含双重动态共价键的松香基环氧类玻璃高分子的制备与性能

以天然松香衍生物为刚性环氧单体, 3,3’-二硫代二丙酸(DTDPA)为交联剂,通过环氧-羧基酯化反应固化,制备了含双重动态二硫键和酯键的生物松香基环氧类玻璃高分子网络.利用红外光谱和拉曼光谱对所得聚合物网络材料的结构进行了表征.结果表明,合成了含双重动态二硫键和酯键的松香基环氧高分子网络.对所有松香基环氧高分子网络进行了热机械性能、力学性能、热稳定性和应力松弛测试.结果表明,松香基环氧高分子网络具有高的热稳定性和力学性能,以及相对较快的应力松弛能力.此外,研究了交联剂添加量对所得松香基环氧高分子网络的自修复和再加工能力的影响.结果表明, DTDPA的羧基与松香环氧单体的环氧基摩尔比为100∶100的类玻璃(RE-100)网络具有最优的自修复和再加工性能.因为RE-100网络内部拥有最多的动态二硫键和酯键,在受到热刺激后,充足的动态二硫键和酯键发生可逆交换,促使网络快速重排,从而获得优异的自修复和再加工性能.     

基于水溶性嵌段共聚物的双动态共价键交联凝胶的构建

本文采用可逆加成-裂解链转移(RAFT)聚合制备了含酰肼基和硼酸基团的N-异丙基丙烯酰胺双嵌段聚合物和含有酮羰基和葡萄糖基团的丙烯酰胺双嵌段聚合物.在不同条件下构筑了基于酰腙键和硼酸酯键交联的双动态共价键交联水凝胶,通过对其流变行为的测试探究了凝胶的综合性能.酸性条件下,硼酸酯键不能形成,酰腙键使凝胶快速形成并实现快速...     

基于多重可逆作用的自修复聚氨酯弹性体的制备及性能

在聚氨酯主链上引入可逆二硫键, 同时使用硼酸构建的硼酸酯键作为可逆交联点, 使聚氨酯内部形成交联网络结构, 制备了一种兼具高强度、 高韧性及高修复效率的自修复聚氨酯弹性体. 红外光谱、 动态力学分析、 力学测试、 电子显微镜及修复测试结果表明, 制备的自修复聚氨酯具有硬而韧的特性, 原样强度高达23.3 MPa, 断裂伸长率可达1177%, 并且修复条件温和, 剪断拼接的试样经60 ℃, 24 h修复后可恢复99%的原样强度, 且该修复过程可重复多次进行. 此外, 该材料还具有多通道修复特性, 通过热修复或水辅助热修复的方式均可实现材料的修复, 并且水辅助热修复速率更快.     

热适性形状记忆聚合物

动态共价交联聚合物的研究具有悠久的历史,其早期的工作着眼于如何解决应力松弛带来的聚合物材料力学性能降低的问题.20世纪90年代以来,利用动态共价键来主动设计聚合物网络的特殊可适性逐渐成为研究主流,其中包括自修复和重加工性.然而,受到动态共价键的种类、通用性及所实现功能的特异性等限制,对于动态共价交联聚合物网络的研究尚停留在基础阶段.本文以本课题组近期在动态共价交联形状记忆聚合物的研究为基础,结合其他相关工作,展示了通用共价键(酯键及氨酯键)的动态可逆性,并利用其设计了具有特殊性能和潜在商业化价值的形状记忆聚合物.在此基础上,我们提出分子结构设计及宏观性能均不同于传统热塑性和热固性形状记忆聚合物的第3类形状记忆聚合物,即热适性形状记忆聚合物.     

