМИ КАДМИЯ

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Can particle creation by a black hole be described in terms of more familiar laboratory processes?

Particle creation by a black hole is described in terms of temperature corrections to the Casimir effect. The results of Levin, Polevoy, and Ritov for spectral and total Poynting vector for a fluctuating electromagnetic field in a plane vacuum gap between two arbitrary media with different temperatures in flat spacetime are applied to clarify the situation that exists between the horizon of a nonrotating black hole and spatial infinity. This helps to reveal the mechanism of particle creation. The Hawking radiation is born inside the bell formed by a potential barrier of a black hole in all the region [2M, ]. Its blackbody spectrum is due to the interaction of field fluctuations with the surface of the bell. The particles between the walls are virtual ones. They can become real after passing through the [3M, ] tail, appearing to an observer at future infinityJ ⁺ as real ones. The arguments for and against the present standpoint are discussed.     

Dark body and black hole horizons

The formula for the horizon of a Newtonian dark body is given and compared to that of a relativistic black hole: a Newtonian dark body has at least one hair.     

On the Entanglement Structure in Quantum Cloning

We study the entanglement properties of the output state of a universal cloning machine. We analyse in particular bipartite and tripartite entanglement of the clones, and discuss the classical limit of infinitely many output copies.     

On the fifth forces

We discuss the possibility of fifth forces in relativistic gravitation theories of fourth order. The fifth force may be an analog to the weak forces in the theories of electroweak interactions.     

Set theory and physics

Inasmuch as physical theories are formalizable, set theory provides a framework for theoretical physics. Four speculations about the relevance of set theoretical modeling for physics are presented: the role of transcendental set theory (i) in chaos theory, (ii) for paradoxical decompositions of solid three-dimensional objects, (iii) in the theory of effective computability (Church-Turing thesis) related to the possible solution of supertasks, and (iv) for weak solutions. Several approaches to set theory and their advantages and disadvatages for physical applications are discussed: Canlorian naive (i.e., nonaxiomatic) set theory, contructivism, and operationalism. In the author's opinion, an attitude of suspended attention (a term borrowed from psychoanalysis) seems most promising for progress. Physical and set theoretical entities must be operationalized wherever possible. At the same time, physicists should be open to bizarre or mindboggling new formalisms, which need not be operationalizable or testable at the lime of their creation, but which may successfully lead to novel fields of phenomenology and technology.     

Analysis of Propagation Conditions of ELF Radio Waves on the “Zeus”–Transbaikalia Path

We consider the results of measurements of the absolute values of horizontal electric and magnetic components of the electromagnetic field of the Zeus ELF radio facility at frequencies 33, 44, 82, and 188 Hz, carried out in Transbaikalia. Electromagnetic-field variations during 17 semidiurnal sessions (about 204 hours of synchronous records) are analyzed. The length of the Zeus–Transbaikalia path is approximately 4000 km.     

On the significance of Killing tensors

Killing vectors give the linear first integrals of the geodesic equations on Riemannian manifolds and spacetimes, while Killing tensors give the quadratic, cubic, and higher-order first integrals. Here it is shown that the Lie algebra of Killing vectors,, is extended by Killing tensors into a graded algebra,. This sheds some light on the comment by Xanthopoulos [1] on the apparent scarcity of irreducible Killing tensors. Examples are presented of the graded algebras when is abelian and when is nonabelian.     

Electronic surface states on Pd(110): Theory and comparison with experiment

A relativistic Green function formalism has been applied to calculate layer-projected densities of states on Pd(110). In particular, we obtained unoccupied surface states and their dispersion relations along two directions in the surface Brillouin zone. Good agreement with recent inverse photoemission data is reached by using an energy-dependent dynamical surface potential barrier, which is based on a simple electron-plasmon interaction model, instead of a static surface barrier.     

Role of time in the sum-over-histories framework for gravity

I sketch a self-contained framework for quantum mechanics based on its path-integral or sum-over-histories formulation. The framework is very close to that for classical stochastic processes like Brownian motion, and its interpretation requires neither measurement nor state-vector as a basic notion. The rules for forming probabilities are nonclassical in two ways: they use complex amplitudes, and they (apparently unavoidably) require one to truncate the histories at a collapse time, which can be chosen arbitrarily far into the future. Adapting this framework to gravity yields a formulation of quantum gravity with a fully spacetime character, thereby overcoming the frozen nature of the canonical formalism. Within the proposed adaptation, the value of the collapse time is identified with total elapsed spacetime four-volume. Interestingly, this turns the cosmological constant into an essentially classical constant of integration, removing the need for microscopic fine tuning to obtain an experimentally viable value for it. Some implications of the V = T rule for quantum cosmology are also discussed.     

Standpoint cosmology

An unorthodox cosmology is based on a notion of standpoint, distinguishing past from future, realized through Hilbert-space representation of the complex conformai group for 3+1spacetime and associated coherent states. Physical (approximate) symmetry attaches to eight-parameter complex Poincaré displacements, interpretable as growth of standpoint age (one parameter), boost of matter energy-momentum in standpoint rest frame (three parameters) and displacement of matter location in a compact U(1)O(4)/O(3) spacetime attached to standpoint (four parameters). An initial condition (at big bang) is characterized by a huge dimensionless parameter that breaks dilation invariance. Four major length scales are recognized, called Planck, particle, lab, and Hubble, with separations controlled by ; all physical concepts, including spacetime, depend on wideness of scale separation.     

