多孔材料中声波的传播与演化

采用两相多孔介质的拉格朗日模型来描述一种理论流体充填的多孔弹性固体材料,其中孔隙度的变化满足一个附加的平衡方程。     

Propagation of SH waves in an irregular monoclinic crustal layer

The present paper discusses the dispersion equation for SH waves in a monoclinic layer over a semi-infinite elastic medium with an irregularity. In the absence of the irregularity, the dispersion equation reduces to standard dispersion equation for SH waves in a monoclinic layer over an isotropic semi-infinite medium. The dispersion curves for different size of the irregularity are computed and compared for the half-space without any irregularity. It can be seen that the phase velocity is strongly influenced by the wave number and the depth of the irregularity.     

低频振动波在砂土层中的传播衰减规律研究

压路机高铁路基在建设过程中产生低频振动的振动波,在周边砂土层的传播扰动对周边房屋造成损伤.本文采用DA&P-B01型数据采集分析系统和配套的891-2拾振器,在不同距离处布置测试点进行振动试验,得到各测试点的时程变化曲线并加以分析,运用符合率结合前人研究成果验证本次实验的正确性.结果表明:低频振动波在砂土层中的峰值频率相同,振动速度、加速度、能量同距离的递减曲线为指数函数与幂函数的共同作用,且衰减速率与距离呈递减关系.本试验得到的结论可为同一地质条件的施工以及振动影响范围预测提供理论参考,为日后深入研究奠定基础.     

Discrete and continuum modeling of granular flow in silo discharge

Granular material discharge from a flat-bottomed silo has been simulated by using continuum modeling and a three-dimensional discrete-element method (DEM). The predictive abilities of three commonly used frictional viscosity models (Schaeffer, S–S, and μ(I)) were evaluated by comparing them with the DEM data. The funnel-flow pattern (type C) and the semi-mass-flow pattern (type B) that was predicted by DEM simulations can be represented when the Schaeffer or μ(I) model is used, whereas the S–S model gives a consistent type-B flow pattern. All three models over-estimate the discharge rate compared with the DEM. The profiles of the solids volume fraction and the vertical velocity above the outlet show that the larger discharge rates given by the Schaeffer and μ(I) model result from an over-estimation of volume fraction, whereas the deviation in the S–S model stems from the failure to predict a solid vertical velocity and a volume fraction.     

On the dispersion of a solute in Poiseuille flow of a third-grade fluid in a channel

Gill and Sankarasubramanian's analysis of the dispersion of Newtonian fluids in laminar flow between two parallel walls are extended to the flow of non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluid (known as third-grade fluid) using a generalized dispersion model which is valid for all times after the solute injection. The exact expression is obtained for longitudinal convective coefficient K₁(Γ), which shows the effect of the added viscosity coefficient Γ on the convective coefficient. It is seen that the value of the K₁(Γ) for Γ≠0 is always smaller than the corresponding value for a Newtonian fluid. Also, the effect of the added viscosity coefficient on the K₂(t,Γ) (which is a measure of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient of the solute) is explored numerically. Finally, the axial distribution of the average concentration C_m of the solute over the channel cross-section is determined at a fixed instant after the solute injection for several values of the added viscosity coefficient.     

冲击压缩下氧化铝陶瓷中破坏阵面的传播

进行了平面冲击波压缩下氧化铝陶瓷中破坏阵面的实验测试和理论探索. 通过氧 化铝陶瓷的平板碰撞实验,借助VISAR测试系统测量了试件自由面的质点速度历程,并对回 收试件进行了电镜扫描观察. 质点自由面速度历程曲线表明,氧化铝陶瓷材料中存在破坏阵 面的传播. 考察了破坏阵面的传播特性,给出了陶瓷材料的动态破坏模型,并对破坏阵面的 传播进行了数值分析.     

