Electrochemical and ESR studies of the methane C-H bond activation in the presence of radical cations of pyrazine-di-N-oxide and its substituted derivatives

Activation of the methane C-H bond in the presence of electrochemically generated radical cations of pyrazine-di-N-oxide and also of 2,5-dimethyl- and 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-pyrazine-di-N-oxides is studied by methods of cyclic voltammetry (CVA), quantum chemical simulations, and ESR electrolysis. The studies are carried out on glassy carbon (GC) and Pt electrodes in 0.1 M LiClO₄ solutions in acetonitrile. ESR spectra of radical cations of aromatic di-N-oxides in the absence and in the presence of methane are recorded. The changes in the shape CVA curves and the intensity of ESR signals of di-N-oxide radical cations observed in the presence of methane point to the activation of the methane C-H bond followed by its oxidation. The reaction of pyrazinedi-N-oxide at the methane C-H bond is simulated by quantum chemical methods. The obtained results are explained within the framework of the mechanism of overall two-electron oxidation of methane within its complex with an aromatic di-N-oxide radical cation.     

Formation of pure hydrogen from methane

The methods for production of pure hydrogen from methane are summarized. One method is methane decomposition to hydrogen and carbon nanofibers. Ni-based catalysts with high activity and long life for the methane decomposition were developed. The other method is based on the redox of iron oxides, i.e., Fe₃O₄ is reduced with methane to iron metals and, subsequently, iron metals are oxidized with water vapor to form hydrogen. Iron oxide mediators that could be reduced with methane and subsequently be oxidized with water vapor at low temperatures were designed.     

Formation of pure hydrogen from methane

The methods for production of pure hydrogen from methane are summarized. One method is methane decomposition to hydrogen and carbon nanofibers. Ni-based catalysts with high activity and long life for the methane decomposition were developed. The other method is based on the redox of iron oxides, i.e., Fe₃O₄ is reduced with methane to iron metals and, subsequently, iron metals are oxidized with water vapor to form hydrogen. Iron oxide mediators that could be reduced with methane and subsequently be oxidized with water vapor at low temperatures were designed.     

颗粒性甲烷单加氧酶分离纯化方法的研究进展

颗粒性甲烷单加氧酶(pMMO)是甲烷氧化菌的特征酶之一,在生物催化方面具有广泛的应用前景,但由于其内膜蛋白的性质以及纯化过程中的不稳定性,使其生物化学性质、金属活性位点等方面仍存在许多未知和争议.着重总结了颗粒性甲烷单加氧酶的分离纯化方法,并对其活性以及与甲烷氧化菌素-Cu(methanobactin-Cu)和其他物质之间的作用关系进行了概述,以促进颗粒性甲烷单加氧酶的深入研究和应用.     

FORCED PERIODIC OSCILLATORY OPERATION FOR OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF METHANE ON Fe-P-O CATALYST

IntroductionAsearlyasthemiddleofl960s,manychemistsandchemicalengineerstookmuchinterestinthedynamicoperationpropertiesofreactor.TheoPinionthattheoutputofreaCtrcouldbeimprovedbyoscillatoryfeedingoPerationwasprop0sedinthcory'.ThesclfxiscillationphenomenaobservedexPerimentall}'inmanychcmicalandcatalyticreactionshavstronglysupPOrtedthisoPinion.Inreeentyears,thestudics0ntheforcedperiodicoscillationhaveattraCtedgreaattenioninheterogencousodlyticproccsses,includingS02oxidaionIll,C0oxidaionl2'3l,a…     

Study on the hydrogenation coupling of methane

At atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, the hydrogenation coupling of methane was studied by using pulse corona plasma and its synergism with catalyst. The results showed that (i) under pulse corona plasma, the coupling of methane could be fulfilled by the addition of hydrogen, and with the increase of the amount of hydrogen, the conversion of methane and the yield of C2 hydrocarbon increased, and the deposit of carbon decreased; (ii) the conversion of methane was affected by pulse voltage and repeated frequency; (iii) in the system, the addition of Ni/y-AI203 could improve the distribution of C2 hydrocarbon; (iv) the activity of Ni/y-AI2O3 prepared by cold plasma was better than that by chemical methods. The experiment opened up a new technical route of the coupling of methane.     