Particle velocities faster than the speed of light

In connection with another article by the author, we show how it might be possible to travel faster than the speed of light. We show that for clocks and rods moving faster than the speed of light, we get instead of time dilation and Lorentz contraction, respectively, time contraction and Lorentz expansion, respectively. It is shown that this paper is in confirmation with earlier articles dealing with this subject.     

Statistical mechanics of a dynamical system based on Conway's game of Life

We study a discrete dynamical system whose evolution is governed by rules similar to those of Conway's game of Life but also include a stochastic element (parametrized by a temperature). Statistical properties that are examined are density as a function of temperature and entropy (suitably defined). A phase transition and a certain thermodynamic constant of the motion are observed.Lady Davis Visiting Scientist at the Technion 1974–75.     

Anti-photon

It should be apparent from the title of this article that the author does not like the use of the word photon, which dates from 1926. In his view, there is no such thing as a photon. Only a comedy of errors and historical accidents led to its popularity among physicists and optical scientists. I admit that the word is short and convenient. Its use is also habit forming. Similarly, one might find it convenient to speak of the aether or vacuum to stand for empty space, even if no such thing existed. There are very good substitute words for photon, (e.g., radiation or light), and for photonics (e.g., optics or quantum optics). Similar objections are possible to use of the word phonon, which dates from 1932. Objects like electrons, neutrinos of finite rest mass, or helium atoms can, under suitable conditions, be considered to be particles, since their theories then have viable non-relativistic and non-quantum limits. This paper outlines the main features of the quantum theory of radiation and indicates how they can be used to treat problems in quantum optics.It is a pleasure to join in the 60th birthday celebration of the Director, Herbert Walther, of the Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics at Garching, and wish him much happiness and many more years of his very great scientific creativity.     

Comparison of the structure of island deposits of gold on NaCl produced by thermal vaporization and by cathode sputtering

A comparison was made of island deposits of gold on NaCl, produced by thermal vaporization (thermal Au/NaClid) and cathode sputtering (cathode Au/NaClid). In thermal Au/NaClid, two orientations of the gold microcrystals with respect to the NaCl (100) shear face were observed; multiply twinned particles were formed. In cathode Au/NaClid, only one orientation is present and the formation of complex particles is not observed.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Fizika, No. 11, pp. 46–50, November, 1971.     

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ВРЕМЕНИ ЖИЗНИ μ-МЕЗОНОВ ПО АНОМАЛЬНОМУ ПОГЛ0Щ ЕНИЮ МЕТОДОМ ЯДЕРНЫХ ЭМУЛЬСИЙ

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THE ORIGIN OF ENTROPY IN THE UNIVERSE

We discuss the entropy generation in quantum tunneling of a relativistic particle under the influence of a time-varying force with the help of squeezing formalism. It is shown that if one associates classical coarse grained entropy to the phase space volume, there is an inevitable entropy growth due to the changes in position and momentum variances. The entropy change can be quantified by a simple expression S=ln cosh 2r, where r, is the squeeze parameter measuring the height and width of the potential barrier. We suggest that the universe could have acquired its initial entropy in a quantum squeeze from nothing and briefly discuss the implications of our proposal.     

A new procedure for thin-film deposition by solution spraying

The major reasons for the low photovoltaic efficiency of Cu₂S/CdS cells, in which the CdS film is deposited by spraying, are due to small film thicknesses which do not exceed 4 m and the small average grain size which ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 m.A new experimental solution spraying procedure is described that prevents both restrictions by controlling the substrate temperature. Average grain sizes of more than 1 m are obtained.Work supported by Ministere Pubblica Istruzione and Centro Regionale Ricerche Nucleari e di Struttura della Materia     

Edge Plasma Biasing Experiments on the CASTOR Tokamak: Spectroscopic Investigation and Microwave Measurements

The effects of edge plasma biasing have been recently investigated by different spectroscopic diagnostics on the CASTOR tokamak. Measurements in visible, VUV and XUV ranges complement the knowledge of processes during a biasing phase, and confirm the occurrence of several types of plasma biasing regimes — so called radiating regime, non-radiating regime, and reduced H regime. The use of edge plasma biasing to study the possibility of Electron Bernstein Wave conversion has been demonstrated.     

Form of the Frequency Spectrum of Fluctuating Radiation in the Case of Interferometric Reception During Experiments on Radio Sounding of the Solar Corona

We study theoretically the profile of a spectral line of radiation which is received by an interferometer after propagation through a medium with developed turbulent structure. We derive a formula describing the resulting frequency spectrum of an initially monochromatic radiation after its propagation through a multi-scale medium with strong large-scale and weak small-scale irregularities. It is shown that the frequency spectrum observed in this case should comprise the main spectral line with Gaussian profile and wings decreasing according to a power law with index dependent on the orientation of the interferometer baseline with respect to the direction of regular drift of frozen-in irregularities of the medium. We analyze distortions of the spectral response of a very-long-baseline interferometer due to the effect of large-scale irregularities of a medium with developed turbulent structure on wideband radiation from extraterrestrial discrete radio sources. It is shown that if the amplitude fluctuations of the received radiation are weak, then the measured frequency spectrum contains information on the drift velocity and the index of the spatial spectrum of interplanetary plasma irregularities with scales from hundreds to thousands of kilometers.