Discrete element modeling of acoustic emission in rock fracture

The acoustic emission (AE) features in rock fracture are simulated numerically with discrete element model (DEM). The specimen is constructed by using spherical particles bonded via the parallel bond model. As a result of the heterogeneity in rock specimen, the failure criterion of bonded particle is coupled by the shear and tensile strengths, which follow a normal probability distribution. The Kaiser effect is simulated in the fracture process, for a cubic rock specimen under uniaxial compression with a constant rate. The AE number is estimated with breakages of bonded particles using a pair of parameters, in the temporal and spatial scale, respectively. It is found that the AE numbers and the elastic energy release curves coincide. The range for the Kaiser effect from the AE number and the elastic energy release are the same. Furthermore, the frequency-magnitude relation of the AE number shows that the value of B determined with DEM is consistent with the experimental data.     

Discrete particle simulations of bubble-to-emulsion phase mass transfer in single-bubble fluidized beds

A classical Euler–Lagrangian model for gas–solid flows was extended with gas component mass conservation equations and used to obtain fundamental insights into bubble-to-emulsion phase mass transfer in bubbling gas–solid fluidized beds. Simulations of injected single rising bubbles under incipient fluidization conditions were carried out, using Geldart-A and -B particles. Phenomena observed in the simulations and those of various theoretical models used to derive phenomenological models were compared to challenge the assumptions underlying the phenomenological models. The bubble-to-emulsion phase mass transfer coefficients calculated for the simulations using Geldart-B particles were in a good agreement with predictions made using the Davidson and Harrison (1963) model. The bubble-to-emulsion phase mass transfer coefficients for Geldart-A particles were, however, much smaller than the predictions obtained from theoretical models (e.g. Chiba and Kobayashi (1970)). The newly developed model allows a detailed analysis of various hydrodynamic aspects and their effects on the mass transfer characteristics in and around rising bubbles in fluidized beds.     

Propagation of longitudinal and transverse waves in a multimodulus elastic medium

A problem of propagation of longitudinal and transverse waves in a multimodulus elastic isotropic medium is considered. In the model used, the medium is described by a potential depending on three invariants of strains, which allows the influence of preliminary deformation of the medium on the longitudinal and transverse velocities to be taken into account. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 176–182, July–August, 2009.     

Propagation of Harmonic Waves in a Cylindrical Shell (Timoshenko Model)

Equations for studying the axisymmetric deformation of a cylindrical shell are derived on the basis of Timoshenko shell theory. A dispersion equation is set up to study natural harmonic waves in a cylindrical isotropic shell. A numerical approach to plotting dispersion diagrams is proposed. The wave velocities obtained coincide with analytical solutions     

Non-Equilibrium Mixing of Turbulence Scales Using a Continuous Hybrid RANS/LES Approach: Application to the Shearless Mixing Layer

A new subgrid-scale (SGS) model based on partially integrated transport method (PITM) is applied to the case of a turbulent spectral non-equilibrium flow created by the mixing of two turbulence fields of differing scales: the shearless mixing layer. The method can be viewed as a continuous hybrid RANS/LES approach. In this model the SGS length scale is no longer given by the size of the discretization step, but is dynamically estimated using an additional transport equation for the dissipation rate. The results are compared to those corresponding to the classical model of Smagorinsky and to the experimental data of Veeravalli and Warhaft. A method for creating an anisotropic analytical pseudo-random field for inflow conditions is also proposed. This approach based on subgrid-scale transport modelling combined with anisotropic inlet conditions gives better results for the prediction of the shearless mixing layer.     

Kinetic modeling of multiple scattering of elastic waves in heterogeneous anisotropic media

In this paper we develop a multiple scattering model for elastic waves in random anisotropic media. It relies on a kinetic approach of wave propagation phenomena pertaining to the situation whereby the wavelength is comparable to the correlation length of the weak random inhomogeneities—the so-called weak coupling limit. The waves are described in terms of their associated energy densities in the phase space position  ×$\times$  wave vector. They satisfy radiative transfer equations in this scaling, characterized by collision operators depending on the correlation structure of the heterogeneities. The derivation is based on a multi-scale asymptotic analysis using spatio-temporal Wigner transforms and their interpretation in terms of semiclassical operators, along the same lines as Bal (2005). The model accounts for all possible polarizations of waves in anisotropic elastic media and their interactions, as well as for the degeneracy directions of propagation when two phase speeds possibly coincide. Thus it embodies isotropic elasticity which was considered in several previous publications. Some particular anisotropic cases of engineering interest are derived in detail.     

