Imaging high-frequency periodic motion in the mouse ear with coherently interleaved optical coherence tomography

Vibratory measurements of the structures of the ear are key to understanding much of the pathology in mouse models of hearing loss. Unfortunately the high-speed sampling required to interrogate the high end of the mouse hearing spectrum is beyond the reach of most optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems. To address this issue, we have developed an algorithm that enables phase-sensitive OCT measurements over the full range of the mouse hearing spectrum (4-90 kHz). The algorithm phase-locks the line-trigger to the acoustic stimulation and then uses interleaved sampling to reconstruct the signal with higher temporal sampling. The algorithm was evaluated by measuring the vibratory response of mouse tympanic membrane to a pure tone stimulus.     

一种面向信息带宽的频谱感知方法研究

本文利用频带宽度先验信息,提出一种面向信息带宽的自适应调制宽带转换器结构.该结构的总采样率为信号信息带宽的四倍,远小于信号的奈奎斯特采样频率,从而更有效利用采样资源,降低采样数据量,提高处理实时性.通过对该结构中随机波形函数周期的选择,可以实现对系统采样率和系统物理实现复杂度的权衡取舍,从而适应不同场合中的应用.本文通过理论分析给出了该结构实现信号精确重构的充分条件.引入多重信号分类算法,分析了该结构适用此算法的充分条件.本文通过仿真实验对上述分析进行了有效性验证.该系统可以应用于隐形装备的吸波材料的前端特性分析、认知无线电的频谱感知.     

基于Shepard插值技术的电磁环境地图构建

随着信息产业和相关无线电通信业务的不断发展,频谱管理问题将更具挑战性。合适的频谱管理方法使得发射机有效地重复利用频率,用户设备(UE)可以选择最佳的基站。电磁环境地图(REM)概念作为解决频谱稀缺性和提高频谱利用率的工具,使不同的用户有效地共享频谱资源。电磁环境地图正在成为越来越普及的干扰管理和资源分配方法。构建电磁环境地图并不需要昂贵和耗时的调查或复杂的校准过程。给出了Shepard插值技术,并在某些方面对其进行改进,从而构建精确的电磁环境地图。此外,通过均方根误差(RMSE)作为性能度量,对测量值的数量和分布的影响进行分析比较。仿真结果表明,通过迭代聚类采样和优化的Shepard插值技术,并增加测量次数,从均方根误差的性能指标角度出发,能获得最精确的电磁环境地图。     

Randomization improves sparse sampling in multidimensional NMR

While a number of strategies have been developed to reduce data collection requirements for multidimensional NMR based on non-Fourier methods of spectrum analysis, there is an increasing awareness that the principal differences in the performance of these methods is attributable to the sampling strategies employed, and not the method of spectrum analysis per se. The ability of maximum entropy reconstruction to utilize essentially arbitrary sampling schemes makes it a useful platform for comparative analysis of sampling strategies. Here we use maximum entropy reconstruction to demonstrate that artifacts characteristic of sparse sampling result from regularity in the sampling pattern, and that they can be substantially reduced by introducing a degree of randomness to an otherwise regular sampling scheme, without requiring additional sampling.     

Spectroscopy of pico-second light pulses with a television camera system

A television camera system using a high-sensitivity image orthicon is constructed for spectroscopic measurements in the pico-second region. It is possible to fix the spectrum of a relatively weak pico-second light pulse as a static spectrum on the screen of an oscilloscope. Time-resolved luminescence spectra from a heavily-excited GaAs crystal in the pico-second region are demonstrated as examples of measurements using this system.     

