为何悲伤?--读舞鹤的《悲伤》

舞鹤的<悲伤>极其难读,这个难读首先倒不在于作品所要诉诸于读者的种种意义与象征,而在于它的文字本身就很难读.如果你对闽南语一无所知,要完全读懂这样的文本确实是难乎其难的一件事.作为一个生长于大陆、并且在掌握现代汉语之前是道地的以闽南语为母语的读者,我要说我深深地被舞鹤的<悲伤>所打动,舞鹤的悲伤也成了我的悲伤,这个"熟悉的陌生人"式的文本既强化了我原本就有的对现代文明的一种警惕,也引起了我的复杂和难言的乡愁情结.     

“‘这么’＋动词”与“‘这么一’＋动词”比较研究

通过对一定规模的语料的考察分析，可以发现“‘这么’＋动词”格式和“‘这么一’＋动词”格式既有相同点，更有不同点。“‘这么’＋动词”中出现的动词种类多，有心理动词、行为动词、能愿动词，及物动词后面可以带宾语，“‘这么’＋动词”可以单独出现，此格式除了表示已然动作、未然动作，还可以表示正在持续的动作。“‘这么一’＋动词”中出现的动词少，仅为行为动词和心理动词“害怕、想”，动词后面不能带宾语，“‘这么一’＋动词”不能独立单说，不能表示持续动作，由于“一”的存在，此动作都是已然的。     

Why stainless steel corrodes

Stainless steels are used in countless diverse applications for their corrosion resistance. Although they have extremely good general resistance, they are nevertheless susceptible to pitting corrosion. This localized dissolution of an oxide-covered metal in specific aggressive environments is one of the most common and catastrophic causes of failure of metallic structures. The pitting process has been described as random, sporadic and stochastic and the prediction of the time and location of events remains extremely difficult. Many contested models of pitting corrosion exist, but one undisputed aspect is that manganese sulphide inclusions play a critical role. Indeed, the vast majority of pitting events are found to occur at, or adjacent to, such second-phase particles. Chemical changes in and around sulphide inclusions have been postulated as a mechanism for pit initiation but such variations have never been measured. Here we use nanometre-scale secondary ion mass spectroscopy to demonstrate a significant reduction in the Cr:Fe ratio of the steel matrix around MnS particles. These chromium-depleted zones are susceptible to high-rate dissolution that 'triggers' pitting. The implications of these results are that materials processing conditions control the likelihood of corrosion failures, and these data provide a basis for optimizing such conditions.     

科学为何保守?

传统的认识将科学描绘为思想上的创新和自由,这主要是因为科学乐于考虑所有的想法和观点。但在另一种意义上,科学是非常保守的。真正新颖的认识只会偶尔出现,而要被人们接受往往还要经过大量的努力和斗争。事实上,这并不是坏事,而是科学应有的方式。     

Why endophenotype development requires families

Endophenotypes are heritable quantitative traits that are associated with disease liability, can be measured in both affected and unaffected individuals, and provide much greater power to localize and identify risk genes for mental illness than does affection status alone. Traditionally, endophenotypic markers for psychiatric illnesses include in vivo neuroanatomic and functional magnetic resonance imaging measurements and indices of neurocognitive abilities. However, neurocognitive and neuroimaging measures are by no means the only classes of endophenotypes that could be useful for identifying genes for mental illness. Given the advantages of endophenotype-based strategies for elucidating the genetic underpinnings of psychiatric disorders, it would seem prudent to develop a wide range of putative endophenotypes. In order for a measure to be considered a valid endophenotype, it must meet a number of criteria. Specifically, the trait must (1) have moderate to high heritability, (2) be associated with the illness, (3) be independent of clinical state, and (4) impairment must co-segregate with the illness within a family, with non-affected family members showing impairment relative to the general population. While each of these criteria is critical, the heritability and co-segregation requirements are really what differentiate an endophenotype from a simple biomarker. At this time, one requires an experimental design that includes families to demonstrate both heritability and co-segregation. The assertion that novel endophenotypes can not be fully established without family data does not preclude work in unrelated individuals, rather that unrelated samples will only be able to nominate potential candidate endophenotypes that subsequently need to be confirmed in family-based experiments.     

我们为什么需要战略科学家

“大力培养使用战略科学家”是建设世界科技强国、实现高水平科技自立自强的一项关键举措。探讨了为什么要大力使用战略科学家、什么是战略科学家、如何培养战略科学家等重要问题,这些探讨有利于为战略科学家的支持、使用、培养形成更广泛的共识和设立更精准有效的政策措施。在科技创新成为国际战略博弈主要战场的今天,应当加快改革步伐,为战略科学家发挥更为重要的作用创造更好条件。同时应通过制度设计充分支持青年科学家成长,形成战略科学家成长梯队。