基于统计的语音传输指数预测方法实验对比*

良好的言语可懂度是语言声厅堂声环境设计的重要目标,语音传输指数(STI)是言语可懂度的客观评价参量。在设计阶段就能对STI做出准确预测,对语言声厅堂的声环境控制具有重要意义。基于统计的STI预测方法是IEC 60268-16标准推荐的主要预测方法,但使用该方法时的影响因素以及预测精度,当前仍缺少系统性的实验对比研究。本文使用4个房间中13个测点共52种听音条件下的STI实测结果,分析了基于统计的STI预测方法的精度以及影响因素,结果表明：(1)考虑和不考虑直达声的两种预测方法,都存在着系统偏差,预测结果普遍小于实测值;在距离声源较近测点的预测都产生了较大误差,在距离声源较远测点的预测误差相对较小;(2)基于单指数衰变声场不考虑直达声的预测方法操作简单,但误差较大,52种听音条件的平均误差达到了-0.032,最大误差达到了-0.131;(3)考虑直达声的预测方法误差相对较小,52种听音条件的STI平均误差为-0.018,最大误差为-0.080;(4)预测精度主要受所使用的信噪比、扬声器的指向性、房间的声场条件等因素影响,并对这些因素的影响进行了对比分析。结果可为STI预测方法的使用者提供参考。     

视网膜皮层图像信号处理的传输机制与仿真

侧抑制是神经系统普遍存在的机理。从侧抑制模型出发进行了视网膜处理及传输机制的研究,提出了基于差分方程的循环侧抑制动态数学模型。通过剖析视网膜感应细胞对光刺激的反应特性,阐述了视网膜皮层电脉冲信号的发放机制,指出了视网膜输出信号是以物体边缘信息为主体的传输机制。结合循环侧抑制动态数学模型,并考虑视网膜感应细胞对光刺激的适应性,创新性地进行了图像信号传递及处理的仿真模拟。     

大气环境下激光传输仿真软件的设计与编制

随着激光技术的发展,激光大气传输特性一直是激光领域的研究热点。综合激光大气传输的理论模型,运用科学的软件开发方法设计出了一套仿真系统,用来模拟激光在复杂大气环境中的辐射特性和激光的传输过程。该系统理论模型以Lambert-Beer定律为基础,结合了瑞利散射和米散射等经典理论,当在烟幕环境中模拟激光传输时,采用了多次散射模型。仿真中对大气环境采用逐段细化,每段根据数据库参数变化选取合适的计算模型,以提高仿真精度。绘制出了光斑和等位面随传输距离的演化图形,以演示激光大气的传输过程。     

实际大气中闪烁指数测量的数据处理

在闪烁指数定义的基础上,综合考虑背景光噪声、探测器固有噪声和散粒噪声等影响闪烁指数测量精确度的因素,修改了测量系统的数学模型,并对现有数据处理方法做出改进。在1 km距离上进行了激光水平传输实验,分别采用了现有方法和改进方法处理实验数据,并对获取的3种闪烁指数进行了比较。实验结果显示：修改后数学模型相比现有模型更符合实测值;相比系统本底噪声,探测器散粒噪声要高出一个数量级,将会严重影响测量准确度;在信噪比有较大波动的条件下,改进方法受到的影响小于现有方法;在信噪比较低时,改进方法的准确度优于现有方法。     

实际大气中闪烁指数测量的数据处理

在闪烁指数定义的基础上,综合考虑背景光噪声、探测器固有噪声和散粒噪声等影响闪烁指数测量精确度的因素,修改了测量系统的数学模型,并对现有数据处理方法做出改进。在1 km距离上进行了激光水平传输实验,分别采用了现有方法和改进方法处理实验数据,并对获取的3种闪烁指数进行了比较。实验结果显示:修改后数学模型相比现有模型更符合实测值;相比系统本底噪声,探测器散粒噪声要高出一个数量级,将会严重影响测量准确度;在信噪比有较大波动的条件下,改进方法受到的影响小于现有方法;在信噪比较低时,改进方法的准确度优于现有方法。     

指数型径向阻抗变换器功率传输效率的优化设计

利用解析方法和电路模拟方法研究了阻抗变换器功率传输效率的优化设计。电路计算中,采用了脉冲上升沿等效的正半周正弦波作为输入波形的假设,并忽略了水介质能量损失的影响。首先对比了线性、饱和型变化和陡变型变化3种典型阻抗的功率和能量传输效率,分析讨论了影响指数型阻抗变换器功率传输效率的关键影响因素,并得到了功率传输效率最大化的中间参数和符合系数的参数范围。讨论了实际设计中应注意的绝缘安全系数的结构设计、杂散参数对阻抗计算的影响、水介质能量损失等问题。     

污染云团红外辐射传输模型与红外光谱的计算机仿真

针对建立的三层结构污染云团红外辐射传输模型,采用实测场地背景和各种干扰物辐射光谱作为基本的辐射数据,对不同浓度的污染云团红外辐射光谱进行仿真.结果表明:利用实测场地背景辐射光谱和该模型仿真污染云团DMMP红外光谱,光谱在810 cm-1,920 cm-1和1 040 cm-1波段上有明显的特征峰.当模型考虑干扰物和背景辐射的变化影响时,污染云团在810 cm-1,920 cm-1和1 040 cm-1波段上的光谱特征明显减弱.仿真光谱与场地实测光谱有比较好的符合,两者的RMS误差约为1.0.     

