二维相关分析光谱技术

给出推导二维相关光谱和推广至普遍意义上的数学过程,其物理含义和二维相关光谱的性质及其解释规则。以应用实例给出了该光谱技术在分析结构、相互作用等相关性方面的独特性质。还给出紫外可见二维相关光谱。     

移动窗口二维相关光谱技术

移动窗口二维相关光谱是一种新的二维相关分析方法,它将移动窗口的概念和二维相关分析方法有效地结合在了一起,利用移动窗口将庞大的光谱数据按矩阵分割成若干个便于操作的子矩阵,用二维相关光谱分别处理,将得到的结果综合分析,用以光谱变量和扰动变量为坐标的等高图表现出来,从中可以非常直观地观察出光谱强度在扰动变量方向上的变化,进而找出引起光谱强度突变的特征扰动点。本文主要介绍了移动窗口二维相关光谱的计算方法、基本特征、影响因素和实际应用,同时还详细介绍了以它为基础改进得到的扰动相关移动窗口二维相关光谱。扰动相关移动窗口二维相关光谱包括同步图和异步图,它不仅能很好地反映出引起光谱强度突变的特征扰动,还能详尽地描述出光谱强度在扰动过程中的变化情况。     

二维相关振动光谱技术

从发展历史、计算方程、性质规则等方面系统地介绍了近年来发展起来的二维相关光谱技术.结合各种常见的一维振动光谱, 如红外、拉曼、荧光、近红外-红外等光谱举例阐述了二维振动光谱的优势及其普适性.介绍了在广义二维相关光谱理论上最新延伸发展起来的二维样品-样品相关技术和二维杂化相关技术的基本理论, 并将之与传统的二维变量-变量相关技术(广义二维相关光谱)进行了比较.     

1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑甲基磺酸盐水溶液中酚型木质素单体溶解的二维相关红外光谱分析北大核心CSCD

当离子液体(IL)水溶液—1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑甲基磺酸盐([C_(4)C_(1)im]CH_(3)SO_(3))的摩尔分数x_(IL)=0.20时,酚型木质素单体模型化合物2,6-二甲氧基苯酚(2,6-DMP)的溶解度最高。这一现象与木质素溶解规律相似。利用二维相关红外光谱(2D-IR)研究2,6-DMP在[C_(4)C_(1)im]CH_(3)SO_(3)水溶液中溶解过程,以帮助深入理解木质素在IL水溶液中溶解机制。以x_(IL)变量的2D-IR分析结果表明,x_(IL)=0.02~0.20条件下IL加入破坏水的弱氢键结构,IL阴阳离子以水合离子对形式存在,疏水性2,6-DMP与[C_(4)C_(1)im]+和CH_(3)SO_(3)−同时发生相互作用,促进2,6-DMP溶解;x_(IL)=0.20~1.0条件下,IL形成致密离子簇结构,不利于2,6-DMP与IL阴阳离子相互作用。以2,6-DMP摩尔分数(x_(DMP))为变量的分析结果表明,加入2,6-DMP对IL结构影响小,而对水的微观结构影响大。对于具有离子对结构的IL水溶液(x_(IL)=0.10),水优先与CH_(3)SO_(3)−作用;对于具有离子簇结构的IL水溶液(x_(IL)=0.60),水优先形成自缔合小水簇结构。IL水溶液微观结构影响IL-水与2,6-DMP之间相互作用和2,6-DMP溶解特性,同时2,6-DMP溶解也导致IL水溶液的微观结构变化。     

2-乙酰基-5-甲基-1,2,3-二氮磷杂环戊二烯同丙炔醇反应研究

用付里叶变换红外光谱及³¹PNMR,探索了2-乙酰基-5-甲基-1,2,3-二氮磷杂环戊二烯同丙炔醇的动态反应过程,推测了可能的反应机理,并通过对二配位磷化物对应的三配位磷化物(2-乙酰基-3-氯-5-甲基-1,2,3-二氮磷杂环戊烯)同丙炔醇反应的研究,验证了二配位磷化物反应机理的可能性。     

