共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
P. J. van Ekeren C. M. Holl A. J. Witteveen 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》1997,49(2):1105-1114
The Dutch Society for Thermal Analysis has developed tests to measure the resolution and the sensitivity of Differential Scanning Calorimeters. For this test the substance 4,4-azoxyanisole is used. This substance shows two transitions: a solid to liquid crystal transition at about 117°C (H120 J g–1) and a liquid crystal to isotropic liquid transition at about 134°C (H2 J g–1). The resolution test is performed using an amount of 5 mg substance and a high heating rate of 20°C min–1. The resolution is evaluated by measuring how well the two peaks are separated. An amount of 0.25 mg substance and a low heating rate of 0.1 °C min–1 is used for the sensitivity test. The sensitivity is evaluated as the ratio of the peak height of the LC-transition and the top-top noise level.Members of the TAWN were asked to participate in the test. Each participant was provided with an amount of sample and a test procedure. 47 Contributions were received and these results are presented.All members of the TAWN who participated in the tests are thanked for their contributions. 相似文献
2.
Pinheiro G. F. M. Lourenço V. L. Iha K. 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2002,67(2):445-452
This work refers to a study of the thermal decomposition of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7 tetrazocine (HMX) by differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) in non-isothermal conditions, with heating rates from1 to 25°C min−1. The influence of the heating rate, the particle and the sample size were verified. The activation energy was calculated
using the peak temperature shift method, proposed by Ozawa and a significant variation in the results was observed according
to the range of the used heating rates. As the heating rate was increased, different conversions and self-heating effects
were observed at the respective DSC peaks, indicating that the use of this method was inadequate and it may lead to incorrect
results, which, in turn, could explain the wide range of activation energy values published in literature. At lower heating
rates HMX decomposition occurs on the solid state and at higher ones decomposition occurs after melting practically at the
same temperature, which does not depend on the heating rate.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Canotilho J. Costa F. S. Sousa A. T. Redinha J. S. Leitão M. L. P. 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》1998,54(1):139-149
Several samples of terfenadine prepared by crystallization from different solvents under different experimental conditions
were studied. The DSC curves obtained at a heating rate of 1°C min−1 afforded the temperature of melting and the mole fractions of the components of each sample. Certain of the samples were
composed of two solid phases mixed in molar ratios varying between nearly one and a single structural form. Three polymorphic
forms were identified.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
X. -M. He L. Wang W. -H. Pu J. -G. Ren W. Wu C. -Y. Jiang C. -R. Wan 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2008,94(1):151-155
Thermal analysis of sulfurization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with elemental sulfur was investigated by thermogravimetry and
differential thermal analysis of the mixture of polyacrylonitrile and elemental sulfur up to 600°C. Due to the volatilization
of sulfur, the different heating rate (10 and 20 K min−1) and different mixture proportion of polyacrylonitrile and elemental sulfur were adopted to run the analysis. The different
heating rates make the DSC curves of sulfur different, but make the DSC curves of PAN similar. In the DSC curve of sulfur
for the heating rate of 20 K min−1 around 400°C, a small exothermic peak occurs at 400°C in the wide endothermic peak around 380∼420°C, indicative of that there
is an exothermic reaction around 400°C. In the DSC curves of the mixture, the peaks around 320°C are exothermic as the content
of sulfur is below 3.5:1 and endothermic as the content of sulfur is over 4:1, indicating that one of the reactions between
PAN and sulfur takes place around 320°C. In the TG curves of the mixture, the mass losses begin at 220°C, and sharply drop
down from 280°C. The curves for the low sulfur content obviously show two steps of mass loss, and curves for the high sulfur
content show only one step of mass loss, indicative of more sulfur is benefit for the complete sulfurization of PAN. This
study demonstrates that the TG/DSC analysis can give the parameter for the sulfurization, even if the starting mixture contains
the volatile sulfur. 相似文献
5.