指数型径向阻抗变换器功率传输效率的优化设计

 利用解析方法和电路模拟方法研究了阻抗变换器功率传输效率的优化设计。电路计算中,采用了脉冲上升沿等效的正半周正弦波作为输入波形的假设,并忽略了水介质能量损失的影响。首先对比了线性、饱和型变化和陡变型变化3种典型阻抗的功率和能量传输效率,分析讨论了影响指数型阻抗变换器功率传输效率的关键影响因素,并得到了功率传输效率最大化的中间参数和符合系数的参数范围。讨论了实际设计中应注意的绝缘安全系数的结构设计、杂散参数对阻抗计算的影响、水介质能量损失等问题。     

雾天环境下激光测距机大气传输仿真与最大测程分析

针对不同大气环境条件下激光测距机最大测程显著变化的问题,建立了表观光学参数大气能见度V与大气吸收系数、散射系数和总衰减系数之间的关系,采用蒙特卡罗方法仿真了激光大气传输过程,以美国Voxtel公司的远程激光测距机为例,定量计算了雾天环境下能见度变化对最大测程的影响。结果显示：标称最大测程为10 km的激光测距机在能见度为20 m、300 m和1 500 m的气象条件下,最大测程分别为30 m、335 m和1 240 m;测距机最大测程随气象条件的改变会发生明显的变化。该仿真方法可评估大气光学参数对激光测距机测程的影响,以及指导系统设计阶段的参数优化。     

高能激光大气传输的仿真实验研究

 对高能激光在大气中传输时产生的热晕效应及其相位补偿进行了室内仿真实验测量,获得了自适应光学系统开闭环时用来衡量光束传输效果参量（如远场的光斑图像、质心漂移、二阶矩半径、及Strehl比等）。结果表明,Bradley-Hermann热畸变参数在300范围内,自适应光学系统相位补偿效果显著,Strehl比基本大于0.4。然而随着热畸变效应的进一步加强,出现相位补偿不稳定性现象,补偿效果变差。另外,对自适应光学系统开闭环时的实验结果分别与薄透镜近似分析理论及几何光学近似理论作了比较。比较结果表明:薄透镜近似理论与未补偿时的实验结果吻合较好,而几何光学近似理论与补偿后的实验结果存在较大的偏差。     

Experimental comparison between speech transmission index, rapid speech transmission index, and speech intelligibility index

During the acoustical design of, e.g., auditoria or open-plan offices, it is important to know how speech can be perceived in various parts of the room. Different objective methods have been developed to measure and predict speech intelligibility, and these have been extensively used in various spaces. In this study, two such methods were compared, the speech transmission index (STI) and the speech intelligibility index (SII). Also the simplification of the STI, the room acoustics speech transmission index (RASTI), was considered. These quantities are all based on determining an apparent speech-to-noise ratio on selected frequency bands and summing them using a specific weighting. For comparison, some data were needed on the possible differences of these methods resulting from the calculation scheme and also measuring equipment. Their prediction accuracy was also of interest. Measurements were made in a laboratory having adjustable noise level and absorption, and in a real auditorium. It was found that the measurement equipment, especially the selection of the loudspeaker, can greatly affect the accuracy of the results. The prediction accuracy of the RASTI was found acceptable, if the input values for the prediction are accurately known, even though the studied space was not ideally diffuse.     

Disruption of writing by background speech: The role of speech transmission index

Speech transmission index (STI) is an objective measure of the acoustic properties of office environments and is used to specify norms for acceptable acoustic work conditions. Yet, the tasks used to evaluate the effects of varying STIs on work performance have often been focusing on memory (as memory of visually presented words) and reading tasks and may not give a complete view of the severity even of low STI values (i.e., when speech intelligibility is low). Against this background, we used a more typical office-work task in the present study. The participants were asked to write short essays (5 min per essay) in 5 different STI conditions (0.08; 0.23; 0.34; 0.50; and 0.71). Writing fluency dropped drastically and the number of pauses longer than 5 s increased at STI values above 0.23. This study shows that realistic work-related performance drops even at low STI values and has implications for how to evaluate acoustic conditions in school and office environments.     