广义二维相关光谱及其在分析领域中的应用

广义二维相关光谱(generalized two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy)的理论提出至今, 得到了国际学术界的极大关注, 其分析方法已经在分析领域中被广泛应用. 文中在叙说广义二维相关光谱的数学处理过程及其谱图的物理意义的同时, 列举了在化学分析和分子生物学等领域中的有机溶剂成分分析、生物分子在不同pH中的特性分析和蛋白结构分析等应用实例, 并详细地对广义二维相关光谱理论和分析方法进行了评述.     

离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑三氟甲基磺酸盐与水之间的氢键作用(英文)

通过衰减全反射红外(ATR-IR)光谱、二维红外相关谱结合量子化学计算研究了1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑三氟甲基磺酸盐([emim][OTf])和水之间的氢键作用.结果表明,在[emim][OTf]-水体系中,当水的浓度较低时(0.1x(D2O)0.3),水分子的主要存在形式是包裹在离子液体中的没有缔合的单体.水分子优先填充到[emim][OTf]的空隙中,并且与[emim][OTf]的阴离子形成"[OTf]-…HOH…[OTf]-"结构,水分子与[emim][OTf]的阳离子的相互作用位点是烷基氢而不是芳香氢;当水分子浓度较高时,水分子倾向于自身缔合形成小团簇结构,水分子与[emim][OTf]的阳离子的相互作用位点是芳香氢而不是烷基氢.     

二维紫外相关光谱研究复方载药PMMA膜的释放过程

用紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis spectroscopy)表征载有布洛芬(ibuprofen)和吡罗昔康(piroxicam)复方药物的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)膜在磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)中的释放过程, 观察两种药物在时间外扰下的释放情况. 随着时间的推移, 两种药物都保持了持久的释放. 同时, 通过二维紫外相关光谱(two-dimensional UV correlation spectroscopy)来进一步探究两种药物从PMMA膜内释放到缓冲溶液中的先后顺序, 推断出布洛芬与PMMA之间形成了一定的氢键相互作用, 导致释放速度变缓. 复方载药膜的红外光谱证明了这种相互作用的存在, 验证了二维紫外相关光谱在药物缓释领域的潜在应用价值.     

红外光谱及二维相关光谱在讲解聚合物"玻璃化转变"概念的应用

玻璃化转变是聚合物的一种普遍现象,也是高分子物理教学过程中的一个重点内容.对玻璃化转变的本质进行深入透彻地讲解,有利于学生加深对高分子结构、高分子材料的性能和高分子链运动的统计学三个紧密相连部分的融会理解.针对目前教学过程中主要基于差示扫描量热法进行非晶态聚合物玻璃化转变温度概念讲解的不足,本论文交流了在教学过程中采用...     

酸性介质中1,2-丙二醇在铂电极上吸附和氧化过程的原位FTIR反射光谱研究

应用电化学循环伏安和原位FTIR反射光谱研究1,2-丙二醇在Pt电极上吸附和氧化过程。结果指出1,2-丙二醇的电氧化可按双途径进行。其一经1,2-丙二醇在Pt上解离吸附产物氧化至CO_2。但在较低电位下这些解离吸附产物(红外检测为CO_(ad)、?C=CH_2]_(ad)等)累积吸附于电极上,毒化Pt表面抑制其它反应。当电位大于0.3V后它们一经生成即氧化脱附,从而使1,2-丙二醇得以在未毒化Pt表面经反应中间体氧化至CO_2。在实验条件下,原位FTIR反射光谱检测到的反应中间体可能有HOC-CHOHCH_3(或CH_2OHCOCH_3)和HOOC-COCH_3(或HOOC-CHOHCH_3)等物种。     

Spectral insights into microdynamics of thermoresponsive polymers from the perspective of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy

Generalized two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) and its derivate technique,perturbation correlation moving window (PCMW),have found great potential in studying a series of physico-chemical phenomena in stimuli-responsive polymeric systems.By spreading peaks along a second dimension,2DCOS can significantly enhance spectral resolution and discern the sequence of group dynamics applicable to various external perturbation-induced spectroscopic changes,especially in infrared (IR),near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy.On the basis of 2DCOS synchronous power spectra changing,PCMW proves to be a powerful tool to monitor complicated spectral variations and to find transition points and ranges.This article reviews the recent work of our research group in the application of 2DCOS and PCMW in thermoresponsive polymers,mainly focused on liquid crystalline polymers and lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type polymers.Details of group motions and chain conformational changes upon temperature perturbation can thus be elucidated at the molecular level,which contribute to the understanding of their phase transition nature.     

Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy study on phase transition and structural variations of a hydrogen-bonded liquid crystal

Infrared (IR) spectra have been measured for a liquid crystal (LC) consisting of one trans-butene diacid (BD) molecule as a proton donor and two 4-(2,3,4-tridecyloxybenzoyloxy)-4'-stilbazoles (DBS) molecules as a proton acceptor (DBS:BD:DBS) linked together with each other by inter-molecular hydrogen bonds over a temperature range from 20 to 120 degrees C to explore its phase transition and heat-induced structural variations. The temperature-dependent IR spectra have shown that the inter-molecular hydrogen bonds are stable in the liquid crystalline phase but become slightly decoupled with temperature increasing. Two kinds of two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy, variable-variable (VV) and sample-sample (SS) 2D spectroscopy, have been employed to analyze the observed temperature-dependent spectral variations more efficiently. The SS 2D correlation analysis in the spectral range of 2700-1800 cm(-1) has demonstrated that a change in hydrogen bonds in the LC starts from 40 degrees C, which is not clarified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and conventional IR and Raman spectroscopic analyses. On the other hand, the phase transition of LC revealed by SS 2D spectroscopy in the specific spectral regions of 1750-1650 and 3000-2700 cm(-1) is in a good agreement with that revealed by DSC for the heating process. The VV 2D correlation spectroscopy analysis has provided information about the structural variations of inter-molecular hydrogen bonds. The different species of hydrogen-bonded and free -COOH and -COO- groups in the LC have been clarified by the VV 2D correlation analysis. It has also elucidated the specific order of the temperature-induced structural changes in the intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds concerning with the -COOH and/or -COO- groups in the LC.     

Clarification of the thermally-induced pretransition of ribonuclease A in solution by principal component analysis and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy

Thermal denaturation of ribonuclease A (RNase A) in D₂O solution is studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Sample–sample two-dimensional correlation (SS 2D) spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA) are applied to these spectral data to reveal the thermal kinetics of RNase A. The second scores plot of PCA constructed from temperature-dependent original IR spectra illustrates a pretransition at 46 °C as well as a clear main transition at 66 °C. The latter is revealed by the SS 2D correlation spectra and the first score of PCA because of their illustration of the main denaturation event of RNase A, while the former cannot. Therefore, the present study demonstrates the great potential of PCA in revealing subtle phase transition of proteins in aqueous solutions.     

Temperature effect on the surface phase transitions of monolayer films of C12E1 at air/water interface

The temperature-dependent conformational states of a monolayer film of ethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C₁₂E₁) at the air/water interface have been investigated using ellipsometry, surface tension, external reflection–absorption FTIR spectroscopy and two-dimensional infrared (2DIR) correlation analysis. The ellipticity coefficients and the entropy associated with C₁₂E₁ adsorption changed almost discontinuously at certain temperatures, which manifested the interfacial phase transitions. The phase transition and coexistence of two phases were further clarified using 2DIR correlation analysis with temperature perturbation. The asynchronous correlation maps revealed that both bands of asymmetric and symmetric C–H stretching vibration in one-dimensional IR were split into two components, which confirmed the coexistence of two phases at the interface.     