Propagation of harmonic waves in longitudinally reinforced cylindrical shells with low shear stiffness

The exact solutions of the equations of motion derived under refined theories of shells and ribs based on the Timoshenko model are used to plot dispersion curves for harmonic waves propagating along a cylindrical shell reinforced with discrete longitudinal ribs __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 37–41, May 2006.     

Kinetic modeling of particles in stratified flow – Evaluation of dispersion tensors in inhomogeneous turbulence

The continuum equations for a dilute particle distribution in inhomogeneous turbulence are tested against results from a Langevin particle tracking simulation. Reeks’ version of the kinetic theory is used to generate the mass, momentum and kinetic stress equations for the particle distribution. The particle tracking data are used to directly evaluate the dispersion tensors λ and μ which serve as closure relations for the continuum equations. These exact forms are compared to approximate, local forms. Even for low Stokes numbers (corresponding to low particle inertia defined by τ/τ_p ? 1), the tensor λ is strongly affected by the inhomogeneity and depends on turbulence parameters in the volume corresponding to the particle path dispersion over the particle Lagrangian integral timescale τ. In contrast, the locally homogeneous form of the velocity dispersion tensor μ is a sufficient approximation, since it depends on the dispersion volume over the much smaller particle relaxation time τ_p. It is demonstrated that the body force due to the dispersion vector γ cannot be neglected. In the limit of passive tracers (zero stopping distance), γ is equal to the gradient of λ, if the physical setting is such that we can invoke constant tracer density in this limit.     

浮筏系统中的碰撞动力学离散模型(1):确定性模型

本文研究浮筏中刚性连结的零部件冲击受损后在有限空间的碰撞振动,应用碰撞动力学理论建立其确定性离散动力学模型,导出确定性系统的碰撞庞加莱映射.实例分析指出,零部件的质量和冲击后外激励的频率不影响零部件与设备之间的碰撞,碰撞主要发生在零部件与筏体之间,而且随着零部件质量的增加碰撞次数发生有限次的增加.冲击后外激励的频率对零部件与筏体之间的碰撞次数有一定的影响.从碰撞庞加莱图可以看出碰撞系统的振动表现为亚谐振动.     

应用修正的虚裂纹模型研究混凝土结构的三维裂缝扩展

本文在虚裂纹模型中引入初裂强度因子的概念以研究混凝土结构的三维裂缝扩展。虚裂纹的扩展由裂纹尖端的初裂强度因子和虚裂纹所传递的软化应力共同控制。将软化应力分析曲线分段线性化进行模拟,这使问题得到很大程度的简化,同时又保证了解的必要精度。对所建立的有限元基本方程组建议了一次性的求解方法,可以不进行迭代,这既保持了解的稳定,又减轻了计算工作量。     

Identification of Impact Damage in S-2 Glass Composite Missile Casings Using Complementary Vibration and Wave Propagation Approaches

The future United States military arsenal is transitioning from homogeneous metallic materials to stronger and lighter heterogeneous composite materials. Although these composites offer numerous advantages such as the ability to tune strength to weight ratios for each particular application, composites are susceptible to numerous damage mechanisms and environmental factors. Accidental in-field impacts resulting from mishandling or transportation loads have been identified by the U.S. Army as the primary cause of damage in composite weapon systems. This paper presents a hybrid approach to detect, locate, and quantify damage in filament wound canisters using a complementary set of vibration-based (transmissibility and embedded sensitivity) and wave propagation-based (phased array beamforming) methods. It is shown that this hybrid approach accurately detects, locates, and quantifies the damage imposed by 1.36 and 6.78 N-m impact energies. By measuring the static stiffness of the baseline canister at the mid-point, it was determined that the 1.36 N-m impact resulted in an overall 6% reduction of the tubes bending stiffness, while the 6.78 N-m impact resulted in a 28% reduction.