硼酯交联增强聚合物的制备和表征

首先以甲基丙烯酸乙酰乙酸乙二醇酯(AAEM)和丙烯酸正丁酯(BA)为单体,以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,通过共聚反应得到共聚物PAB_n;然后利用该共聚物分子链上的β-二酮基团与伯胺间的缩合反应接枝邻二羟基,制备了含有邻二羟基的丙烯酸酯共聚物PAB_n-2OH;最后通过PAB_n-2OH的邻二羟基与硼酸反应形成硼酯键交联共聚物PAB_n-2OH-B。通过拉伸和动态力学测试分析了PAB_n-2OH和PAB_n-2OH-B的力学性能及其影响因素。结果表明:邻二羟基的引入不仅可以通过共聚物之间的氢键增强膜的力学性能,还为硼酸水溶液进入聚合物网络提供了通道;PAB_n-2OH浸泡于硼酸水溶液中发生硼酯交联反应后其力学性能显著增强,硼发挥着类似于植物中矿物质的"矿化作用";硼酯在酸/碱条件下的可逆反应可用来调控和设计交联聚合物的形状记忆特性。     

基于氢键和Diels-Alder键双重网络自修复弹性体的合成与性能

基于氢键作用和Diels-Alder (DA)交联的双可逆网络,制备了一种高性能、高修复效率的自修复弹性体.首先使用异氰酸正丁酯和N-(2-羟乙基)丙烯酰胺合成氨基甲酸酯小分子(简称为HM),然后将HM、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)及甲基丙烯酸糠酯(FMA)共聚得到线形共聚物,最后用双马来酰亚胺(BMI)通过DA反应交联线形共聚物,得到既有氢键交联,又有DA键交联的双网络自修复弹性体.当受到外力时,键能较低的氢键先断裂消耗能量,使得材料的韧性提高了6.2倍,断裂强度提高了12.3倍;而DA键则赋予了材料较高的弹性和形状回复能力.除此之外,两重网络均为可逆网络,使材料的自修复效率高达98%.     

生物基类玻璃高分子材料的研究进展

高分子材料在人类生活中应用广泛,它给人类带来便利的同时也存在2个急需解决的问题.其一,使用后产生的塑料垃圾正在破坏人类赖以生存的环境,尤其是热固性塑料,受到交联网络的限制,材料一旦成型就难以被再次加工.通过引入"类玻璃(vitrimer)"高分子概念,能够使损坏的热固性塑料得到修复,延长其使用寿命并减少塑料垃圾.其二,高分子材料的制备往往需要消耗不可再生的化石资源.面对化石资源的减少及其造成的污染问题,使用可再生的生物质资源制备高分子材料成为有效的解决办法.本文以交联高分子材料为主线,综述了近年来关于使用可再生生物质资源制备类玻璃高分子材料的研究进展,其内容主要包括两方面.第一个方面综述了类玻璃高分子材料的发展史和特点,着重强调了动态共价键往往同时具有重排和分解2种机理;第二个方面综述了生物基类玻璃高分子材料的研究进展,其中涉及的动态共价键种类包括羟基-酯、席夫碱、二硫键和羟基-氨酯,涉及的生物质原料主要包括植物油、木质素、纤维素、天然橡胶、松香及香草醛等.本综述旨在推动解决塑料污染治理及绿色材料的研究和应用.     

含硫/硒动态共价键强弱的测定

含硫、硒元素的化学键是重要的光响应动态共价键,本文试图从分子作用力的角度研究它们为何具有不同灵敏度的动态特征,采用基于原子力显微镜的单分子力谱(AFM-SMFS)对含硫、硒元素的动态共价键进行研究,揭示了其兼具稳定性与响应性的内在原因.用化学方法在石英基底上修饰了二硫键或二硒键,通过前述3种化学键的光控动态交换过程,分别得到了含有单个二硫键、硒硫键或二硒键的高分子修饰的石英基底.利用单分子力谱测量了这3组动态共价键的断裂力值,在200 nm/s的拉伸速度下,二硒键的断裂力为(1100±300) pN,硒硫键的断裂力为(1320±330) pN,二硫键的断裂力值为(1450±300) pN,它们的强度从大到小依次为SS SSe SeSe.单分子力谱结果表明动态共价键的强度介于非共价相互作用与传统意义上的稳定共价键(如C―C键)之间,这是它们兼具响应性和稳定性的原因之一.     

