落柱式高压粘度装置的研制与压粘试验结果

作者研制了一台可测试润滑油在高压下的粘度和密度的落柱式高压粘度装置。本装置采用了新型高压粘性动密封和新型高压流变平垫静密封,经1200MPa试压、1000MPa压力下48小时保压和使用试验证明均无泄漏。用本装置所获得的压粘数据的重现性好、灵敏度高、可比性强。     

基于Ogden公式的充压伸缩式水封非线性计算研究

考虑橡胶类止水材料性能对水封设计的重要作用,论文采用Mooney-Rivlin公式和Ogden公式对橡胶类止水材料的单向拉伸、单轴压缩和纯剪实验数据进行曲线拟合与研究.结合工程实例将该两种公式的拟合参数应用于充压伸缩式水封自由外伸量的非线性有限元计算中,并将计算结果与该水封自由外伸量模型实验进行对比研究.结果表明:Og...     

橡胶材料弹性的一种新的螺旋管模型

建立统计力学模型正确描述材料微观结构与宏观力学特性之间的关系是软物质类材料的最大挑战之一,已有的橡胶材料统计模型尚存在一些不足.文章根据橡胶类材料宏观各向同性、连续均匀和不可压缩特性,结合分子链的非高斯统计模型,提出一种橡胶材料网络结构的力学特性模型.该模型将代表体元上对应点之间的传力路径用一个类螺旋管区域约束的分子链子网络来描述,螺旋管的表面随材料的宏观变形做仿射变形,分子链子网络由方向和长度随机的分子链或链段首尾链接而成,在此基础上由分子链的熵推导出描述材料宏观力学特性的本构关系.通过大量的材料测试数据对本构模型进行拟合验证,拟合结果表明该模型具有非常好的精度,并且在采用两个参数时模型具有非常高的可靠性,仅用单轴拉伸实验数据拟合模型就能准确预测全部3类实验数据.该模型使用了仿射的弯曲管假设,能从微观结构尺度上说明材料的不可压缩特性,避免了直管模型的近似性,为微观尺度的随机性和宏观的均匀性的联系提出一个新的模型.     

弹体贯穿混凝土数值模拟的改进材料模型

研究混凝土结构在冲击载荷下的力学特性对武器以及防护结构的设计和评估具有重要意义,而合适的材料模型可以更准确地预测混凝土结构的力学行为和破坏模式。因此,本文中提出了一种改进的混凝土塑性损伤材料模型来描述其在冲击载荷下的力学响应。该改进模型考虑了压力-体积应变关系、应变率效应、洛德角效应和塑性损伤累积对混凝土材料力学特性的影响,并引入了一个与损伤相关的硬化/软化函数来描述压缩状态下的应变硬化和软化行为。随后,通过对3个独立的强度面进行线性插值得到了该改进模型的破坏强度面,并采用部分关联流动法则考虑了混凝土材料的体积膨胀特性。最后,开展了单个单元在不同加载条件下和弹体贯穿钢筋混凝土靶的数值模拟,验证了该改进模型的可行性、准确性以及预测性能提升。     

Study of Pressure Sensitive Plastic Flow Behaviour of Gasket Materials

The mechanical behaviour of the materials used as compressible gasket in the ultra high pressure apparatus is investigated. Materials such as pyrophyllite and talc, showing a pressure sensitive plastic flow behaviour were considered and a testing configuration was set up for studying the dependence of their plastic response on the hydrostatic component of the stress tensor, according to the Drucker-Prager criterion. A Finite Element modelling of the test was performed to evaluate the specimen response and the local stress condition, during loading. The Finite Element results were validated by comparison with those of a specific experimental characterisation. A parametric analysis was then carried out, by varying the materials constitutive behaviour, in order to build up a data base of representative curves. In this way an algorithm was developed, with the aim of determining the material constitutive behaviours by the analysis of the experimental data. The proposed procedure was then used to study the mechanical response of different gasket materials.     

Shock response of the commercial high explosive Detasheet

The mechanical and chemical response of the flexible commercial high explosive Detasheet^R is studied under controlled impact and plane-wave, high explosive loading. Results on nonreactive material behavior, sound speed, shock-initiation sensitivity and detonation pressure are presented. The material is found to respond in a viscous manner reminiscent of viscoelastic response of polymeric materials. Time-resolved pressure and pressure-rate measurements with PVDF piezoelectric polymer gauges are presented along with Manganin pressure and plate-dent test measurements of detonation pressure. Detonation pressures of 18GPa are indicated. Pressure measurements show initiation of reaction between 3 and 8 mm for an impact stress of 3.1 GPa. Plane wave loading wedge tests show run distances to detonation consistent with the pressure measurements, and with behavior like that of XTX8003 (80 % PETN/20 % Sylgard 182^R).This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

