磁场辅助沿面介质阻挡放电对所制备等离子体活化水化学活性及灭菌效应的影响

利用磁场辅助大气压空气沿面介质阻挡放电制备等离子体活化水,研究了不同放电电压与放电频率下有无磁场时放电制备的等离子体活化水的溶液性质,结合气液两相相关化学反应网络,分析了磁场影响放电制备等离子体活化水的机理;并比较了不同放电条件下有无磁场制备的等离子体活化水对大肠杆菌的杀灭效果.结果表明,磁场的加入能通过影响电子碰撞反应,进而影响后续的链式化学反应和液相次级反应进程,提高等离子体活化水的酸度、电导率及NO₃^-,NO₂^–,H₂O₂和ONOOH的浓度,增强对大肠杆菌的灭活效果.对于获得相同的杀菌效果,磁场的引入显著降低了所需的放电电压和放电频率、降低了能耗.等离子体活化水中的H⁺,H₂O₂,ONOOH等活性物种对杀菌具有协同效应.磁场辅助高电压-高频率放电时液相各活性物种的提升最显著,此时杀菌效应的提升也最明显.     

介质阻挡放电引发氮氧化物等离子体化学反应

在523 K介质阻挡放电条件下,研究了不同气体组分体系中NO的转化.实验表明,在无氧体系(NO/N2)中,转化的NO主要分解为N2和O2.在富氧(NO/O2/N2)条件下,由于NO和NO2的生成, NO的转化率最低.体系中加入C2H4(NO/C2H4/N2)时, NO转化率与NO/N2体系几乎一样,与NO相比,生成的O更易与C2H4作用,几乎没有NO2的生成.当C2H4和O2共存时(NO/O2/C2H4/N2),NO主要被氧化为NO2.当能量密度为125 J•L－1时, 与其它体系相比,NO/O2/C2H4/N2体系中NO转化率和NO2生成量最大,转化每个 NO分子能耗最小(61 eV).体系中C2H4主要被氧化为CO.四个体系中N2O的生成量都较少.讨论了介质阻挡放电条件下上述四个体系可能的反应机制.     

介质阻挡放电脱除甲醛的化学动力学模拟

对大气压介质阻挡放电脱除甲醛进行了化学动力学模拟, 建立了时空平均化的模型, 并对相关的结果进行了实验验证. 分析了各主要物种的浓度随放电时间的变化, 在模拟空气气氛下, HCHO主要由O·和OH·自由基脱除, 其中, OH·自由基的作用更为突出. 强调了氮分子的第一电子激发态N2(A3∑+u)的作用, 它与O2、H2O 分子的碰撞增加了O·和OH·自由基的浓度,在氮气气氛中, N2(A3∑+u)态是使HCHO脱除的主要物种.讨论了HCHO初始浓度、气体流量对HCHO 脱除比能耗和产物中CO2/CO 摩尔比值的影响, HCHO 初始浓度较高时, 甲醛脱除的比能耗较低, 在输入能量密度<60 J·L-1, HCHO 初始浓度较低时, 产物中nCO2 /nCO值较高.     

甲烷二氧化碳介质阻挡放电转化产物分布研究

针对介质阻挡放电甲烷二氧化碳转化实验,分析了反应的产物分布,探讨了进料组成和反应器结构对反应的影响.反应产物包括:高H2/CO摩尔比的合成气、气态烃、高辛烷值的汽油组分、醇和酸等含氧有机物.对所述电极结构,产物的选择性随碳数增加而降低;高的甲烷进料浓度有利于烃的生成,对醇和酸的最佳甲烷进料体积分数范围在67.4％～75.1％;放电间隙越小,原料转化率和烃、酸的选择性越大,大的放电间隙对醇的生成有利.     

单电极介质阻挡放电离子源研究

介质阻挡放电离子源是一种常压敞开式离子源,由于免试剂、适用范围广、易于小型化等特点而备受关注.该类离子源多采用表面双电极或针-环电极设计方式.表面双电极的接地电极会减弱氦气在强电场中电离形成的流注崩头能量,缩短等离子束喷射距离.针-环电极的电场主要集中在针电极尖端,流注崩头能量小,等离子束喷射距离比表面双电极还短.本研究对放电影响因素进行分析,通过改变电极形状和增加绝缘介质部件进行电场调整,使强电场区域集中于电极一侧,解决了单电极回流放电问题,从而获得稳定、高效的等离子束,其最大长度可达8 cm以上.基于电场调整技术,研制出单电极介质阻挡放电离子源,它主要由惰性载气、高压电极、绝缘介质管、气控以及温控部分组成.使用新型离子源对咖啡因液态样品和扑热息痛固体药片进行了质谱分析,前者的定量曲线R2值为99.66％,100 μg/L的信噪比为23;后者的主要成分对乙酰氨基酚可在质谱中快速检出,响应强度为1.26×106.上述结果表明,新型离子源可以实现样品的定量和快速原位分析.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体甲烷/水蒸气重整制氢