基于动态受阻脲键的可修复环氧树脂的制备及性能

以大位阻仲胺和异氰酸酯为原料,合成了基于大位阻脲键的环氧固化剂,并以4, 4’-二氨基二苯甲烷为交联剂,制得了基于大位阻脲键的热可逆结构稳定性自修复环氧热固性树脂。对合成的含大位阻脲键的环氧树脂进行了进行拉伸性能测试、热机械性能测试（DMA）、热重测试（TG）、可修复性能和可再加工性能测试。结果表明,拉伸强度达到68.62 MPa,断裂伸长率达到了6.93%,有效解决了环氧树脂的脆性难题,并且能够保持相对优异的力学性能,从而具有实际应用价值。同时,这种新型材料可以在120℃下10 min内实现快速愈合,大位阻脲键赋予了环氧热固性材料优异的再加工性、自愈合性、焊接性、可重塑性、可循环性和形状记忆性。因此,将大位阻脲键引入热固性环氧树脂,为以经济高效的方式制备具有高机械强度和自愈合效率的环氧热固性树脂提供了一种可行的策略。     

类玻璃高分子的再加工

类玻璃高分子(vitrimer)是一类含有动态共价键的共价交联聚合物网络, 结合了热固性聚合物和热塑性聚合物的优点. 在外界刺激作用下, 类玻璃高分子的动态共价键能够可逆断裂及形成, 而交联密度不会发生变化, 这种独特的性质使其能在保持三维交联网络结构的同时, 实现再加工、回收再利用、焊接和愈合等功能. 因此, 类玻璃高分子有望解决传统热固性聚合物无法进行再加工和回收再利用等问题, 推进资源的循环利用和社会可持续发展. 重点介绍了类玻璃高分子不同的再加工方式, 包括热加工、光热加工、电热加工和小分子辅助加工, 并对各个加工方式的原理、特点和应用进行总结. 最后, 对类玻璃高分子再加工的发展进行了展望.     

高性能可回收环氧树脂及其复合材料的制备与性能研究

采用戊二酸酐为固化剂,乙酰丙酮锌为催化剂制备了一种综合性能优异的高性能可回收环氧树脂.系统研究了固化剂及催化剂含量对树脂结构、热学及动态性能的影响,实现了树脂组成的优化设计.基于酯交换反应的热可逆性,制备的vitrimer树脂通过物理热压方法可实现良好回收,力学强度保持率可达80%.采用RTM工艺制备的碳纤维织物增强vitrimer树脂复合材料表现出与传统热固性树脂基复合材料相当的力学性能,并且通过醇类溶剂热降解树脂的方法,可实现复合材料中碳纤维的高效无损回收,回收率近100%.     

Thermally Responsive Selenide-containing Materials Based on Transalkylation of Selenonium Salts

Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) possess unique properties as a result of their internal dynamic bonds, such as self-healing and reprocessing abilities. In this study, we report a thermally responsive C−Se dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) that relies on the transalkylation exchange between selenonium salts and selenides, which undergo a fast transalkylation reaction in the absence of any catalyst. Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of a dissociative mechanism in the absence of selenide groups. After incorporation of this DCC into selenide-containing polymer materials, it was observed that the cross-linked networks display varying dynamic exchange rates when using different alkylation reagents, suggesting that the reprocessing capacity of selenide-containing materials can be regulated. Also, by incorporating selenonium salts into polymer materials, we observed that the materials exhibited good healing ability at elevated temperatures as well as excellent solvent resistance at ambient temperature. This novel dynamic covalent chemistry thus provides a straightforward method for the healing and reprocessing of selenide-containing materials.     