Mo/HZSM-5催化剂载体对甲烷无氧芳构化反应的影响

着重研究了挤条成型的纳米Mo/HZSM-5催化剂在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的催化性能.结果表明,Al2O3载体的加入减少了催化剂的B酸量,对甲烷无氧芳构化反应不利,导致甲烷转化率降低,并且催化剂积碳严重.通过适量添加SiO2载体,减少Al2O3载体的量,可以使催化剂的B酸量提高,从而可提高甲烷转化率,并且可降低催化剂的积碳量.     

铜离子的引入对甲烷无氧芳构化催化剂Mo/CuH-ZSM-5中Mo物种化学状态的影响

对比考察了Mo/CuH-ZSM-5和Mo/H-ZSM-5催化剂的甲烷无氧芳构化性能,并用XRD,XPS,ESR等多种测试手段对反应前后催化剂上的Mo物种及铜助剂的价态变化进行了详细研究,发现Cu(Ⅱ)部分取代H-ZSM-5交换位上的H⁺后,抑制了活性组分MoO₃的还原,而Cu物种自身被还原,进而将这种价态变化与催化剂的活性进行了关联.     

Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes using a Catalytic Amount of ZnO under Solvent‐Free Conditions

Efficient electrophilic substitution reactions of indoles with various aromatic aldehydes were carried out using a catalytic amount of ZnO under solvent‐free conditions to afford the corresponding bis(indolyl)methanes in excellent yields. Among the various methods published for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methane, ZnO is a very cheap, environmentally friendly, and reusable catalyst that can be used for synthesis of a new range of bis(indolyl)methane derivatives.     

MoO3/HBZSM-5催化剂上甲烷的无氧芳构化反应

以含硼杂原子分子筛HBZSM-5为载体,考察了其担载MoO3后催化甲烷无氧芳构化反应的性能,并结合XRD,IR,TG和SEM等手段对催化剂进行了表征.实验结果表明,MoO3/HBZSM-5催化剂具有较高的甲烷芳构化活性,但稳定性较差.随着引入分子筛骨架中硼量的增大,甲烷的极值转化率增高;随着反应温度的升高,MoO3/HBZSM-5催化剂的甲烷芳构化活性升高.从产物分布的变化来看,硼的引入对于催化剂上乙烯的选择性影响较大;与MoO3/HZSM-5催化剂相比,MoO3/HBZSM-5催化剂上乙烯选择性大大提高.     

甲烷芳构化反应催化剂的研究——Mo-M/HZSM-5在无氧条件下的催化性能和表面性质

苯;甲烷芳构化反应催化剂的研究——Mo-M/HZSM-5在无氧条件下的催化性能和表面性质     

甲烷晶体的晶格能和弹性性质: 不同方法及泛函的评估

通过对甲烷晶体进行结构、晶格能和弹性特性的研究, 评估了不包含和包含色散能量修正的密度泛函理论的性能. 我们分别利用不包含色散能量修正的密度泛函理论(DFT) (包含不同的标准泛函和杂化泛函)和包含色散能量修正的密度泛函理论(DFT-D)计算了甲烷晶体特性, 并与实验作对比. 尽管DFT-D 与传统密度泛函理论及杂化密度泛函理论相比, 修正了甲烷晶体中的范德华(vdW)相互作用, 但是一些修正方案过分修正了这种相互作用. 因此, 人们在使用DFT-D方法时务必谨慎.     

Reaction of peroxide radicals with methane on the titanium oxide surface: Effects of the composition of the initial mixture

The reaction of TiO₂-adsorbed methyl peroxide radicals with methane, accompanied by transfer of the products into the gas phase at ∼20°C, was studied by the kinetic methods and EPR spectroscopy. In a definite range of methane concentrations, the reaction was accompanied by an increase in the total concentration of free radicals; i.e., these active species became not only regenerated, but also multiplied. The increase in the number of peroxide radicals was explained by the chain consumption of methane initiated by the reaction being studied.     

Investigating parameters on the preparation of mesoporous activated carbons by the combination of chemical and physical activations using the Taguchi method

Mesoporous activated carbons were prepared from coconut shell by the combination of chemical and physical activation methods. Zinc chloride and CO₂ were used as chemical and physical agents, respectively. Optimum parameters were obtained from investigating the effect of various factors at different levels on the methane storage of wet activated carbons using the Taguchi experimental design method. Soaking time, carbonization temperature, and carbonization time were found as effective parameters in the methane storage. Finally, after achieving optimum levels for each factors based on the enhancement of methane storage, a confirmation experiment was conducted. Methane uptakes of the activated carbons were measured at temperature of 2?^°C up to the pressure of 80 bar and it turned out that the maximum amount of methane storage (241?V/V) had a good agreement with the predicted result from the Taguchi method.     