光谱分析采样数据重建原始信号

用光谱分析方法分析信号的采样与恢复。用三个改进的升余弦脉冲构造对称的限带频谱F(ω),经理论推导获得时域信号f(t)。采用梳状函数δ_T(t)对f(t)采样,调节T值,获得Shannon采样。应用快速傅里叶变换,计算采样的频谱F_d(ω),比较计算频谱F_d(ω)与限带频谱F(ω)的差别,讨论由采样频谱F_d(ω)重建f(t)的方法。结果发现：计算频谱F_d(ω)与限带频谱F(ω)非常相似,由采样数据可以在时域直接重建原始信号,而由频谱数据经快速逆傅里叶变换,同样能准确重建原始信号。因此,信号存储,既可以存储其采样信号,也可以存储采样信号的数字频谱。     

Optical sampling techniques

The optical sampling technique is a novel method to perform time-resolved measurements of optical data signals at high bit rates with a bandwidth that cannot be reached by conventional photodetectors and oscilloscopes. The chapter reviews the techniques that are used in optical sampling systems to perform the ultrafast sampling of the signal under investigation. In addition to the various nonlinear materials and effects used for the optical sampling gates and pulse sources, the realized optical sampling systems also differ in the way, in which the system is synchronized to the data signal. Systems have been reported using synchronous, random and software synchronized configurations. Applications of optical sampling systems include high bit rate waveform and eye diagram measurements, measurements of constellation diagrams of phase modulated data signals, time-resolved measurements of the state-of-polarization as well as investigations of fiber transmission impairments.     

Broadband (1000 cm−1) multiplex CARS spectroscopy: Application to polarization sensitive and time-resolved measurements

A multiplex CARS spectrometer based on a cw diode-pumpedQ-switched Nd: YLF laser, a broadband dye-laser and a multichannel spectrum detection system has been constructed. Excellent mode characteristics of the laser beams and high pulse repetition rate (2 kHz) have resulted in good signal-to-noise ratio achieved with a few seconds accumulation time. A 1000 cm^–1 wide spectral range is covered in a single CARS spectrum with an expanded bandwidth of the dye laser. A thin-jet sampling method is used in order to avoid the phase-matching limitation. The efficient spectral intensity normalization by the reference (CCl₄) nonresonant spectrum and subsequent computer fitting have been implemented. The performance of the system is demonstrated by two different experiments. First, the polarization sensitive measurements (PS-CARS) of cyclohexane show its potential for accurate Raman depolarization ratio determination and for detection of weak (overlapped) Raman bands. Second, the transient resonance CARS measurement of the lowest excited triplet state of all-trans retinal indicate its feasibility to time-resolved CARS spectroscopy of fluorescent excited states.     

An improved high-resolution solar reference spectrum for earth's atmosphere measurements in the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared

We have developed an improved solar reference spectrum for use in the analysis of atmospheric spectra from vacuum wavelengths of 200.07 through 1000.99 nm. The spectrum is developed by combining high spectral resolution ground-based and balloon-based solar measurements with lower spectral resolution but higher accuracy irradiance information. The new reference spectrum replaces our previous reference spectrum, and its derivatives, for use in a number of physical applications for analysis of atmospheric spectra, including: wavelength calibration; determination of instrument transfer (slit) functions; Ring effect (Raman scattering) correction; and correction for spectral undersampling of atmospheric spectra, particularly those that are dilute in absorbers. The applicability includes measurements from the GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, and OMPS satellite instruments as well as aircraft-, balloon-, and ground-based measurements.     

Temporally and spectrally resolved sampling imaging with a specially designed streak camera

We present a novel sampling imaging technique capable of performing simultaneous two-dimensional measurements of the temporal and spectral characteristics of light-emission processes by use of a specially designed streak camera. A proof-of-principle experiment was performed with a homemade multifocal multiphoton fluorescence microscope. The system was calibrated with a Fabry-Perot etalon and a standard fluorophore solution (rhodamine 6G in ethanol) and was shown to have temporal and spectral resolution of 6.5 ps and 3 nm, respectively, as well as high accuracy and reproducibility in lifetime and spectrum measurement. Temporally and spectrally resolved images of 4 x 4 foci on the sample can be obtained with a snapshot.     

