Acoustical classification of woods for string instruments

Two basic types of wood are used to make stringed musical instruments: woods for soundboards (top plates) and those for frame boards (back and side plates). A new way to classify the acoustical properties of woods and clearly separate these two groups is proposed in this paper. The transmission parameter (product of propagation speed and Q value of the longitudinal wave along the wood grain) and the antivibration parameter (wood density divided by the propagation speed along the wood grain) are introduced in the proposed classification scheme. Two regression lines, drawn for traditional woods, show the distinctly different functions required by soundboards and frame boards. These regression lines can serve as a reference to select the best substitute woods when traditional woods are not available. Moreover, some peculiarities of Japanese string instruments, which are made clear by comparing woods used for them with woods used for Western and Chinese instruments, are briefly discussed.     

木材、竹材密度的CT技术检测

CT在木质材料无损检测中应用日趋广泛,其密度检测是这一应用的关键技术之一。本文用CT对木材、竹材气干材密度进行了研究。通过分析气干材密度(0.303～1.061 g·cm-3)与相应CT值的相互关系,获得24种木材气干材密度与相应CT值之间的线性模型,以及25种木质材料(24种木材及1种竹材)气干材密度与其CT值的混合数学线性模型,相关系数R均达0.99以上,实现了木质材料密度的高效连续精确无损检测,是木质材料CT技术量化检测的突破,为CT技术更好应用于木竹材科学研究与生产加工提供了技术支持和参考依据。     

LC-DAD/ESI-MS/MS study of phenolic compounds in ash (Fraxinus excelsior L. and F. americana L.) heartwood. Effect of toasting intensity at cooperage

The phenolic composition of heartwood extracts from Fraxinus excelsior L. and F. americana L., both before and after toasting in cooperage, was studied using LC-DAD/ESI-MS/MS. Low-molecular weight (LMW) phenolic compounds, secoiridoids, phenylethanoid glycosides, dilignols and oligolignols compounds were detected, and 48 were identified, or tentatively characterized, on the basis of their retention time, UV/Vis and MS spectra, and MS fragmentation patterns. Some LMW phenolic compounds like protocatechuic acid and aldehyde, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, were unlike to those for oak wood, while ellagic and gallic acid were not found. The toasting of wood resulted in a progressive increase in lignin degradation products with regard to toasting intensity. The levels of some of these compounds in medium-toasted ash woods were much higher than those normally detected in toasted oak, highlighting vanillin levels, thus a more pronounced vanilla character can be expected when using toasted ash wood in the aging wines. Moreover, in seasoned wood, we found a great variety of phenolic compounds which had not been found in oak wood, especially oleuropein, ligstroside and olivil, along with verbascoside and isoverbascoside in F. excelsior, and oleoside in F. americana. Toasting mainly provoked their degradation, thus in medium-toasted wood, only four of them were detected. This resulted in a minor differentiation between toasted ash and oak woods. The absence of tannins in ash wood, which are very important in oak wood, is another peculiar characteristic that should be taken into account when considering its use in cooperage.     

红外光谱和热重分析法评估三种加固剂对“小白礁Ⅰ号”考古木材微力学性能的影响

随着社会对木质文物重视程度的提高和现代考古技术的进步,饱水木质文物得到不断发掘和保护。饱水木质文物木材的细胞形态和化学结构普遍发生非均匀降解或变化,成为了不同于健康木材的“新材料”。PEG法和糖法作为国际通用的脱水加固方法可避免饱水木质文物干燥过程中收缩变形。本研究选用“小白礁Ⅰ号”沉船主要用材树种柚木（Tectona sp.）为试验对象,分别使用PEG、三氯蔗糖和海藻糖加固,并在开发的适用于脆弱木质文物的非包埋式纳米压痕样品制备方法的基础上,通过纳米压痕力学技术（NI）评估了三种饱水木质文物常用加固处理方法对考古木材微力学性能的影响;同时,结合红外光谱法（FTIR）和热重分析（TGA）方法,进一步揭示了加固剂种类影响考古木材微力学性能的原因。研究结果表明：使用非包埋法制备的纳米压痕样品,可准确获取加固处理后考古木材细胞壁的纵向弹性模量和硬度;PEG法、三氯蔗糖法和海藻糖法均可显著提高考古木材木纤维细胞壁的纵向弹性模量和硬度,三种方法加固处理后的木材的弹性模量比未处理样品分别增加了6.9%,25.4%和29.1%,硬度比未处理样品分别增加了9.3%,25.9%和13.6%。红外光谱试验结果表明PEG、三氯蔗糖和海藻糖均进入了考古木材细胞腔等内部组织结构,热重分析结果证实部分加固剂进入了木材细胞壁,是细胞壁强度提高的主要原因。总之,三氯蔗糖和海藻糖较适用于饱水考古木材的脱水加固,加固效果优于PEG,其中三氯蔗糖的加固效果最佳。研究结果为饱水木质文物加固性能的准确评估提供了方法参考,为沉船等饱水木质文物的加固与保护提供了科学依据。     