有机废气净化催化剂上甲烷催化燃烧动力学研究

中国以甲烷为主要成分的煤层气资源丰富,但利用率却很低不到10%.由于未将煤矿矿井中的煤层气及时抽出,导致矿难频频发生,造成大量人员伤亡.……     

基于ReaxFF的甲烷无氧转化气相机理研究

With the rapid consumption of petrochemical resources and massive exploitation of shale gas, the use of natural gas instead of petroleum to produce chemical raw materials has attracted significant attention. While converting methane to chemicals, it has long seemed impossible to avoid its oxidation into O-containing species, followed by de-oxygenation. A breakthrough in the nonoxidative conversion of methane was reported by Guo et al. (Science 2014, 344, 616), who found that Fe©SiO₂ catalysts exhibited an outstanding performance in the conversion of methane to ethylene and aromatics. However, the reaction mechanism is still not clear owing to the complex experimental reaction conditions. One view of the reaction mechanism is that methane molecules are first activated on the Fe©SiC₂ active center to form methyl radicals, which then desorb into the gas phase to form the ethylene and aromatics. In this study, ReaxFF methods are applied to five model systems to study the gas-phase reaction mechanism under near-experimental conditions. For the pure gas-phase methyl radical system, the main simulation product is ethane after 10 ns simulation, which is produced by the combination of methyl radicals. Although a small amount of ethylene produced by C₂H₆ dehydrogenation can be detected, it is difficult to explain the high selectivity for ethylene in the experiment. When the methyl radicals are mixed with hydrogen and methane molecules, ethane remains the main product, together with some methane produced by the collision of hydrogen with methyl radicals, while ethylene is still difficult to produce. With the addition of hydrogen radicals to the methane atmosphere, methane activation can be enhanced by hydrogen radical collisions, which produce some methyl radicals and hydrogen molecules, but the methyl radicals eventually combine with the hydrogen species to produce methane molecules again. If some hydrogen molecules and methyl radicals are added to the CH₄/H∙ system, the activation of methane molecules by hydrogen radicals will be weakened. Hydrogen radicals are more likely to combine with themselves or with methyl radicals to form hydrogen and methane molecules, and the high selectivity for ethylene remains difficult to achieve. Thermal cracking of C₁₀H₁₂ at high temperature can produce hydrogen radicals and ethylene at the same time, which can partially explain the enhanced methane conversion and ethylene selectivity in the experiment of Hao et al. (ACS Catal. 2019, 9, 9045). Overall, the selective production of ethylene by nonoxidative conversion of methane over Fe©SiO₂ catalyst appears hard to achieve via a gas-phase mechanism. The catalyst surface may play a key role in the entire process of methane transformation.     

Effect of CeO2 preparation method and Cu loading on CuO/CeO2 catalysts for methane combustion

CeO2 was synthesized by sol-gel, hydrothermal, nitrate thermal decomposition methods, respectively, and used as support to prepare CuO/CeO2 catalysts. According to characterization and reaction results, preparation method of CeO2 had a great influence on the physicochemical properties and activities of CuO/CeO2 catalysts. CuO with high dispersion and strong interaction with CeO2 was highly active in methane combustion, while CuO particles less associated with CeO2 showed less activity. The CuO catalyst supported on CeO2 which was prepared via nitrate thermal decomposition method showed the largest area, the smallest particle size, the highest dispersion of copper species and strong support metal interactions. Therefore, it presented the highest redox ability and activity for methane combustion. Activities of the catalysts with different copper content kept increasing until 5% Cu loading and from then on kept constant. Moreover, methane conversion decreased as methane space velocities increased on CuO/CeO2 catalyst. Addition of CO2 to the feed did not produce a significant effect on the catalytic activity, but the presence of H2O provoked a remarkable decrease on the activity of CuO/CeO2 catalyst.     