Study on the thermoresponsive two phase transition processes of hydroxypropyl cellulose concentrated aqueous solution: from a microscopic perspective

In this paper, it was discovered that during the heating process from 35 to 63 °C, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) concentrated aqueous solution (20 wt%) would first go through coil-to-globule transition and then sol–gel transition with temperature elevation. The microdynamic mechanisms of the two phase transitions were thoroughly illustrated using mid and near infrared spectroscopy in combination with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2Dcos) and perturbation correlation moving window (PCMW) technique. Mid infrared spectroscopy is an effective way to study the hydrophobic interactions in HPC molecules. And near infrared spectroscopy is a potent method to study hydrogen bonds between HPC molecules and water molecules. Boltzmann fitting and PCMW could help determine the exact transition temperatures of each involving functional groups in the two processes. Moreover, 2Dcos was used to discern the sequential moving orders of the functional groups during the two phase transitions. Depending on the structure of HPC and the thermodynamic conditions, the dominating associative elements in either process might vary. During the coil-to-globule transition, HPC molecules precipitated to form an opaque system with mobility.It was discovered that the driving force of the coil-to-globule transition process in microdynamics could only be the dehydration and hydrophobic interactions of C–H groups. However, in the sol–gel transition, the system crosslinked to form a physical network with no mobility. The driving force of this process in microdynamics was primarily the self-assembly behavior of O–H groups in HPC “active molecules”.     

In-depth analysis on thermal phase transition mechanism of main-chain phosphorus-containing thermotropic liquid crystal copolyester

In order to surmount drawbacks of the infrared spectroscopy (IR) itself during investigating the mesophase-transition behaviours and mechanism of the thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (TLCPs), the elemental phosphorus as an internal marker was introduced into the main-chain TLCPs. The detail mechanism of the glass transition and mesophase phase transition of the phosphorus-containing aromatic liquid crystalline copolyester (poly(-hydroxybenzate-co-DOPO-benzenediol dihydrodiphenyl ether terephthalate) [PHDDT]) was revealed through tracing the internal marker with the perturbation correlation moving window 2-dimensional correlation and 2-dimensional correlation analysis (2DCOS) correlation IR spectra. The results showed that the phosphorus-containing unit did not participate in the glass transition of the PHDDT. The results of the 2DCOS showed that the PHDDT mesophase phase transition took place through adjustment of the phosphorus-containing units. Simultaneously, the adjustment of the phosphorus-containing unit also can induce the motion of the other groups, and the sequential orders of the spectral changes were Ar–O–Ar → ester C–O → C=O. However, the sequential orders of the spectral changes were converse during the PHDDT glass transition.     

Analysis and discrimination of ten different sponges by multi-step infrared spectroscopy

In this study,a convenient method using multi-step infrared spectroscopy,including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),second derivative infrared spectroscopy(SD-IR) and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy(2DCOS-IR),was employed to analyze and discriminate ten marine sponges from two classes collected from the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea.Each sponge had an exclusive macroscopic fingerprint.From the IR spectra,it was noted that the main ingredient of calcareous sponges was calcium carbonate,but that of demosponges was proteins.For sponges from the same genus or having highly similar chemical profile(IR spectral profile),SD-IR and 2DCOS-IR were applied to successfully reveal the tiny differences.It was demonstrated that the multi-step infrared spectroscopy was a feasible and objective approach for marine sponge identification.     

Thermodynamics of phase transitions in langmuir monolayers observed by vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy

Vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy (VSFS) was used to study gauche defects in octadecylamine (ODA) monolayers at the air/water interface. The VSFS spectra provide unique insights into phase transitions that occur as a result of changes in the structure of the monolayer's hydrophobic region. These changes can be attributed to the increased presence of gauche conformers in the ODA alkyl chains during the monolayer's transition from the solid to liquid phase. Temperature-dependent spectra from monolayers at several different pressures were used to assign the phase transition temperature based on the observed changes in microscopic structure. Through application of a two-dimensional form of the Clapeyron equation, the first in situ measurements of the entropy and enthalpy changes associated with gauche conformers in a monolayer were made.     

Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy of antiparallel beta-sheet secondary structure

We investigate the sensitivity of femtosecond Fourier transform two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy to protein secondary structure with a study of antiparallel beta-sheets. The results show that 2D IR spectroscopy is more sensitive to structural differences between proteins than traditional infrared spectroscopy, providing an observable that allows comparison to quantitative models of protein vibrational spectroscopy. 2D IR correlation spectra of the amide I region of poly-l-lysine, concanavalin A, ribonuclease A, and lysozyme show cross-peaks between the IR-active transitions that are characteristic of amide I couplings for polypeptides in antiparallel hydrogen-bonding registry. For poly-l-lysine, the 2D IR spectrum contains the eight-peak structure expected for two dominant vibrations of an extended, ordered antiparallel beta-sheet. In the proteins with antiparallel beta-sheets, interference effects between the diagonal and cross-peaks arising from the sheets, combined with diagonally elongated resonances from additional amide transitions, lead to a characteristic "Z"-shaped pattern for the amide I region in the 2D IR spectrum. We discuss in detail how the number of strands in the sheet, the local configurational disorder in the sheet, the delocalization of the vibrational excitation, and the angle between transition dipole moments affect the position, splitting, amplitude, and line shape of the cross-peaks and diagonal peaks.     

Surface phase transition of C12E1 at the air/water interface: a study by dynamic surface tension, external RA FT-IR, and 2D IR correlation methods

The surface conformational states of the Gibbs monolayer of ethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether (C(12)E(1)) at the air/water interface was studied using dynamic surface tension, external reflection-absorption FT-IR spectroscopy (ERA FT-IR), and two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) correlation methods at constant temperature. The dynamic surface tensions were measured at different bulk concentrations of C(12)E(1), and it was observed that a constant surface tension region appears at approximately 38.5 mN m(-1) in a dynamic surface tension profile at concentrations higher than 11 micromol kg(-1). This constant surface tension region corresponds to the surface phase transition from liquid expanded (LE) to liquid condensed (LC). Two sets of ERA FT-IR spectra were collected, one at different bulk concentrations but after equilibrium time (equilibrium measurements) and another at constant bulk concentration (m = 16 micromol kg(-1)) but at different times (dynamic measurements). The first set of these measurements show that the peak area increases in the range of 11 < m < or = 16 micromol kg(-1), which means the increase in the number of surfactant molecules at the air/water interface. Also, the wavenumber of antisymmetric CH(2) stretching decreases gradually from approximately 2923 cm(-1) (for 10 and 11 micromol kg(-1)) to approximately 2918 cm(-1) (for m > or = 16 micromol kg(-1)) with increasing concentration. The wavenumbers of 2923 and 2918 cm(-1) were assigned to LE and LC phases, respectively, and the decrease of wavenumber in the concentration range of 11 < m < or = 16 micromol kg(-1) were correlated to the surface phase transition (LE --> LC), or in other words, in the mentioned concentration range, two phases coexist. The dynamic ERA FT-IR measurements at 16 micromol kg(-1) also confirm the surface phase transition from LE to LC. The 2D IR correlation method was applied to the both equilibrium and dynamic IR spectra of the C(12)E(1) monolayer. The synchronous correlation maps show two strong autopeaks at approximately 2922 and approximately 2851 cm(-1) and also show a strong correlation (cross-peaks) between antisymmetric CH(2) stretching (nu(a)) and symmetric CH(2) stretching (nu(s)). The asynchronous correlation maps show that both observed bands of nu(a) and nu(s) in one-dimensional IR split into two components with the characteristic of overlapped bands, which reveals the coexistence of two phases (LE and LC) at the interface at 11 < m < or = 16 micromol kg(-1). The synchronous and asynchronous maps that were obtained from dynamic IR spectra closely resembled the equilibrium map.