Multi-bond network hydrogels with robust mechanical and self-healable properties

Multi-bond network(MBN) which contains a single network with hierarchical cross-links is a suggested way to fabricate robust hydrogels. In order to reveal the roles of different cross-links with hierarchical bond energy in the MBN, here we fabricate poly(acrylic acid) physical hydrogels with dual bond network composed of ionic cross-links between carboxylFe3+ interactions and hydrogen bonds, and compare these dually cross-linked hydrogels with singly and ternarily cross-linked hydrogels. Simple models are employed to predict the tensile property, and the results confirm that the multi-bond network with hierarchical distribution in the bond energy of cross-links endows hydrogel with effective energy-dissipating mechanism. Moreover, the dually cross-linked MBN gels exhibit excellent mechanical properties(tensile strength up to 500 k Pa, elongation at break ~ 2400%) and complete self-healing after being kept at 50 °C for 48 h. The factors on promoting self-healing are deeply explored and the dynamic multi-bonds are regarded to trigger the self-healing along with the mutual diffusion of long polymer chains and ferric ions.     

Reprocessible Triketoenamine-Based Vitrimers with Closed-Loop Recyclability

Development of thermosets that can be repeatedly recycled via both chemical route (closed-loop) and thermo-mechanical process is attractive and remains an imperative task. In this work, we reported a triketoenamine based dynamic covalent network derived from 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol and secondary amines. The resulting triketoenamine based network does not have intramolecular hydrogen bonds, thus reducing its π-electron delocalization, lowering the stability of the tautomer structure, and enabling its dynamic feature. By virtue of the highly reversible bond exchange, this novel dynamic covalent bond enables the easy construction of highly crosslinked and chemically reprocessable networks from commercially available monomers. The as-made polymer monoliths exhibit high mechanical properties (tensile strength of 79.4 MPa and Young's modulus of 571.4 MPa) and can undergo a monomer-network-monomer (yields up to 90 %) recycling mediated by an aqueous solution, with the new-generation polymer capable of restoring the material strength to its original state. In addition, owing to its dynamic nature, a catalyst-free and low-temperature reprogrammable covalent adaptable network (vitrimer) was achieved. The design concept reported herein can be applied to the development of other novel vitrimers with high repressibility and recyclability, and sheds light on future design of sustainable polymers with minimal environmental impact.     

Vulcanization of polypropylene

Dynamic covalent crosslinking of commodity thermoplastics is a desirable target in material development, as it promises to combine the enhanced mechanical properties and thermal/solvent stability of thermosets with reprocessability and plastic flow under certain conditions activating the bond exchange. Many attempts of this development suffer from the same two problems: enhanced cost due to complex and often toxic chemicals, and the effective melt-flow index being too low for practical use. Here we return to the origins of polymer networks, and mimic the vulcanization of natural rubber in the commodity polypropylene using elemental sulfur initiated by peroxide. Forming sulfur bridges allows easy catalyst-free reprocessability based on the disulfide bond exchange. We study a broad range of compositions and reaction conditions, finding optimal balance between the crosslinking and chain scission in the melt compounder, and demonstrating much enhanced characteristics of the resulting materials. We specifically discuss and evaluate the balance between the rubber-elastic network response at high temperatures and the plastic flow enabled by disulfide exchange, responsible for the reprocessing of our vitrimers.     

Influence of the Epoxy/Acid Stoichiometry on the Cure Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Vitrimers

