Two new chroman derivations from the endophytic Penicillium sp. DCS523

Strain DCS523 was isolated from the branch tissue of Daphniphyllum longeracemosum and determined to be a Penicillium sp. according to the ITS sequence analysis. The extracts from the PDA solid fermentation media of Penicillium sp. DCS523 were purified to give two new chroman derivatives as well as six known compounds. Based on their spectral data the new compounds were identified as (Z)-6-acetyl- 3-(1,2-dihydroxypropylidene)-5-hydroxy-8-methylchroman-2-one and 6-acetyl-2α,5- dihydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropyl)- 3α,8-dimethylchroman, respectively.     

Two orientations and photochromism of polyelectrolyte/bacteriorhodopsin alternative deposition multilayers

A series of organized multilayers have been formed by the alternative adsorption of positively charged poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDAC) and purple membrane (PM) fragments in suspensions at pH = 4—11. Both UV-vis spectrophotometry and quartz crystal micro-balance (QCM) technique were used to monitor the deposition process of PDAC/bacteriorhodopsin (bR) multilayers, suggesting that PM fragments and PDAC are deposited alternatively on the substrate uniformly. Upon illumination, all these multilayers generate photovoltages with defined signs. The negative sign of photovoltage accompanying the formation of M-state at pH <7 indicates that the extracellular side of PM fragments is directed toward the substrate; and the positive sign at pH≥7 indicates that the cytoplasmic side of PM fragments is directed toward the substrate. In addition, the long-lived multiple M-state has been observed in all multilayer films. Moreover, M-state at high pH, which shows the longer lifetime than that at low pH, de     

Two alternative products from the intercalation of alkali metals into cation-defective Ruddlesden-Popper oxysulfides

Sodium may be topotactically inserted into the perovskite layers (under thermodynamic control) or the rock-salt layers (under kinetic control) of the cation-deficient n = 2 Ruddlesden-Popper oxysulfides Ln2Ti2O5S2 with concomitant reduction of TiIV.     

1,3-Diyne chemistry: synthesis and derivations

Conjugated diynes have attracted more and more attention not only for their unique rod like structures and wide existence in nature product, but also the abundant properties and derivations of them. Although oxidative dimerization of alkynes or Cadiot–Chodkiewicz reactions were the main pathway and have achieved great success in the synthesis of diynes, oxidative cross coupling, FBW rearrangement as well as diyne metathesis emerged rapidly recently. Moreover, diynes could be precursors of basic heterocycles, which represented an emerging research area. This Letter will cover the recent progresses in the synthesis and further derivations of diynes.     

Hohenberg-Kohn theorem

The Hohenberg–Kohn theorem on the definition of the ground-state energy of a system of fermions is discussed.     

Two alternative criteria for labelling approximate treatments for molecules as “fully quantal” ones

If the confinement of a trial wavefunction on a subspace of the full Hilbert space of a systems is taken as a “constraint” that prevents an approximate method to be labelled as a “fully quantum” one, then it can be shown that practically all known molecular approximate method are not rigorously quantal ones. Another weaker (and already known) criterion used by nuclear physicists for such a labelling is discussed and illustrated for the generator coordinate method (in this case a quantum approach) and Hartree—Fock method (a semiclassical approach. On the other hand, although Lathouwers' treatment of molecular spectra may be labelled “fully quantum” (for certain molecules at least) under this softer criterion, it will be remarked that the loss of the variational upper-bound property attenuates much of its theoretical attractiveness.     

Two concise enantioselective total syntheses of (-)-glabrescol implicate alternative biosynthetic pathways starting from squalene

The C(2)-symmetric (-)-glabrescol was synthesized in two steps from (10S,11R)-dihydroxy-10,11-dihydrosqualene or squalene with 50% or 10% overall yields, respectively. These highly efficient and biomimetic syntheses employed a base-promoted middle-to-terminal double epoxide-opening cascade, which constructs the five tetrahydrofuran rings in glabrescol in one operation.     

A modification of Koopmans' theorem by imposition of the virial theorem in molecules

Imposition of the virial theorem on Koopmans' theorem permits the introduction of some relaxation effect in the electronic cloud of atomic (less than 5%) or molecular (less than 1.3% for the systems studied) systems and a partitioning of the ionization energy. The method is applied in some diatomic hydrides. It is observed that the imposition of the virial theorem improves the ionization of the innermost molecular orbitals significantly, while the improvement is negligible for the outermost orbitals. The ionization energy is divided among three different terms that elucidate some aspects of the nature of the ionization process.     

Some observatons on the derivations of solvent polarity factors from gas-liquid partition coefficients

Summary The derivation by Snyder of polarity parameters from gas-liquid constants for 81 solvents has been re-examined. It is shown that the correction for the influence of the molecular size of the solvents and solutes by means of the Flory-Huggins entropy expression is more successful than the original correlation as carried out by Snyder. The correction for dispersive and/or entropic contributions to the free energy of transfer in the original treatment is found to be inadequate. However, the effect of various more refined treatments on the final polarity parameters P, x_e. x_d and x_n is probably small.     

