简谈空气中的声速与温度关系

讨论了驻波法测空气中声速的实验,分别用相位比较法和李萨如图法来确定超声波波长.在不同温度条件下测量了声速并与理论值进行比较,实验结果显示测量温度接近室温时实验值与理论值基本一致,测量温度与室温相差较大时实验值与理论值偏差较大.     

利用多普勒效应测定声速

本介绍了一种利用超声波的多普勒效应和拍现象简单有效的测量声速的方法。     

纵横波测已紧固螺栓轴向应力

本提出了用纵横波声时测已紧固螺栓轴向应力的一种新方法,解决了用超声精确地测已紧固螺栓应力问题,并且利用超声波沿轴向传播的波速同轴向应力以及三阶弹性常数的关系导出了螺栓应力同其材料声速特性、夹紧距离、温度及纵、横波声时的一种新关系,考虑了受应力作用时温度对声速的影响,简化了测量及计算过程,本还介绍了材料的声速特性实验及测量方法;实验结果表明应力低于２５０ＭＰａ,夹紧距离大于３０ｍｍ时,应力超声测     

超声波轴向应力仪的研制

本文叙述了用超声方法测量材料轴向应力的计算公式,介绍了超声波轴向应力仪的工作原理,并利用该仪器对M36×260高强度螺栓进行了轴向应力的测量。实验结果表明:该仪器的声时测量精度为10~(-10s),轴向应力的测量精度优于0.4kgf/mm~2(约3.9N/mm~2)。     

螺栓啮合螺纹段的轴力、等效应力分布及摩擦的影响分析

有限元方法已成为分析螺纹螺栓结构的有力手段，但已有的工作基本都将螺纹结构简化为二维的，基于三维模型的研究还很少。但螺纹的三维螺旋型结构特征，则势必要求进行三维分析。     

空气中声速随温度变化规律的简易实验

空气中的声速随着温度的变化而变化,本文利用生活中的器材(有限长直管)自制简易实验装置,借助手机APP作为声音发射器和频率接收器,在管内中部区域形成恒温条件,实现了驻波法对不同温度下声速的测量,在测量范围内相对误差不超过2%.这种基于传统物理实验的拓展,在特殊居家环境下亦可进行,有利于物理实验线上自主学习模式的开展,促进学习者的综合素质和实践创新能力的提升.     

用纵横波声时比法测螺栓轴力精度研究

用纵横波测量螺栓轴力的技术已取得较大发展,本文介绍了纵横波比值法原理,通过理论推导,获得比值法计算的简易公式。建立试验平台,用现场用螺栓进行标定和测量,得出比值法在工程实践状态下的测量误差为10%以内,基本能满足工程应用的要求。此外,针对试验结果,本文还初步探讨了误差出现的原因以及提高精度的方法。本文介绍的比值法,无需精确测量标定螺栓长度和纵横波声速,现场应用更加简洁,具有较大的工程应用价值。     

超声波流量计测量流体声速的实验方法

为获取液体介质的声速值,设计了一种测定流体声速的实验方法,该方法利用时差式超声波流量计和标准流量校验设备同时对封闭管道中的液体进行流速测量,分别得到流速的测量值和真实值,从而计算出超声波流量计的仪表系数,并以此导出了一定条件下液体介质的声速值随仪表系数的变化关系式.利用该方法测量给出了0.17 MPa下四氧化二氮(N₂O₄)在7.6-19.4 ℃、偏二甲肼((CH₃)₂NNH₂)在6.5-25.2 ℃范围内的流体声速值,并为其他液体介质的声速测量提供了借鉴. 关键词： 超声波流量计 声速 仪表系数 温度     

混合液声速的温度特性

本文考虑到绝热压缩系数与温度的关系,导出了混合液声速与温度、液体比例的关系式。测量了由两种挥发速度不同的液体组成的混合液的声速与温度、液体比例的关系。结果表明,由于挥发速度不同,给测量结果带来较大误差。本文结果除对充液聚焦球内液体选择和配制有重要意义外,也适用于其它各种混合液。     