聚合物材料SHPB实验关键问题

分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)广泛用于测量聚合物材料在高应变率下的动态力学行为.但是由于聚合物材料本身的低强度、低刚度、低阻抗、低波速等特点,使得SHPB动态试验相比其他材料更加复杂.论文较为详细地综述了聚合物材料SHPB实验技术中的应力应变计算、脉冲整形技术、动态应力平衡、摩擦与惯性效应、试件与波导杆的选择、碰撞速度与应变率关系、最大常应变率的确定等关键问题及其进展.理解这些关键问题并且采用目前较好的方法,对于获得聚合物材料有效和准确的高应变率力学特性具有重要意义.     

Mechanics of polymeric membranes subjected to chemical exposure

The mechanics of polymeric hyperelastic membranes that are subjected to uniform transverse pressure loading are discussed. The paper also focuses on the membrane behaviour when there is loss of hyperelasticity resulting from the removal of plasticizer from the polymeric material as a result of chemical exposure. Constitutive models presented describe the influence of both hyperelasticity and rate-sensitivity on the mechanical behaviour of the polymeric membrane in its natural and chemically exposed states. The constitutive models developed through experimental investigations are implemented in computational techniques to develop solutions to the membrane deformation problems.     

Hopkinson压杆实验技术的应用进展

SHPB实验装置是研究各类工程材料动态力学性能的最基本实验手段,它不仅可用于测量金属、高聚物等均匀性好、变形量较大材料的冲击压缩(拉伸、剪切、扭转)应力—应变关系,经改进后还可以用于测量质地软、波阻抗小的泡沫介质材料和质地脆、均匀性差的混凝土类材料的冲击压缩应力-应变关系。此外,SHPB实验装置因加载方式简单,加载波形易测易控制,还可以开展混凝土类材料的层裂强度研究,火工品、引信的安全性、可靠性检测,高G值加速度传感器的标定以及炸药材料的压剪起爆临界点的测定等。     

THE INVESTIGATION OF FRACTURE PROPERTIES OF SISAL TEXTILE REINFORCED POLYMERS

I. INTRODUCTION Sisal ?bre is a promising natural ?bre, which has a potential application as reinforcement in compositematerials[1 , 2]. It has relatively high strength, high modulus, low density, particularly low price andabundant availability[3??5]. Compared to glass ?bre, sisal ?bre has several advantages. It is environment-friendly, recyclable, and the price is almost one-ninth that of glass ?bre and one-?ve hundredth of carbon?bre[6]. Fundamental considerations of design and ap…     

不同模量弹性问题理论及有限元法研究进展

随着科学技术的日益发展，对材料力学性质的研究提出了更高的要求，研制新型的材料以及挖掘材料自身特性的潜力，已成为新的研究动向．简述了不同模量弹性问题理论及其有限元法的研究与发展．利用等效的概念，对Ambartsumyan有限元计算模型、Jones有限元计算模型、张允真等有限元计算模型、叶志明等计算模型进行改进和探讨．通过不同模量弹性理论及其有限元方法在实际工程构件问题分析中的应用表明，若沿用相同模量弹性理论或有限元对有关问题进行计算，其结果将与采用不同模量模型材料所得的刚度和强度有较大的偏差。     

核主泵用双锥度端面流体静压机械密封热弹流效应研究

针对核主泵用双锥度端面流体静压型机械密封热弹流效应研究在高压和高速条件下,其密封性能易受端面热弹变形影响的特点,提出了收敛型双锥面流体静压型机械密封,并建立了热-流-固耦合数学模型;通过采用有限差分法求解端面温度和端面流体膜压的控制方程组,采用有限元法求解密封环的热、弹变形,对密封进行了流、固、热耦合分析,研究了热弹变形对密封性能的影响,并对单锥面和双锥面2种流体静压型机械密封的密封性能、温度分布进行了对比研究.结果表明:双锥面密封与单锥面密封相比,不仅稳定性更好,而且端面温度分布更均匀,可靠性更高,但是泄漏率略有上升;在泄漏入口处即高压侧,外锥面锥度的大小对开启力影响较大,而在泄漏出口处即低压侧,内锥面锥度的大小对泄漏率影响较大;内锥面宽度比取0.05左右时能获得较大的刚漏比.     