Sound absorption by wood in relation to anatomical and mechanical properties

The results of basic research on sound absorption by transverse and longitudinal sections of four Egyptian woods are presented. The amount of sound absorption was determined by laboratory experiments with wood samples in a standing wave apparatus. The specific gravity, maximum crushing strength and hardness of tested samples were also determined in order to study the relationship between wood absorption of sound and its mechanical properties. Cross-sections of the wood samples were also microscopically tested. The results are discussed in terms of two basic mechanisms of sound absorption—the flow resistance and mechanical hysterisis. The results show that sound absorption measurements have potential both as a non-destructive test and for the evaluation of the mechanical properties of woods.     

Anatomical descriptions of silicified woods from Madagascar and Indonesia by scanning electron microscopy

Fine structure and tissue substitution by minerals were investigated in silicified woods from Madagascar and Indonesia by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The silicified woods maintained the exterior morphology of once grown trees and showed typical inner structures of conifers. Radial planes of the silicified wood from Madagascar revealed tracheids as a major component of the axial system in the secondary xylem. Tracheids were mainly characterized by numerous bordered pits where a thickening in the middle (torus) was surrounded with the membrane (margo). The torus appeared to contrast with the fibrillar network of the margo. As a component of the axial system in the secondary phloem, sieve elements were found to have many sieve pores that were filled with seemingly crystalline materials. To correlate the colors of the silicified wood from Indonesia with elemental composition, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry was employed in this study. Silicon was present as a basic component of the silicified wood. Calcium and iron were detected from red-colored regions, whereas magnesium was found in blue-colored regions. These results suggest that tissues of silicified woods had been substituted by minerals over the past period, while retaining the inherent morphology of the tree species. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis could be applied to unravel structural details and composition of plant fossils in palaeobotany.     

Wood surface functionalization by means of low-pressure air plasma

Low-pressure plasma treatments in an radio frequency (RF) discharge of air have been used on the surface of wood to stimulate polar function groups onto pine and beach surfaces to enhance the wettability and activation. The effects of plasma treatments on the morphology and wettability of surfaces were characterized by using static contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A clear increase in the surface energy of the wood surface due to air plasma treatment was observed. The surfaces became highly hydrophilic when woods were exposed for 5 s or longer to the plasma discharge. The wettability of wood surface can be improved when oxygen functionalities were generated, which can be achieved directly in O-containing plasma or via post plasma reaction. A small reduction in the surface energy of the treated wood after 12 days of aging showed that the plasma-induced cross-linking in the surface of the wood was not the dominant phenomenon.     

Luminescence and lattice defects in Cu In S2

We have studied the cathodoluminescence of single crystals of Cu In S₂ obtained by iodine chemical transport. As grown crystals and crystals annealed in In, S, (In + S), or in vacuum, were used. Two types of spectrum were observed, one for n type crystals due to S vacancies, and the other for p type or compensated crystals, which is interpreted as donor-acceptor pair transitions (determined by Time Resolved Speetroscopy) between the S vacancy (donor ~90 meV) and the Cu vacancy (acceptor ~45 meV), and by the corresponding free-to-bound transitions.     

Acoustical properties of wood in string instruments soundboards and tuned idiophones: biological and cultural diversity

The acoustical properties of wood for instruments have mostly been studied on a few archetypal woods in Western musical instruments. The objective of this paper is to extend knowledge on the diversity in wood properties and uses in instruments from different geo-cultural areas. A wide set of data has been collected on vibrational properties of 452 species, through experiments and literature survey. Property distributions within broad categories confirm the known characteristics of softwoods, but also evidence specificities of tropical hardwoods compared to temperate-zone species. A relational database has been created to link wood properties and uses in musical instruments of the world. Two case studies on acoustically important functions in different geo-cultural areas show contrasted trends: (i) species used for xylophone bars and slit-drums in different continents all share a very low internal friction, (ii) on the contrary, the only characteristic common to soundboards' woods is a lower than average density, whereas their acoustical properties differ widely between them and with the "Western" standard in wood choice. All these materials being nevertheless adapted to their context, cultural specificities in the structure, playing mode and "sonority" preferences should also be taken into account.     