基于Gabor时频滤波的电磁超声螺栓轴力测量*

高强度螺栓轴向预紧力(轴力)的测量在工程应用中具有重要意义。使用电磁超声波对螺栓轴力检测时对超声回波声时测量精度要求较高,传统互相关估计法对超声回波声时估计易因噪声干扰发生估计错误,无法满足轴力测量精度要求。本文针对互相关法对电磁超声测量信号声时估计存在不准确的问题,提出了Gabor时频滤波法。通过螺栓轴力测量实验采集测量信号,对测量信号进行Gabor变换,在时频域中进行滤波,再对去噪后的信号进行互相关估计测得信号的声时,进而计算出螺栓轴力。实验表明：Gabor时频滤波法能有效地滤除电磁超声信号中的噪声,改善互相关估计的稳定性,提高螺栓轴力测量的准确率。     

超声换能器辐射场应力定量测量方法研究

提出了一种基于动态光弹观测系统的超声换能器在透明固体中辐射场应力定量测量新方法。该方法关注到激光束穿过非均匀应力区时的双折射累积效应和Senarmont补偿法均匀应力假设与真实应力非均匀分布之间的差异,利用滤波反投影算法重建出应力场;根据应力与换能器激励电压的线性关系,用4种激励电压动态校准重建后的应力数据。实验定量测量了圆形晶片超声换能器在固体内部辐射的瞬态纵波场的应力分布,结果表明应力幅值与激励电压成正比,符合线性规律。     

插值数字滤波技术在超声检测仪中的应用

本文主要研究用最优化技术来设计符合超声脉冲信号幅度精度要求的数字滤波器，从而提高了超声检测的质量。     

微机化超声螺栓轴向应力仪的原理与误差分析

本文提出用沿轴向纵波声时差以测螺栓的轴向应力，推导了声时差与应力的关系．利用声时差测螺栓轴向应力，能克服耦会误差”“，同时还能克服温度引起的伸缩及波速变化的声时误差·本文还导出并且从实验上测出了，只与螺栓材料有关，而与螺栓的夹紧长度，直径，总长无关的常数，简化了测量过程．经实验测定，在夹紧长度大于30mm，应力低于240MPa时，应力最大误差小于±4MPa．本文还分析了声时，夹紧长度测量误差所导致的应力误差．     

Effect of wood properties on within-tree variation in ultrasonic wave velocity in softwood

The radial variations in the velocity of longitudinal waves propagating through Japanese cedar and Japanese cypress were experimentally investigated. In addition, the tracheid length (TL), microfibril angle (MFA), air-dried density (AD), and moisture content (MC) were measured in order to determine the effect of wood properties on velocity variations within the wood trunk. For both species, the longitudinal wave velocities measured in the longitudinal direction (V_L) exhibited minimum values near the pith. For Japanese cedar, V_L increased from 3600 m/s toward the bark and soon attained a constant value (=4500 m/s). On the other hand, for Japanese cypress, V_L kept increasing from 4000 m/s near the pith to 4800 m/s at the bark. These radial variations in V_L coincided with those in the tracheid length. V_L exhibited strong correlations with TL and MFA with a significant level of (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that the TL and MFA greatly affect the radial variation in the ultrasonic wave velocity in softwood.     

Anomalies of ultrasonic velocities, attenuation and elastic moduli in Nd1−xSrxMnO3 perovskite manganite materials

Nd_1−xSr_xMnO₃ perovskite manganite material with different compositions (x=0.31, 0.35, 0.37, 0.39 and 0.41) have been prepared employing solid-state reaction technique. The ultrasonic velocities and attenuation of the above samples have been measured employing through transmission method operated at a fundamental frequency of 5 MHz over wide range of temperatures. The temperature dependence of ultrasonic velocities, attenuation, relative percentage variation in velocities and elastic constants show an interesting anomaly in all compositions. The observed anomalies in ultrasonic parameters at T_c in all compositions have been revealed in terms of existence of ferromagnetic (FM) state. Similarly, the anomalies at T_co show the transition from FM to charge-ordered antiferromagnetic (AFM) state. The observed results have been used to explore the competitions between FM and AFM.     