Curing kinetics of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) in the presence of maleic anhydride (MA)/or nadic anhydride (NA)
or mixture of MA/NA: 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) in varying molar ratios were investigated using differential scanning
calorimetry. Curing behaviour of DGEBA in the presence of varying amounts of DDS:MA/NA was evaluated by recording DSC scans
at heating rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20°C min−1. The peak exotherm temperature depends on the heating rate, structure of the anhydride as well as on the ratio of anhydride:
DDS. Thermal stability of the isothermally cured resins was evaluated by thermogravimetry. The char yield was highest in case
of resins cured using mixture of DDS:MA (0.75:0.25; sample EM-1) and DDS:NA (0.75:0.25, sample EN-1). 相似文献
6.
Nucleating Effect and Dynamic Crystallization of a Poly(propylene)/Attapulgite System 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Medeiros E. S. Tocchetto R. S. Carvalho L. H. Conceição M. M. Souza A. G. 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2002,67(2):279-285
In this work, the influence of attapulgite concentration on the nucleating efficiency of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and
on the kinetics of non-isothermal crystallization were ascertained.The study was conducted by DSC. The nucleating efficiency
was determined according to the procedure described by Fillon and the kinetics of non-isothermal crystallization was determined
using Ozawa's method using cooling rates of 2, 5 and 10°C min−1.Our results indicate that both the relative crystallinity and the crystallization temperature increase with filler content
and that a maximum occurs at 2% mass/mass filler content. Both parameters decrease with increasing cooling rates. The Ozawa's
exponent tended to increase with temperature and filler content.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
Non-isothermal kinetic analysis and feasibilty study of medium grade crude oil field 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. V. Kök 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2008,91(3):745-748
In this research, non-isothermal kinetics and feasibility study of medium grade crude oil is studied in the presence of a
limestone matrix. Experiments were performed at a heating rate of 10°C min−1, whereas the air flow rate was kept constant at 50 mL min−1 in the temperature range of 20 to 600°C (DSC) and 20 to 900°C (TG). In combustion with air, three distinct reaction regions
were identified in all crude oil/limestone mixtures, known as low temperature oxidation (LTO), fuel deposition (FD) and high
temperature oxidation (HTO). The activation energy values were in the order of 5–9 kJ mol−1 in LTO region and 189–229 kJ mol−1 in HTO region. It was concluded that the medium grade crude oil field was not feasible for a self-sustained combustion process. 相似文献
8.
Fabiana S. Felix L. C. Cides da Silva L. Angnes J. R. Matos 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2009,95(3):877-880
The thermal decomposition of salbutamol (β2 — selective adrenoreceptor) was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry
(TG/DTG). It was observed that the commercial sample showed a different thermal profile than the standard sample caused by
the presence of excipients. These compounds increase the thermal stability of the drug. Moreover, higher activation energy
was calculated for the pharmaceutical sample, which was estimated by isothermal and non-isothermal methods for the first stage
of the thermal decomposition process. For isothermal experiments the average values were E
act=130 kJ mol−1 (for standard sample) and E
act=252 kJ mol−1 (for pharmaceutical sample) in a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere (50 mL min−1). For non-isothermal method, activation energy was obtained from the plot of log heating rates vs. 1/T in dynamic air atmosphere (50 mL min−1). The calculated values were E
act=134 kJ mol−1 (for standard sample) and E
act=139 kJ mol−1 (for pharmaceutical sample). 相似文献
9.