Fast estimation of speech transmission index using the reverberation time

The paper presents the function of STI in the domain of reverberation time. Through the application of the said function, we can quickly estimate the speech transmission index, knowing only the time of room reverberation. For that purpose we applied a known method which consists in physical estimation of speech intelligibility basing on the modulation transfer function (MTF) determined in a room. Then, the STI was described using a logarithmic function whereof argument was the room reverberation time. To verify the model, reverberation times of six rooms were measured. The selected rooms were very different deliberately. They had different cubature and shape. The selection included a small cuboid, lecture halls and a church. Then, the same rooms were modeled in the ODEON version 11.23 and their reverberation times were determined. Furthermore, the STI was determined in the ODEON and then compared with the reverberation time obtained in effect of fast estimation. The statistical verification with the use of correlation index and regression equation has demonstrated that the fast estimation yields results close to those obtained in the computer simulation in ODEON. We obtained the correlation index at the level close to 1. Furthermore, the test probability at the level lower than 0.05 bespeaks of a statistically significant linear relation for the confidence level of 95%.     

ODEON建模精细程度与散射系数取值相关性研究

当使用音质仿真软件ODEON进行模拟时,建模精细程度对一些音质参量的影响较大,与散射系数取值的关系也非常复杂。本文在对比ODEON9.0与以前版本模拟算法区别的基础上,使用不同精细程度的模型以及不同散射系数对多个代表性厅堂进行模拟计算分析,验证了合适精细程度的模型可以获得可靠模拟结果的结论,并探讨了模型精细程度对混响时间T₃₀、声能比C₈₀的影响以及与散射系数取值的关系。     

用声透射损失测气一水混相介质中的含气量

本文利用超声检测中的穿透法,用频率为０．５ＭＨｚ、１ＭＨｚ、１．２５ＭＨｚ、２ＭＨｚ、２．５ＭＨｚ的声波,测量了气－水混相介质听声速比值和声透射损失,结果表明,在气泡大小,分布一定的情况下,可能用声透射损失来确定混相介质中的含量量,但不宜用声速比值。     

用声透射损失测气一水混相介质中的含气量

本文利用超声检测中的穿透法,用频率为０．５ ＭＨｚ、 １ＭＨｚ、 １．２５ＭＨｚ、 ２ＭＨｚ、 ２．５ＭＨｚ的声波,测量了气一水混相介质中的声速比值和声透射损失。结果表明：在气泡大小、分布一定的情况下,可能用声透射损失来确定混相介质中的含气量,但不宜用声速比值．     

Statistical comparison of reverberation times measured by the integrated impulse response and interrupted noise methods, computationally simulated with ODEON software, and calculated by Sabine, Eyring and Arau-Puchades’ formulas

This paper evaluates several procedures to determine the reverberation time, RT, in a classroom. These procedures are: (1) measurement by the integrated impulse response method, (2) measurement by the interrupted noise method, (3) computer simulation using ODEON Version 9.0 software, and (4) calculations using the Sabine, Eyring, and Arau-Puchades formulas. The resulting data are analyzed statistically to verify their similarity. No statistical difference was found between the values obtained by the two measuring methods. The computer simulation produced accurate data. The best formula for calculating RT in the classroom in question is Eyring’s formula.     

Role of shape of hole in transmission and negative refractive index of sandwiched metamaterials

Transmission and negative refractive index （NRI） of metal-dielectric-metal （MDM） sandwiched metamaterial perfo- rated with four kinds of shapes of holes are numerically studied. Results indicate that positions of all transmission peaks of these kinds of holes are sensitive to the shape of the hole. Under the same conditions, the circular hole can obtain the maximum NRI and the rectangular hole can obtain the maximum frequency bandwidth of NRI. Moreover, the figure of merit （FOM） of the circular hole is the maximum too. As a result, we can obtain a higher NRI and FOM metamaterial by drilling circular hole arrays on MDM metamaterial.     

Chinese speech intelligibility at different speech sound pressure levels and signal-to-noise ratios in simulated classrooms

The speech intelligibility in classroom can be influenced by background-noise levels, speech sound pressure level (SSPL), reverberation time and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The relationship between SSPL and subjective Chinese Mandarin speech intelligibility and the effect of different SNRs on Chinese Mandarin speech intelligibility in the simulated classroom were investigated through room acoustical simulation, auralisation technique and subjective evaluation. Chinese speech intelligibility test signals recorded in anechoic chamber were convolved with the simulated binaural room impulse responses, and then reproduced through the headphone by different SSPLs and SNRs. The results show that Chinese Mandarin speech intelligibility scores increase with increasing of SSPLs and SNRs within a certain range in simulated classrooms. Chinese Mandarin speech intelligibility scores have no significant difference with SNRs of no less than 15 dBA under the same reverberation time condition.