基于FICP算法提高对低频噪声时延的估计精度

针对非平稳随机噪声（直升机飞行声音，导弹喷流噪声）信号，研究了提高时延估计计算精度的方法，通过计算信号的细化频谱，并避免了标准FFT计算带来的栅栏效应，从而使得对于超短取样信号的频谱计算精度与信号长度无关，采用快速计算方法FICP由N点互谱计算2N点相关波形，提高了相关波形的分辨率，使得时延估计精度得以提高。对实测直升机飞行噪声和导弹噪声计算了不同取样长度和不同采样率下的时延估计，得出了谱分辨率越高，时延估计精度越高的结论。     

252Cf源驱动功率谱密度法测量系统

介绍了252Cf源驱动功率谱密度法测量原理,采用硬件和软件相结合的方式构建实现了一种实际的测量系统和研究平台,以服务于反应堆核参数测量。描述了基于3通道、1 GHz采样率和1 ns同步精度的超高速数据采集卡的中子脉冲序列检测方法,并设计了PC机端的数据处理流程和功率谱密度分析算法。实际测量结果表明,该252Cf源驱动功率谱密度法测量系统能准确高效地得到核随机过程的相关函数和功率谱密度等重要标签参数。     

Multifractal dimension of Lagrangian turbulence

We report experimental measurements of the Lagrangian multifractal dimension spectrum in an intensely turbulent laboratory water flow by the optical tracking of tracer particles. The Legendre transform of the measured spectrum is compared with measurements of the scaling exponents of the Lagrangian velocity structure functions, and excellent agreement between the two measurements is found, in support of the multifractal picture of turbulence. These measurements are compared with three model dimension spectra. When the nonexistence of structure functions of order less than -1 is accounted for, the models are shown to agree well with the measured spectrum.     

宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术应用于大气NO3自由基的测量

NO3自由基是夜间大气化学中最重要的氧化剂,控制着多种痕量气体成分的氧化及去除,了解NO3自由基的化学过程对研究灰霾等大气污染过程意义重大.NO3自由基浓度低、活性强,实现大气NO3自由基的高灵敏度准确测量相对困难.本文介绍了大气NO3自由基的宽带腔增强吸收光谱定量方法,采用红光LED作为宽带腔增强吸收光谱系统光源,设计低损耗且适合国内高颗粒物环境的采样气路,并通过LED光源测试确定最佳工作电流和温度;通过采用白天的大气谱作为背景光谱参与NO3自由基的光谱拟合过程,减少水汽对NO3自由基光谱反演的干扰;通过对镜片反射率和有效腔长进行标定,对系统性能进行Allan方差分析,该宽带腔增强吸收光谱系统在光谱采集时间为10 s的情况下,NO3自由基极限探测灵敏度为0.75 pptv,总测量误差约为16%.在合肥开展了实际大气NO3自由基观测,观测期间NO3自由基的浓度范围从低于探测限到23.4 pptv,NO3自由基浓度呈现夜间高、白天低的特征,符合NO3变化规律,表明该宽带腔增强吸收光谱系统能够用于实际大气NO3自由基的高灵敏度测量.     

CCD抽样对傅里叶变换轮廓术的影响

从傅里叶变换轮廓术(FTP)原理入手,分析了傅里叶变换过程中频谱的产生,给出了CCD像元信号强度及其经抽样后的变形条纹的表达式,得出了变形条纹的傅里叶频谱式,其频谱是原连续函数的频谱在频域内的无限重复,即"频谱岛"。频谱中除了基频外,还产生了二级、三级等的高级频谱。给出了抽样条件及满足抽样条件的方法:当抽样频率与光栅基频的比值m>4时可以恢复物体的面形,反之不能;减小抽样间隔可以使m>4。给出了实验结果:当m=2.0883时,物体面形没有恢复;当m=16.6667时,物体面形得到了恢复。实验结果证明了理论分析的正确性。     