Bisphenol A epoxy resin cured with a mixture of dimerized and trimerized fatty acids is the first epoxy vitrimer and has been extensively studied. However, the cure behavior and thermal and mechanical properties of this epoxy vitrimer depend on the epoxy/acid stoichiometry. To address these issues, epoxy vitrimers with three epoxy/acid stoichiometries (9:11, 1:1 and 11:9) were prepared and recycled four times. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the cure behavior of the original epoxy vitrimers. The dynamic mechanical properties and mechanical performance of the original and recycled epoxy vitrimers were investigated by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and a universal testing machine. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism of epoxy vitrimer with different epoxy/acid stoichiometry was interpreted. With an increase in the epoxy/acid ratio, the reaction rate, swelling ratio, glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of the original epoxy vitrimers decreased, whereas the gel content increased. The recycling decreased the swelling ratio and elongation at break of the original epoxy vitrimers. Moreover, the elongation at break of the recycled epoxy vitrimers decreased with the epoxy/acid ratio at the same recycling time. However, the gel content, tensile strength and toughness of the original epoxy vitrimers increased after the recycling. The mechanical properties of epoxy vitrimers can be tuned with the variation in the epoxy/acid stoichiometry.     

Understanding the Reshaping of Fluorinated Polyester Vitrimers by Kinetic and DFT Studies of the Transesterification Reaction

Vitrimers are a third class of polymers gathering the mechanical properties and solvent resistance of 3D thermosets and the reprocessability of thermoplastics. This unique behaviour is due to the triggering of certain covalent exchange reactions that allow the network to rearrange upon application of a stimulus. The constitutive feature of vitrimers is the adoption of a glass-like viscosity during the rearrangement of the network, often due to an associative mechanism for the exchange reaction. Transesterification networks are one of the most studied type of vitrimers that usually require the incorporation of a catalyst, implying the associated drawbacks. Following up on a recent report on catalyst-free transesterification vitrimers in which the ester functions are particularly reactive thanks to the presence of fluorine atoms in α- or β-position, parallel DFT calculations and an experimental kinetic study on model molecules are presented in order to quantitatively assess the effect of neighbouring fluorinated groups on the transesterification reaction rate.     

“Solid-Liquid” Vitrimers Based on Dynamic Boronic Ester Networks

The "solid-liquid" behavior of vitrimers have not been systematically investigated. Herein, a series of "solid-liquid" vitrimers bearing varying contents of dynamic boronic ester bonds were synthesized via thiol-ene click reactions. These vitrimers allow for flexibile modulation of their network structures and thus show a range of intriguing properties including high stretchability, flexible transition from elasticity to plasticity, strong strain rate dependence, and solid-liquid performance. Th...     

Effect of bond exchange rate on dynamics and mechanics of vitrimers

Thermoset polymers are classified amongst the most challenging materials to recycle due to the permanent crosslinks that increase their strength and stiffness compared to their thermoplastic counterparts. Vitrimers provide a promising route to achieve the recyclability of thermosets by implementing dynamic covalent bonds within the network. In this study, a hybrid molecular dynamics (MD)-Monte Carlo (MC) technique is used to simulate these adaptive networks constructed by a coarse-grained model. The model proposed in this work describes the dynamic nature of the covalent bonds while maintaining a constant crosslink density. As this framework also shows flexibility in accommodating various exchange reaction activation energy via adjusting the energy difference in MC step, the dynamic and mechanical properties of the vitrimer system are intensely affected by the number of successful bond exchanges happening at every step. In both rubbery and glassy regimes, lowering the energy barrier of the bond exchange reaction results in enhanced motion for the vitrimer segments. This enhanced mobility, in turn, directly affects the stress–strain relationship of these networks, where a higher number of exchanges results in larger deformation before fracture even at low temperatures. Furthermore, the stress distribution in vitrimers shows more homogenous distribution before failure than in the thermoset network.     

Biomass-derived dynamic covalent epoxy thermoset with robust mechanical properties and facile malleability

Biomass-derived dynamic covalent thermoset has been considered as a promising solution to the high dependence on fossil resources and the difficulty in recyclability after curing of conventional bisphenol A epoxy resins. However, the design and preparation of a dynamic covalent biobased epoxy thermoset with both comparable thermal and mechanical performances to bisphenol A epoxy resins and reprocessibility remains a significant challenge. Herein, based on imine chemistry, a novel Schiff base-con...