Scanning tunneling microscopy chemical signature of point defects on the MoS2(0001) surface

Using ab initio calculations, we have studied the modification of the electronic structure of the MoS2(0001) surface by several point defects: a surface S vacancy and different transition metal atoms substituting a S atom (Pd, Au, Fe, and V). With a S vacancy, a gap state appears with weight mostly on the Mo and S atoms surrounding the vacancy. The substitutional atoms of complete d band (Pd and Au) do not present magnetic polarization and slightly modify the DOS near the Fermi energy. On the other hand, the incomplete d band atoms (Fe and V) present spin polarization and modify significantly the states near the band edges. From calculated STM images and STS curves, we show that this chemical signature can be measured and used to characterize the surface defects of the substrate which are suitable nucleation centers for nanocluster growth.     

Directional compton profile studies of GaP

59.54 keV gamma ray Compton profiles (CP) of GaP along (100) and (1 1 1) directions are reported. The measured anisotropy has qualitatively similar features as given by the recent pseudopotential calculations for other III–V compound semiconductors. The average valence profile is found to be more peaked compared to that of the pure covalent semiconductors Si and Ge. This suggests that inonicity has the effect of making the valence-electron wave functions of compound semiconductors more diffused. Theoretical calculations on the directional Compton profiles of GaP will be of great use for an exact comparision with the present data, which will help in detailed understanding of the electronic structure of GaP.     

基于太赫兹时域光谱技术的红木分类识别

提出了一种利用太赫兹时域光谱技术（THz-TDS）进行红木分类识别方法。红木价格昂贵,同时由于种类繁多难以识别,导致红木市场以次充好,以假乱真的现象层出不穷,严重扰乱了市场秩序,给生产者和消费者造成巨大的经济损失,传统的红木分类识别方法难以兼顾准确性和快速性,因此需要研究一种新的方法对现有木材分类识别方法进行补充和发展。相比于传统方法,太赫兹波对红木具有良好的穿透性及指纹特性,在红木的分类识别中有较大的应用潜力。选用5种红木（巴里黄檀、奥氏黄檀、大叶紫檀、小叶紫檀、交趾黄檀）作为试验样品木材。利用THz-TDS系统得到木材的太赫兹时域光谱,通过对五种木材的太赫兹时域光谱进行快速傅里叶变换,得到木材太赫兹频域光谱,并对太赫兹时域光谱提取光学参数,分别得到木材的太赫兹折射率谱和吸收系数谱,结果表明不同种类的木材在时域光谱上具有时间延迟线与振幅的差异,在频域光谱上显示衰减趋势及幅值各不相同,在吸收系数谱中各种类红木吸收峰出现的频段不同,能够直观地展示出各种类木材之间的区别,表明THz-TDS进行红木分类识别具有一定的可行性。利用连续投影算法（SPA）提取吸收系数谱和折射率谱的特征频率,对吸收系数谱260个频率点筛选出28个特征频率点,频段占比10.77%;对折射率谱260个频率点筛选出12个特征频率点,频段占比4.62%。分别建立基于吸收系数谱和折射率谱的随机森林分类模型和支持向量机（SVM）红木分类模型,并对各模型分类结果进行对比。实验结果表明,THz-TDS具有良好的木材识别效果,基于木材太赫兹吸收系数谱和折射率谱建立的随机森林分类模型对红木种类有着较好的分类性能,总体分类准确率分别达到了94%和96%,能够准确对红木种类进行分类识别。利用太赫兹时域光谱技术实现了红木的分类识别,为红木的分类识别提供了一个新的思路和技术方案,能够作为近红外光谱木材检测方法的补充,同时为太赫兹技术在木材分类识别领域的应用提供了理论基础。     

Shaping of the electron distribution function in a striated solution

Numerous papers have been devoted to the investigation of striations in inert gases at low pressures (p⩽2 Torr) and small currents (i<100 mA) [A. V. Nedospasov, Sov. Phys. Usp. 11, 174 (1968); L. Pekarek, Sov. Phys. Usp. 11, 188 (1968); N. L. Oleson and A. W. Cooper, Adv. Electron. Electron Phys. 24, 155 (1968); P. S. Landa, N. A. Miskinova, and Yu. V. Ponomarev, Sov. Phys. Usp. 23, 813 (1980)]. Since the nature of striations is determined under these conditions by the nonlocal kinetics of the electrons in spatially periodic fields [L. D. Tsendin, Sov. J. Plasma Phys. 8, 228 (1982)], an investigation of the electron distribution function in space and time would be very interesting. The purpose of the present work is to experimentally investigate the potential profiles and distribution functions in S and P striations and to analyze the mechanism which shapes the distribution functions for striations of these types. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 14–21 (September 1997)     