一种新的准确提取离散采样点光谱值的方法

在建立遥感信息反演模型中,是利用离散的采样点实测数据与相应的影像对应像元的光谱值建立关系,从而实现目标信息反演。准确提取光谱值是建立模型的关键,提取光谱值通常采用的方法是把目标点图层转化为感兴趣区ROI,然后保存ROI为ASCII。用ENVI软件依据原始坐标提取采样点光谱值,分析提取的坐标和光谱值发现,提取出的部分采样点的坐标和原始坐标不一致,即光谱值非本像元,以致基于此而建立的反演模型不能真实反映目标属性与光谱值的关系,即模型无意义。我们把像元均分为4个区域,总结规律发现只有采样点落在像元左上角区域时,提取的光谱值为本像元光谱值。在上述方法的基础上,深入研究其提取目标点坐标和光谱值的原理,并总结规律。介绍了实现提取采样点在遥感影像上对应像元光谱值的一种新方法,该方法首先是提取采样点所在像元的4个顶点坐标之一,通过对比原始坐标和提取坐标的经纬度差值判断采样点在像元中分布所属区域,采用对称原则进行调整采样点在像元中分布位置,最终使全部采样点均分布在所属像元的左上角区域,最后再次进行光谱值提取,经验证提取的光谱值准确无误。通过OLI,TM和ETM+影像验证,结果表明该方法能够有效准确提取离散点光谱值,同时原理清晰,操作简单可行,适用性较强,为遥感影像提取离散点光谱值提供了新思路。     

基于离散衍射光的全息光栅的带宽压缩

提出一种基于离散衍射光的全息光栅的带宽压缩算法。人眼的视觉分辨率是有限的 ,即空间频率变化在Δfpupil以内时 (两根光线的夹角小于 0 .3°) ,不会察觉光线的跳变。首先对衍射光的频谱进行采样 ,使全息光栅衍射的是空间频率不连续的离散光 ,即在光栅的编码中只包含离散光频谱 ,且满足人眼视觉要求。这样 ,光栅的条纹函数为周期性函数 ,因此 ,在条纹编码中我们只需记录一个周期的函数值 (样本数 ) ,光栅的条纹函数的样本数可得到有效的压缩。然后在解码中通过简单的复制可恢复光栅条纹函数的全部样本值。采用这种方法 ,大大压缩了数据量 ,提高了传输速率 ,达到了动态显示的要求     

Millimeter-wave Hilbert-transform spectrum analyzer based on Josephson junction

Conclusions A prototype of the Hilbert-transform spectrum analyzer based on the Josephson junctions is described and first spectral measurements are demonstrated in millimeter-wave band. The measurements in the whole millimeter-wave band may be carried out by this spectrum analyzer with resolution as low as 2 GHz and during a time interval as low as a few milliseconds. According to this set of parameters, this Josephson-effect spectrum analyzer may be used for microwave diagnostics of the thermonuclear plasma.     

近场衍射图样的抽样定理处理方法

提出近场衍射图样的抽样定理处理方法,在近场衍射中,孔径和衍射场分布为或近似为空间有界物,在其频域中可以比较精确地恢复衍射的分布。衍射场频谱带宽的近似值由频谱的幅值大于中心频谱极大幅值的１％的频率范围所确定。     

The calculation research of classical diffraction formulas in convolution form

Based on the angular spectrum diffraction theory and the sampling theorem, the sampling conditions for calculation the Kirchhoff formula, the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld formula, the angular spectrum diffraction formula and the Fresnel diffraction formula in convolution form were studied. The results indicate that the diffraction calculation result is correct if the angular spectrum corresponding to the main energy of diffraction field can be fully transmitted by means of transfer functions when the samplings of initial wave fields satisfy the sampling condition. Compared with previous work, the sampling condition in this paper is less restricted. The diffraction calculation results are in agreement with experimental results.