采用自制的介质阻挡放电实验系统,进行了甲烷/水蒸气大气压下重整制氢实验研究。考察了水碳比（水蒸气/甲烷物质的量比）、气体总流量、放电电压和放电频率对甲烷转化率及氢气等主要产物产率的影响。结果表明,甲烷转化率和氢气产率随着水碳比和放电电压的增加而增大,随着气体总流量和放电频率的增加呈现先增大后减小的变化规律。在放电电压18.6 kV、放电频率9.8 kHz、水碳比3.4、反应气体总流量79 mL/min时,获最大氢气产率（14.38%）。此外,利用发射光谱对放电过程中的活性基团进行了原位诊断,得到了CH·、OH·、H₂及H_α活性粒子的光谱信号强度随实验参数的变化规律,并结合放电机理推测了氢气的生成路径。     

介质阻挡放电-发射光谱测定偏二甲肼

基于气相色谱分离、低温等离子放电与发射光谱技术建立了偏二甲肼（UDMH）的测定方法。以介质阻挡放电（DBD）低温等离子体作为偏二甲肼的发射光谱（OES）激发源、DBD-OES微型发射光谱系统产生的384.94 nm特征光谱为检测信号,电荷耦合检测器（CCD）采集信号。仪器检出限为0.48μg/L;UDMH质量浓度为5μg/L时,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.3%;环境水样的加标回收率为84%～90%。方法可应用于痕量偏二甲肼的检测和应急监测。     

介质阻挡放电等离子体甲烷部分氧化重整制氢

在自制的介质阻挡放电等离子体重整制氢装置上进行了甲烷部分氧化重整制氢的实验研究. 本文研究了氧碳(O/C)摩尔比, 进气流量, 放电间隙, 放电区间长度, 填充物的直径、形状和材料, 放电电压和放电频率对甲烷转化率、氢产率和产物的选择性(H₂、CO和CO₂)的影响. 实验结果表明: 放电区域的参数对甲烷转化率有较大的影响. 甲烷转化率随着放电区域长度的增大而增大, 当放电区域长度从5 cm增大到20 cm时, 甲烷转化率从6.87%增大到22.26%, 增大率为224%. 同时, 放电区域的填充物对产氢效果有较大的影响. 当反应器填充颗粒时, 甲烷转化率比无填充物时高. 选择适当介电常数的填充物具有巨大的实际工程意义. 另外, 氢产率和氢气的选择性随着放电频率的增大而增大, 当放电频率从1.5 kHz 增大到7.0 kHz 时, 氢产率从1.10%增大到9.49%, 氢气的选择性从21.18%增大到30.06%. 实验结果将对碳氢燃料等离子体重整制氢的车载应用提供实验依据.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体脱除氮氧化物的发射光谱研究

在大气压下, NO/N2体系中, 利用发射光谱技术对50 Hz和5 kHz交流介质阻挡放电等离子体在200～900 nm范围内进行了诊断. 在632、674.5、715.5和742 nm等处测得了N原子的谱线. 利用化学发光法NOx分析仪, 模块式红外吸收气体分析检测仪, 大气压下直连质谱多种检测手段对放电前后的稳定物种进行了分析, 观察到O2的生成. 初步讨论了无氧条件下介质阻挡放电等离子体中NO脱除的反应机制.     

纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体合成氨工艺条件优化

氨(NH₃)作为重要的化工原料对农业及国计民生发展有直接影响。工业合成氨需高温高压、能耗高和污染重。低温等离子体技术是一种可持续,有潜力的合成氨途径,已成为国内外研究热点。本工作以氮气和氢气为原料,在低温常压下采用纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体合成氨,通过单因素实验系统研究脉冲峰值电压、脉冲重复频率、气体总流量、N₂和H₂体积比(V(N₂)∶V(H₂))等因素对合成氨速率及能量产率的影响规律。进一步通过正交实验评价确定影响合成氨反应速率因素的主次顺序为:脉冲峰值电压>脉冲重复频率>气体体积比>气体总流量。影响合成氨能量产率因素的主次顺序为:脉冲峰值电压>气体体积比>脉冲重复频率>气体总流量。结合两部分实验,最终得到合成氨的优选条件:脉冲峰值电压16 kV、脉冲重复频率6 kHz、脉冲上升沿100 ns、V(N₂)∶V(H₂)=1∶1、气体总流量200 mL/min。此时NH₃合成...     