The method of temperature modulated DSC has been applied to obtain additional information about the effect of constraints
on the melting behaviour of gel-spun ultra high molecular mass polyethylene (UHMW-PE) fibers coated with a high temperature
stable poly(p-xylylene) (PPX) polymer. The underlying signal, corresponding to the normal DSC signal, reveals two endothermic
peaks for the coated PE fibers. A shift in the underlying and magnitude signal from 142 to 145°C at 0.1 K min–1 , a relative small magnitude signal, together with a vanishing step-like change in the phase signal with increasing PPX coating
layer thickness characterize the constraints in terms of a hindrance of the melting of the unconstrained orthorhombic crystal
fraction. The time constant of the melting process can be estimated as larger than the reciprocal angular frequency 1/ω=5
s of the modulation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Nyambeni Luruli Thijs Pijpers Robert Brüll Valérie Grumel Harald Pasch Vincent Mathot 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2007,45(21):2956-2965
The short chain branching distribution (SCBD) and thermal properties of ethylene/1‐pentene copolymers were studied using SEC‐FTIR and SEC‐HPer DSC. The copolymers, synthesized with Cp2ZrCl2/MAO, were fractionated using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The infrared analysis of the fractions showed that the copolymers had—on average—higher 1‐pentene concentration in the low molecular weight range. Furthermore, the thermal properties of the SEC deposits of these copolymers on a Germanium disc were studied using high performance differential scanning calorimetry (HPer DSC). Single SEC separations were used to accumulate fractions in the microgram range that were directly analyzed with regard to their thermal properties, thus allowing us to study SCBD as well as thermal behavior simultaneously. When these fractions (with masses ranging from 10–80 μg) were analyzed using HPer DSC, good melting and crystallization temperature distributions were obtained, proving that HPer DSC can be used as a complementary method to SEC‐FTIR. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2956–2965, 2007 相似文献
11.
Curing kinetics of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) in the presence of varying molar ratios of aromatic imide-amines
and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) were investigated by the dynamic differential scanning calorimetry. The imide-amines
were prepared by reacting 1 mole of benzophenone 3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (B) with 2.5 moles of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl
ether (E)/ or 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (M)/ or 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (S) and designated as BE/ or BM/ or BS. The
mixture of imide-amines and DDS at ratio of 0:1, 0.25:0.75, 0.5:0.5, 0.75:0.25 and 1:0 were used to investigate the curing
behaviour of DGEBA.
The multiple heating rate method (5, 10, 15 and 20°C min−1) was used to study the curing kinetics of epoxy resins. The peak exotherm temperature was found to be dependent on the heating
rate, structure of imide-amines as well as on the ratio of imide-amine: DDS used. A broad exotherm was observed in the temperature
range of 180–230°C on curing with mixture of imide-amines and DDS. Curing of DGEBA with mixture of imide-amines and/or DDS
resulted in a decrease in characteristic curing temperatures. Activation energy of curing reaction as determined in accordance
to the Ozawa’s method was found to be dependent on the structure of amine. The thermal stability of the isothermally cured
resins was also evaluated using dynamic thermogravimetry in a nitrogen atmosphere. The char yield was highest in case of resins
cured using mixture of DDS: BS (0.25:0.75; EBS-3), DDS: BM (0.5: 0.5; EBM-2) and DDS: BE (0.5: 0.5; EBE-2). 相似文献
12.
A number of compounds are investigated for DSC calibration during cooling. Adamantane and Zn show fast reversible transitions
and can be applied both for temperature and for heat calibration. A third compound, namely 4,4′-azoxyanisole, has a liquid
crystal to isotropic liquid transition at 409 K. This compound can be used for temperature calibration. Heat calibration with
this compound is more problematic because of the small heat effect and the construction of the baseline. Two other compounds,
namely Hg and Pb, show a slight undercooling. Nevertheless they can be used for heat calibration, and possibly also for temperature
calibration during cooling.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Eloi Feitosa Fernanda Rosa Alves Elisabete M. S. Castanheira M. Elisabete C. D. Real Oliveira 《Colloid and polymer science》2009,287(5):591-599
In the millimolar concentration domain (typically 1 mM), dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide and chloride (DODAX, X representing
Br− or Cl− counterions) molecules assemble in water as large unilamellar vesicles. Differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a suitable
technique to obtain the melting temperature (T
m) characteristic of surfactant bilayers, while fluorescence spectroscopy detects formation of surfactant aggregates, like
bilayers. These two techniques were combined to investigate the assembly of DODAX molecules at micromolar concentrations,
from 10 to 100 μM. At 1 mM surfactant, T
m ≈ 45 °C and 49 °C, respectively, for DODAB and DODAC. DSC and fluorescence of Nile Red were used to show the formation of
DODAX aggregates, at the surfactant concentration as low as 10 μM, whose T
m decreases monotonically with increasing DODAX concentration to attain the value for the ordinary vesicles. The data indicate
that these aggregates are organized as bilayer-like structures. 相似文献
14.