调控尖晶石Co3+和Ni3+表面密度来提高催化甲烷氧化活性

天然气资源丰富、价格低廉, 因而被广泛用作燃料. 天然气的主要成分是甲烷, 未燃烧完的甲烷所产生的温室效应是二氧化碳的 21 倍, 所带来的环境问题引起越来越多的研究者关注. 但甲烷是最稳定的非极性有机小分子, C–H 键能高达434 kJ/mol, 大多数催化剂很难将其在很低的温度在完全转化. C–H 键的活化解离是催化甲烷燃烧最关键的一步, 而活化C–H 键方式主要有两大类: (1) 均裂活化机制, 一般用在贵金属催化剂上; (2) 异裂活化机制, 往往发生在过渡金属氧化物上. 比较而言, 贵金属催化剂, 尤其是 Pd, 往往具有更优异的低温催化活性, 但价格昂贵, 从而限制了其广泛使用. 因此, 开发更加高效的非贵金属催化剂用于废气中未转化的甲烷完全氧化是亟待解决的问题.含有 Co 和 Ni 的尖晶石氧化物具有良好的催化甲烷燃烧活性, 有望代替贵金属催化剂, 但要求在低于 400 °C 完全转化, 仍具有一定挑战. 另一方面, Ni3+和 Co3+哪个是活性中心, 还具有一定争议. 因此, 我们通过水热法和共沉淀法合成一系列表面暴露不同数目的 Ni3+和 Co3+来探究表面高氧化态 Co 和 Ni 跟活性之间的关系. XRD 和 TEM 结果表明, 相比于水热法合成的 Co3O4, 水热法合成的 NiCo2O4发生明显的晶格收缩现象, 这是由于在尖晶石体相中大量小半径 Ni3+(0.053 nm) 取代了大半径 Co3+(0.055 nm) 所致. 同时还发现, 水热合成的尖晶石具有多孔纳米片层结构, 相比于共沉淀法合成的尖晶石具有更大的比表面积, 催化活性也更高. XPS 分析发现, 催化甲烷燃烧的活性随着表面 (Ni3++ Co3+) 含量增加而提高. 结合文献分析和本文的实验结果推测, 表面的 Ni3+和 Co3+都可作为解离 C–H 键的活性中心. 水热 60 小时合成的 NiCo2O4纳米片表面 Ni3++ Co3+的数量最多, 所以具有最优异的催化性能, 大约在 280 °C甲烷转化 50%. 当加入 10%(体积比) 的水, 在高空速工况下对催化活性影响不大, 主要是因为长时间水热合成的尖晶石表面缺陷少, 对水的吸附弱, 这可通过 O 1s 图谱得到印证. 总之, 这些研究结果能够给甲烷活化和开发更加高效和低成本催化剂一些启示.     

Studies on the Adsorption and Dissociation of Methane and Carbon Dioxide on Nickel

The adsorption and dissociation of methane and carbon dioxide for reforming on nickel catalysts were extensively investigated by TPSR, TPD, XPS and pulse reaction methods. These studies showed that the decomposition of methane results in the formation of at least three kinds of surface carbon species on supported nickel catalysts. Carbidic Cα, carbonaceous Cβ and carbidic clusters Cγ surface carbon species formed by the decomposition of methane demonstrated different surface mobility, thermal stability and reactivity. Carbidic Cα is a very active and important intermediate in carbon dioxide reforming with methane, and the carbidic clusters Cγ species might be the precursor of surface carbon deposition. The partially dehydrogenated Cβ species can react with H2 or CO2 to form CH4 or CO. On the other hand, it was proven that CO2 can be weakly adsorbed on supported nickel catalysts, and only one kind of CO2 adsorption state is formed. The interaction mechanism between the species dissociated from CH4 and CO2 during reforming was then hypothesized.     

Effect of methane on magnetron sputtering graphite target deposited films and tribological properties of a-C:H:Ti/a-C:H friction pairs

In this study, we prepared a-C:H films with different nanostructures at different methane flow rates. The effect of the methane flow rate on the tribological properties of 440 steel/a-C:H friction pairs and a-C:H:Ti/a-C:H friction pairs in an atmospheric environment was studied by a reciprocating friction machine. The results show that there is no relationship between the tribological properties of 440 steel/a-C:H friction pair and methane flow rate. The tribological performance of the a-C:H:Ti/a-C:H friction pair was greatly improved. In particular, in the friction pair of a-C:H:Ti/a-C:H with a methane flow rate of 20 sccm, superlubricity is shown, and the wear rate is only 4.04 × 10⁻⁹ mm³/Nm. After tribological experiments, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and other characterization methods were used to study the relationship between the nanostructure and tribological properties of a-C:H:Ti films and a-C:H prepared with different methane flow rates. This study is great significance to the application of a-C:H:Ti/a-C:H friction pair in mechanical parts under atmospheric environment.