甲烷参与下催化剂填充型介质阻挡放电等离子体脱除NOx

 将In/HZSM-5催化剂填充于介质阻挡放电反应器中,考察了甲烷参与下NOx的脱除及其脱除产物. 结果表明,在200～350 ℃间,等离子体与催化剂共同作用时NOx的转化率明显高于等离子体或催化剂单独作用时NOx的转化率. 在0.03%NO-0.05%CH4-2%O2-97.92%N2,空速7200 h-1和300 ℃的条件下,单纯等离子体、单纯催化剂和二者共同作用下NOx的转化率分别为24%,25%和65%. 甲烷参与下等离子体和催化剂共同作用时,在催化剂表面没有硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐生成,仅有少量副产物N2O生成. 由此可以推断,NOx脱除的主要产物为N2. 低于300 ℃时,NOx的脱除以分解途径为主,甲烷的作用主要是抑制放电条件下NOx生成的副反应; 在300～350 ℃间,甲烷作为还原剂被等离子体和催化剂协同活化,NOx的脱除以还原途径为主. 采用催化剂填充型介质阻挡放电反应器,可在非常宽的温度区间实现NOx的脱除.     

高频介质阻挡放电烟气脱硫研究

采用高频介质阻挡放电的方式产生低温等离子体,研究在不加入NH₃的情况下流动态SO₂的去除情况.实验表明,在输入电压为12 kV,SO₂浓度为5400 mg/m³,气体流量为0.36 m³/h,相对湿度为55%时,脱硫率可达到70%以上;水气的存在对SO₂的去除有较大的促进作用,升高电压和增加O₂量对脱硫率的促进作用有限.对实验结果进行了解释,并提出了反应机理.     

Gas-Phase Removal of Acetaldehyde via Packed-Bed Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor

The effectiveness of applying packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge(PBDBD) technology for removing acetaldehyde from gas streams wasinvestigated. Operating parameters examined in this study include appliedvoltage, oxygen content, and gas-flow rate. Experimental results indicatethat the destruction efficiency of acetaldehyde predominantly depends onthe applied voltage. Removal of 99% of acetaldehyde has been achieved forgas streams containing 1000 ppmv acetaldehyde, 5% oxygen, with nitrogen asthe carrier gas. The oxygen content in the gas stream plays an importantrole in removing acetaldehyde within PBDBD. A higher CH3CHO removalefficiency is achieved for the gas stream containing less oxygen, since itwill dissipate energy due to its electronegative property. Carbon dioxideis the major end product, which is less hazardous to the environment and tohuman health. However, undesirable products, e.g., NO₂ and N₂O,CH₃OC₂H₅, CH₃COOH, CH₃NO₂,HCN, CH₃NO₃, and CH₃OH, are detected as well.     

空气介质阻挡放电对超高分子量聚乙烯纤维表面性能及粘结力的影响研究

利用空气介质阻挡放电(DBD)等离子体对超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维进行表面改性处理研究以提高纤维表面的润湿和粘结性能.分别研究了等离子体处理时间及电压对UHMWPE纤维拉伸断裂强力、接触角、表面形貌、表面化学成分和粘结性能等的影响规律.SEM分析结果表明,空气DBD等离子体处理后UHMWPE纤维表面出现垂直于纤维轴向分布的凹坑和裂纹,使得纤维表面粗糙度显著增加.XPS分析表明空气DBD处理后纤维表面碳元素含量显著下降;同时氧元素和氮元素的含量均较处理前增加,但氧元素含量增加的幅度显著高于氮元素.XPS分峰结果表明等离子体处理后UHMWPE纤维纤维表面C—O/C—N基团含量显著增加,同时出现了C O和O—C O这2种新的含氧官能团.同时,接触角及和与环氧树脂之间的界面剪切力(IFSS)测试结果表明DBD等离子体处理后UHMWPE纤维表面润湿性能和粘结力均产生显著提高,且随着等离子体处理时间或电压的增加,UHMWPE纤维的表面润湿性能和粘结力均呈现先上升后下降的趋势.空气DBD等离子体处理对UHMWPE纤维的力学性能影响较小,当处理电压低于200 V,处理时间小于100 s,纤维强力下降比率小于5.2%.     