A Wavelet-Based Processing method for simultaneously determining ultrasonic velocity and material thickness

Methods of measuring ultrasonic wave velocity in an elastic sample require data on the thickness of the sample and/or the distances between the transducers and the sample. The uncertainty of the ultrasonic wave velocity measurements generally depends on that of the data available. Conversely, to determine the thickness of a material, it is necessary to have a priori information about the wave velocity. This problem is particularly hard to solve when measuring the parameters of biological specimens such as bones having a greater acoustical impedance contrast (typically 3-5 MRayl) than that of the surrounding soft tissues (typically 1.5 MRayl). Measurements of this kind cannot easily be performed. But obtaining the thickness of a bone structure and/or the ultrasonic wave velocity is a important problem, for example, in biomechanical field for the calculation of elastic modulus, or in acoustical imaging field to parameterize the images, and to reference the grey or color level set to a physical parameter.The aim of the present study was to develop a method of simultaneously and independently determining the velocity of an ultrasonic wave in an elastic sample and the wave path across the thickness of this sample, using only one acquisition in pure transmission mode. The new method, which we have called the “Wavelet-Based Processing” method, is based on the wavelet decomposition of the signals and on a suitable transmitted incident wave correlated with the experimental device, and the mathematical properties such as orthonormality, of which lend themselves well to the time-scale approach. By following an adapted algorithm, ultrasonic wave velocities in parallelepipedic plates of elastic manufactured material and the apparent thicknesses were both measured using a water tank, a mechanical device and a matched pair of 1 MHz ultrasonic focused transducers having a diameter of 3 mm, a focal length of 150 mm and beam width of 2 × 2 mm at the focus (mean temperature 22°). The results were compared with those obtained with a conventional Pulse-mode method and with the control values, to check their validity. Measurements performed on bovine and human dry cortical bone samples are also presented to assess the limitations of the method when it is applied to elastic biological samples, including those of an equal-wavelength size (≈1.5 mm). The thicknesses and the ultrasonic wave velocities were then measured in this kind of (quasi-) parallelepipedic elastic materials with an mean estimated error ranged from 1% to 3.5% compared to the referenced values.     

Shape effect of elongated grains on ultrasonic attenuation in polycrystalline materials

Longitudinal and transverse wave attenuation coefficients are obtained in a simple integral form for ultrasonic waves in cubic polycrystalline materials with elongated grains. Dependences of attenuation on frequency and grain shape are described in detail. The explicit analytical solutions for ellipsoidal grains in the Rayleigh and stochastic frequency limits are given for a wave propagating in an arbitrary direction relative to ellipsoid axes. The attenuation exhibits classic frequency dependence in those frequency limits. However, the dependence on the grain shape in the stochastic limits is unexpected: it is independent of the cross-section of the ellipsoidal grains and depends only on the grain dimension in the propagation direction. In the Rayleigh region attenuation is proportional to effective volume of the ellipsoidal grain and is independent of its shape. A complex behavior of attenuation on the grain shape/size and frequency is exhibited in the transition region. The results obtained reduce to the classic dependences of attenuation on parameters for polycrystals with equiaxed grains.     

固体介质中超声应力场的定量测量*

回顾了基于动态光弹技术的超声应力测量方法,分析了各方法的优缺点。优化了现有光弹系统的前端光路,提出了电控旋转偏振和自动判读技术,研制了高稳定性的动态光弹实验系统。利用Senarmont补偿法实现了高精度的应力测量。多次重复测量结果表明,该系统测量结果的相对标准偏差小于1%。光弹测量数据与电测结果相比,其相似系数为99.95%,显著性水平小于0.001,证明了测量结果的可靠性。