W. Qiu M. Pyda E. Nowak-Pyda A. Habenschuss K. B. Wagener B. Wunderlich 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2006,44(24):3461-3474
The heat capacity of a linear polyethylene with dimethyl branches, at every 21st backbone atom was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and quasi-isothermal temperature-modulated DSC. This novel copolyethylene (PE2M) is relatively difficult to crystallize from the melt. On subsequent heating, a first, sharp melting peak is followed by a sharp cold-crystallization and crystal perfection and a smaller endotherm, before reaching the main melting at 315–320 K, close to the melting temperatures of eicosane and tetracontane. The low-temperature melting is sensitive to the cooling rate and disappears below 1.0 K min−1. The cold crystallization can be avoided by heating with rates faster than 80 K min−1. The PE2M exhibits some reversing and reversible melting, which is typical for chain-folded polymers. The glass transition of semicrystalline PE2M is broadened and reaches its upper limit at about 260 K (midpoint at about 0.355 K). Above this temperature, the crystals seem to have a heat capacity similar to that of the liquid. A hypothesis is that the melting transition can be explained by changes in crystal perfection without major alteration of the crystal structure and the lamellar morphology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3461–3474, 2006 相似文献
15.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has many applications during preformulation screening of new drug candidates, but
definitive assignment of peaks to specific events in the sample is difficult without supplementary data from other techniques.
To some extent these problems can be overcome by running multiple experiments at different heating rates. Typically 2 and
20 °C min−1 are indicated. However, modern instruments are capable of achieving much faster heating rates (up to 750 °C commercially);
with this extended range comes a new capacity for investigating the physical form of materials. Here, the use of fast DSC
heating rates for materials characterisation is explored, focussing on determination of melting temperatures, glass formation
and polymorph screening. 相似文献
16.
Vikram Singh Lalit Kumar Vinay Kumar A. K. Narula Gagan Deep 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2011,104(3):1185-1189
Curing behaviour of DGEBA was investigated in the presence of varying molar ratio of biuret and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone
(DDS) by means of Differential scanning calorimetery. The multiple heating rate method (5, 10, 15 and 20 °C min−1) was used to study the curing behaviour of epoxy resins. The peak exotherm temperature was found to be dependent on the heating
rates, structure of biuret as well as on the ratios of biuret:DDS used. Ozawa method was used for calculating the activation
energy of curing reaction. The thermal stability of the isothermally cured resins was evaluated by recording the thermogravimetric
traces in nitrogen atmosphere. All the samples were stable up to 330 °C. 相似文献
17.
We studied thermal transitions and physical stability
of oil-in-water emulsions containing different milk fat compositions, arising
from anhydrous milk fat alone (AMF) or in mixture (2:1 mass ratio) with a
high melting temperature (AMF–HMT) or a low melting temperature (AMF–LMT)
fraction. Changes in thermal transitions in bulk fat and emulsion samples
were monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under controlled
cooling and reheating cycles performed between 50 and –45°C (5°C
min–1). Comparison between bulk fat samples
and emulsions indicated similar values of melting completion temperature,
whereas initial temperature of fat crystallization (Tonset)
seemed to be differently affected by storage temperature depending on triacylglycerols
(TAG) composition. After storage at 4°C, Tonset
values were very similar for emulsified and non-emulsified AMF–HMT blend,
whereas they were lower (by approx. 6°C) for emulsions containing AMF
or mixture of AMF–LMT fraction. After storage at –30°C, Tonset values of re-crystallization
were higher in emulsion samples than in bulk fat blends, whatever the TAG
fat composition. Light scattering measurements and fluorescence microscopic
observations indicated differences in fat droplet aggregation-coalescence
under freeze-thaw procedure, depending on emulsion fat composition. It appeared
that under quiescent freezing, emulsion containing AMF–LMT fraction
was much less resistant to fat droplet aggregation-coalescence than emulsions
containing AMF or AMF–HMT fraction. Our results indicated the role of
fat droplet liquid-solid content on emulsion stability. 相似文献
18.