The Role of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Atmosphere and Physics on Polypropylene Surface Treatment

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is the discharge involved in corona treatment, widely used in industry to increase the wettability or the adhesion of polymer films or fibers. Usually DBD's are filamentary discharges but recently a homogeneous glow DBD has been obtained. The aim of this paper is to compare polypropylene surface transformations realized with filamentary and glow DBD in different atmospheres (He, N₂, N₂ + O₂ mixtures) and to determine the relative influence of both the discharge regime and the gas nature, on the polypropylene surface transformations. From wettability and XPS results it is shown that the discharge regime can have a significant effect on the surface transformations, because it changes both the ratio of electrons to gas metastables, and the space distribution of the plasma active species. This last parameter is important at atmospheric pressure because the mean free paths are short (m). These two points explain why in He, polypropylene wettability increase is greater by a glow DBD than by a filamentary DBD. In N₂, no significant effect of the discharge regime is observed because electrons and metastables lead to the same active species throughout the gas bulk. The specificity of a DBD in N₂ atmosphere compared to an atmosphere containing oxygen is that it allows very extensive surface transformations and a greater increase of the polypropylene surface wettability. Indeed, even in low concentration and independently of the discharge regime, when O₂ is present in the plasma gas, it controls the surface chemistry and degradation occurs.     

低温等离子体转化NO/O2/N2气氛中NO的实验研究

通过建立低温等离子体实验系统, 研究了介质阻挡放电型低温等离子体反应器作用于NO/O2/N2混合气体系时, NO, O2初始浓度对NO的转化效率的影响以及NOx, O3浓度随能量密度的变化关系. 低温等离子体作用于NO/O2/N2混合气体系时, NO同时发生氧化还原反应, 氧化反应占主导地位, 大部分NO转化为NO2; NO转化率随O2, NO初始浓度增大而降低, 能量密度在450～600 J/L时转化率较高; 产生的O3浓度随能量密度的增大呈先增后减的趋势.     

Methane Conversion Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge：Comparison with Thermal Process and Catalyst Effects

The direct conversion of methane using a dielectric barrier discharge has been experimentally studied. Experiments with different values of flow rates and discharge voltages have been performed to investigate the effects on the conversion and reaction products both qualitatively and quantitatively. Experimental results indicate that the maximum conversion of methane has been 80% at an input flow rate of 5 ml/min and a discharge voltage of 4 kV. Experimental results also show that the optimum condition has occurred at a high discharge voltage and higher input flow rate. In terms of product distribution, a higher flow rate or shorter residence time can increase the selectivity for higher hydrocarbons. No hydrocarbon product was detected using the thermal method, except hydrogen and carbon. Increasing selectivity for ethane was found when Pt and Ru catalysts presented in the plasma reaction. Hydrogenation of acetylene in the catalyst surface could have been the reason for this phenomenon as the selectivity for acetylene in the products was decreasing.     

Comparison Between Air Filamentary and Helium Glow Dielectric Barrier Discharges for the Polypropylene Surface Treatment

Recently, a glow like dielectric controlled barrier discharge (GDBD) working at atmospheric pressure has been observed. Such a discharge could replace a filamentary dielectric controlled barrier discharge (FDBD) used in corona treatment systems to improve the wettability or the adhesion of polymers. So it is of interest to compare these two types of discharges and their respective effect on a polymer surface. This is the aim of an extensive study we have undertaken. The first step presented here is the comparison of a filamentary discharge in air with a glow discharge in helium. Helium is the most appropriate gas to realize a glow discharge at atmospheric pressure. Air is the usual atmosphere for a corona treatment. The plasma was characterized by emission spectroscopy and current measurements. The surface transformations were indicated by the water contact angle, the leakage current measurement and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results show that the helium GDBD is better than air FDBD to increase polypropylene wettability without decreasing the bulk electrical properties below a certain level. Contact angle scattering as well as leakage current measurements confirm that the GDBD clearly results in more reproducible and homogeneous treatment than the FDBD.     

Study of SO2 Removal Using Non-thermal Plasma Induced by Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD)

Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) non-thermal plasma reactors built with three different dielectric materials for SO₂ removal were studied. The discharge characteristics of the three dielectrics, namely glass, Teflon, and glass fiber-based epoxy resin, were analyzed using Lissajous figures. From the Lissajous figures, the transition charge and energy deposition for each dielectric material were determined. When both the discharge characteristics and mechanical processability were considered, glass fiber-based epoxy resin was regarded as the best dielectric barrier among the three for DBD plasma reactors. A multi-cell DBD reactor built with glass fiber-based epoxy resin was used for treating air stream containing SO₂. SO₂ % removal decreased with increasing initial SO₂ concentration in a biphasic fashion. SO₂ removal was greatly improved by adding NH₃ into the air stream. Raising the relative humidity of the air stream also helped SO₂ removal. A SEM (scanning electron microscope) test illustrated some changes in surface morphology of Teflon and glass fiber-based epoxy resin.