煤仓内煤散料流动状态与力学行为影响因素

针对煤仓内煤散料流动问题及其力学行为,采用三维颗粒流模拟程序PFC3D建立了某型号煤仓与某种煤散料的离散元模型,简述了其力学模型与求解步骤,模拟分析了煤仓内煤散料卸料流动状态。通过分析水平向侧压力、颗粒速度场和接触力场,重点讨论了煤仓下部锥体内壁面摩擦系数、锥仓倾角和卸料口径等对煤散料颗粒流动状态和力学行为的影响。结果显示,深仓卸料流动为整体流动与中心流动混合状态,煤仓内壁摩擦系数、锥体倾角和卸料孔开口半径均对煤散料流动和水平侧压力有较大影响。     

Design,Simulation, and Testing of a Novel Bending Stage for Mechanical Characterization of Materials

A novel bending stage is proposed to study the mechanical behavior of materials at small scale. The working principle of the stage is presented along with an experimental evidence using 3D printed prototype. The stage and the specimen are designed to be co-fabricated to avoid the specimen handling and misalignment problems. Analytical and numerical models of the stage are developed to predict the deflection and stresses in the specimen beam upon loading. Good agreement is found between the predictions from the two models. A stage and a sample are 3D printed with a plastic material (PA 2200) to test the feasibility of the proposed design. Bending test is carried out on the sample using the 3D printed stage. Elastic modulus of PA2200 is obtained from the load-deflection data. For comparison, uniaxial tension test was also performed on a PA2200 sample. The modulus of elasticity obtained by the two methods match with each other.     

Microstructure and Tensile Mechanical Properties of Anisotropic Rigid Polyurethane Foam

An understanding of the mechanical properties of solid foams facilitates effective use of such materials, which are often deployed in load-bearing applications such as impact absorbers, cushioning and sandwich structures. This study is an experimental investigation that focuses on the deformation response of rigid polyurethane foam to tension. Microstructural features such as the size and geometry of constituent cells and the struts that define the cell edges, as well as their stiffness and tensile strength, are examined. The nature of cell deformation and fracture are identified through microscopy and the associated micromechanics analyzed. Results show that the cells are elongated and thus the foam exhibits anisotropic properties. Flexure of the struts that define the cell edges is the primary mechanism governing deformation and failure. Information on the mechanical, microstructural and deformation characteristics elicited through this investigation will facilitate formulation of idealized cell-based models to account for the mechanical response of rigid polymeric foams.     

Temperature dependent bulge test for elastomers

The bulge test is a particularly convenient testing method for characterizing elastomers under biaxial loading. In addition, it is convenient to utilize this test for validating material models in simulation due to the heterogeneous strain field induced during inflation. During the bulge test the strain field for elastomers covers uniaxial tension at the border to pure shear and equibiaxial tension at the pole. Elastomeric materials exhibit a hyperelastic material behavior, with a dependency on temperature and loading rate. The temperature effect on the mechanical behavior during biaxial loading is considered in the present study. A bulge test setup combined with a temperature chamber is developed in order to characterize this effect, and an exemplary temperature dependent characterization of a poly(norbornene) elastomer is performed with this setup. The equibiaxial stress–strain curves measured at 60 °C, 20 °C and −20 °C are presented.     

基于仿真和数据驱动的先进结构材料设计

先进结构材料近年来受到材料和结构设计领域的广泛关注,这些材料一般通过多个尺度的结构设计实现各种卓越的性能.在早期的材料设计中,有的基于设计者的丰富经验,从天然拓扑结构中抽象出合理的数学力学模型;有的基于生物系统的结构和功能特点提取出仿生力学模型.然而,仅依靠经验性的巧妙设计很难得到最优的设计方案,通过反复迭代设计和试验...     

Analyzing the Laws of Stable Subcritical Growth of Cracks in Polymeric Materials on the Basis of Fracture Mesomechanics Models. Theory and Experiment

The laws of stable crack growth are analyzed using fracture mesomechanics models for polymeric materials under long-term subcritical tension. A review is given of experimental and theoretical studies of crack-tip process zones. The studies were conducted using physical and mechanical methods and fracture mesomechanics models, allowing for the structural and rheological features of process zones. Theoretical and experimental results on the behavior of process zones are generalized and the theory of stable crack growth in viscoelastic polymers, which assumes the autonomy of the process zone during crack development, is justified     

Mechanical modelling of ductile fracture

Mechanical models of material failure by void growth to coalescence are described to give a brief overview of methods applied in the analysis of ductile fracture. Approximate constitutive relations for porous ductile materials are discussed, modelling both the nucleation and growth of voids. The application of the material models is illustrated by numerical analyses for a tensile test specimen and for dynamic, ductile crack growth. Unstable void growth is a relevant mechanism in ductile materials subject to a high level of triaxial tension. The analysis of such cavitation instabilities in elastic-perfectly plastic materials is discussed for axisymmetric stress states, and the relevance to metal/ceramic components is emphasized.General Lecture presented at the 10th Italian National Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; AIMETA, Pisa, October 1990.