Heating rate effect on the DSC kinetics of oil shales 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. V. Kök 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2007,90(3):817-821
This research was aimed to investigate the combustion and kinetics of oil shale samples (Mengen and Himmetoğlu) by differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC). Experiments were performed in air atmosphere up to 600°C at five different heating rates. The
DSC curves clearly demonstrate distinct reaction regions in the oil shale samples studied. Reaction intervals, peak and burn-out
temperatures of the oil shale samples are also determined. Arrhenius kinetic method was used to analyze the DSC data and it
was observed that the activation energies of the samples are varied in the range of 22.4–127.3 kJ mol−1 depending on the oil shale type and heating rate. 相似文献
19.
C. Schick 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2009,395(6):1589-1611
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is an effective analytical tool to characterize the physical properties of a polymer.
DSC enables determination of melting, crystallization, and mesomorphic transition temperatures, and the corresponding enthalpy
and entropy changes, and characterization of glass transition and other effects that show either changes in heat capacity
or a latent heat. Calorimetry takes a special place among other methods. In addition to its simplicity and universality, the
energy characteristics (heat capacity C
P and its integral over temperature T—enthalpy H), measured via calorimetry, have a clear physical meaning even though sometimes interpretation may be difficult. With introduction
of differential scanning calorimeters (DSC) in the early 1960s calorimetry became a standard tool in polymer science. The
advantage of DSC compared with other calorimetric techniques lies in the broad dynamic range regarding heating and cooling
rates, including isothermal and temperature-modulated operation. Today 12 orders of magnitude in scanning rate can be covered
by combining different types of DSCs. Rates as low as 1 μK s−1 are possible and at the other extreme heating and cooling at 1 MK s−1 and higher is possible. The broad dynamic range is especially of interest for semicrystalline polymers because they are commonly
far from equilibrium and phase transitions are strongly time (rate) dependent. Nevertheless, there are still several unsolved
problems regarding calorimetry of polymers. I try to address a few of these, for example determination of baseline heat capacity,
which is related to the problem of crystallinity determination by DSC, or the occurrence of multiple melting peaks. Possible
solutions by using advanced calorimetric techniques, for example fast scanning and high frequency AC (temperature-modulated)
calorimetry are discussed. 相似文献
20.
The thermal decomposition of theophylline, theobromine, caffeine, diprophylline and aminophylline were evaluated by calorimetrical,
thermoanalytical and computational methods. Calorimetrical studies have been performed with aid of a heat flux Mettler Toledo
DSC system. 10 mg samples were encapsulated in a 40 μL flat-bottomed aluminium pans. Measurements in the temperature range
form 20 to 400°C were carried out at a heating rate of 10 and 20°C min−1 under an air stream. It has been established that the values of melting points, heat of transitions and enthalpy for methylxanthines
under study varied with the increasing of heating rate.
Thermoanalytical studies have been followed by using of a derivatograph. 50, 100 and 200 mg samples of the studied compounds
were heated in a static air atmosphere at a heating rate of 3, 5, 10 and 15°C min−1 up to the final temperature of 800°C. By DTA, TG and DTG methods the influence of heating rate and sample size on thermal
destruction of the studied methylxanthines has been determined. For chemometric evaluation of thermoanalytical results the
principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. This method revealed that first of all the heating rate influences on the
results of thermal decomposition. The most advantageous results can be obtained taking into account sample masses and heating
rates located in the central part of the two-dimensional PCA graph. As a result, similar data could be obtained for 100 mg
samples heated at 10°C·min−1 and for 200 mg samples heated at 5°C min−1. 相似文献