The virial theorem as an entail for Koopmans' theorem in atomic calculations

The frozen approximation in the Koopmans' theorem suggests that the virial theorem is not obeyed. By imposing the virial theorem to Koopmans' theorem, we observe that the ionization potential of an atomic orbital is directly related to the respective kinetic energy and that the virial theorem introduces some reorganization effect on the electronic cloud. The quantity of reorganization introduced is not hazard, depending on the type of atom as well as the atomic orbital.     

Fluctuation-dissipation theorem density-functional theory

Using the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) in the context of density-functional theory (DFT), one can derive an exact expression for the ground-state correlation energy in terms of the frequency-dependent density response function. When combined with time-dependent density-functional theory, a new class of density functionals results that use approximations to the exchange-correlation kernel fxc as input. This FDT-DFT scheme holds promise to solve two of the most distressing problems of conventional Kohn-Sham DFT: (i) It leads to correlation energy functionals compatible with exact exchange, and (ii) it naturally includes dispersion. The price is a moderately expensive O(N6) scaling of computational cost and a slower basis set convergence. These general features of FDT-DFT have all been recognized previously. In this paper, we present the first benchmark results for a set of molecules using FDT-DFT beyond the random-phase approximation (RPA)-that is, the first such results with fxc not equal to 0. We show that kernels derived from the adiabatic local-density approximation and other semilocal functionals suffer from an "ultraviolet catastrophe," producing a pair density that diverges at small interparticle distance. Nevertheless, dispersion interactions can be treated accurately if hybrid functionals are employed, as is demonstrated for He2 and HeNe. We outline constraints that future approximations to fxc should satisfy and discuss the prospects of FDT-DFT.     

A differential fluctuation theorem

We derive a nonequilibrium thermodynamics identity (the "differential fluctuation theorem") that connects forward and reverse joint probabilities of nonequilibrium work and of arbitrary generalized coordinates corresponding to states of interest. This identity allows us to estimate the free energy difference between domains of these states. Our results follow from a general symmetry relation between averages over nonequilibrium forward and backward path functions derived by Crooks [Crooks, G. E. Phys. Rev. E 2000, 61, 2361-2366]. We show how several existing nonequilibrium thermodynamic identities can be obtained directly from the differential fluctuation theorem. We devise an approach for measuring conformational free energy differences, and we demonstrate its applicability to the analysis of molecular dynamics simulations by estimating the free energy difference between two conformers of the alanine dipeptide model system. We anticipate that these developments can be applied to the analysis of laboratory experiments.     

Molecular electronic virial theorem

The partitioning of the molecular electronic energy into true one-electron quantities defined by a molecular electronic virial theorem (MEVT) is studied for a number of molecules. Since the theorem is derived for exact wavefunctions, its applicability to various ab initio wavefunctions at difierent levels of accuracy is examined. The average percentage deviations of the theorem for near Hartree-Fock, double zeta, STO-6G and STO-3G type wave functions are 0.4, 1.7, 2.3 and 3.3, respectively.     

Nef-isocyanide-Perkow access to novel pyrazolone derivations containing a cyclic ketene dithioacetal moiety

Alkyl (E)-2-(3-Alkyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene)-5-(alkylamino)-1,3-dithiole-4-carboxylates have been obtained by condensation of 2-pyrazolin-5-ones with carbon disulfide followed by ring formation with phosphorylated hydroxyketenimines [generated in situ from Nef-isocyanide-Perkow reaction] in the presence of Et₃N. The structure of target compounds was confirmed by X-ray diffraction study. The good yields of the products, diastereoselectivity, and lack of activators or metal promoters are the main advantages of this method.     

On a theorem of overshoot-undershoot kinetics

A lemma has been provided to completely prove and to extend the following theorem. In a closed system of first-order, reversible reactions involving n components the concentration vs. time curve of any component can exhibit at most n-2 relative strict extrema.

---

: , n, n-2 .

     

An extension of the pairing theorem

An extended pairing scheme is presented which ensures the fulfillment of pairing conditions not only between the sets of occupied orbitals for spin α and for spin β, but also between their orthogonal complements, i.e., the sets of virtual orbitals for spin α and spin β, as well as between occupied orbitals for spin α and virtual orbitals for spin β and between virtual orbitals for spin α and occupied orbitals for spin β. It is shown that the extended pairing properties are suggested by some aspects of the construction of alternant molecular orbitals. The algorithm for singular value decomposition of rectangular matrices is proposed for use in practical implementations of the (extended) pairing scheme.     

An extension of the Coulson-Rushbrooke-Longuet-Higgins theorem

Summary A novel topological method which predicts the number of Hückel nonbonding molecular orbitals and the set of atomic orbitals of which they are composed is put forward. It may be applied to a large class of homo-, heteronuclear, alternant, and nonalternant systems. First communication: (1987) Chem Phys Letters 139:281