含R2dtc配体和V=O基的金属簇红外光谱研究

本文报道两类含Ｒ２ｄｔｃ配体的金属簇的红外光谱特点及某些规律,含Ｒ２ｄｔｃ的立方簇合物在４００－５００ｃｍ＾－１有较宽而弱的吸收,可归结于Ｍ－μ３Ｓ振动。Ｍ－Ｓｄｔｃ在３３０－３８０ｃｍ＾－１,Ｃ－Ｎ振动在１４７０－１５１０ｃｍ＾－１。二甲基ｄｔｃ配体立方的ｖ（Ｃ－Ｎ）与ｖ（Ｃ＝Ｓ）比值他二烷基ｄｔｃ立方烷的相应振动分别蓝移和红移,可归结于甲基超共轭效应所致。「Ｖ２Ｃｕ２Ｓ４（Ｒ２ｄｔｃ）２（ＰｈＳ）２」＾２－和「ＶＣｕ４Ｓ４（Ｒ２ｄｔｃ）ｎ（ＰｈＳ）４－ｎ」＾３－（ｎ＝０,１,２）的Ｍ－μ３Ｓ振动分别出现在４８０和４６５ｃｍ＾－１,可作为区别两类化合物的一个指标。另一类含（Ｒ２ｄｔｃ）２Ｖ２Ｏ２（μ－Ｓ）２单元的金属簇中,Ｖ－Ｏ伸缩频率在８４４－９７０ｃｍ＾－１范围内,（Ｅｔ４Ｎ）「Ｖ２Ｓ２Ｏ３（Ｅｔ２ｄｔｃ     

Elasticity and inelasticity of biomorphic carbon,silicon carbide,and SiC/Si composite produced on the basis of medium density fiberboard

The amplitude and temperature dependences of the Young’s modulus and the internal friction (ultrasonic absorption) of biomorphic carbon, silicon carbide, and SiC/Si composite produced from medium density fiberboard (MDF) by pyrolysis (carbonization), followed by infiltration of molten silicon into the prepared carbon preform have been studied in the temperature range 100–293 K in air and under vacuum. The measurements have been performed by the acoustic resonance method with the use of a composite vibrator for longitudinal vibrations at frequencies of approximately 100 kHz. The data obtained by acoustic measurements of the amplitude dependences of the elastic modulus have been used for evaluating the microplastic properties of samples under study. It has been shown that the Young’s modulus, the decrement of elastic vibrations, and the conventional microyield strength of the MDF samples differ from the corresponding data for previously studied similar materials produced from natural eucalyptus, beech, sapele, and pine woods. In particular, the desorption of environmental molecules at small amplitudes of vibrations, which is typical of biomorphic materials based on natural wood, is almost absent for the MDF samples. The results obtained have been explained by different structures and the influence of pores and other defects, which, to a large extent, determine the mechanical characteristics of the biomaterials under investigation.     

On the quality of the Nimbus 7 LIMS version 6 ozone for studies of the middle atmosphere

The Nimbus 7 Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) radiance profile dataset of 1978/79 was reconditioned and reprocessed to Version 6 (V6) profiles of temperature and species that are improved significantly over those from Version 5 (V5). The LIMS V6 dataset was archived for public use in 2002. Improvements for its ozone include: (1) a more accurate accounting for instrument and spacecraft motion effects in the radiances, (2) the use of better spectroscopic line parameters for its ozone forward model, (3) retrievals of all its scans, (4) more accurate and compatible temperature versus pressure profiles (or T(p)) that are needed for the registration of the ozone radiances and for the removal of temperature effects from them, and (5) a better accounting for interfering species in the lower stratosphere. The retrieved V6 ozone profiles extend from near cloud top altitudes to about 80 km and from 64S to 84N latitude with better sampling along the orbit than for the V5 dataset. Calculated estimates of the single-profile precision and accuracy are provided; precision estimates based on the data themselves are of order 3% or better from 1 to 30 hPa. Estimates of total systematic error are hard to generalize because the separate sources of error may not all be of the same sign, and they depend somewhat on the atmospheric state. It is estimated that the accuracy of the V6 zonal mean ozone distribution is within ±9% from 50-10 hPa, improving to ±7% in the uppermost stratosphere. Simulation studies show that the LIMS T(p) retrievals are underestimating slightly the small amplitudes of the atmospheric temperature tides, which affect the retrieved day/night ozone differences. There are also small biases in the middle to lower stratosphere for the ascending versus descending node LIMS ozone, due principally to not accounting for the asymmetric weighting of its radiance within the tangent layer. The total accuracy for the LIMS ozone was assessed by comparing its daily zonal mean, daytime distributions against those from the Nimbus 7 SBUV Version 8 (V8) dataset for the same period. The LIMS V6 ozone agrees well with SBUV, except between 2 and 5 hPa where the LIMS ozone is greater. That bias is related to the differing vertical resolutions and forward models for the two experiments. The accuracy for LIMS V6 ozone in the lower stratosphere is improved over that reported for V5, as indicated by a small set of V6 comparisons with ECC ozonesonde profiles. Comparisons of diurnal, photochemical model calculations with the monthly-averaged, upper stratospheric ozone obtained with LIMS V6 indicate only a slight ozone deficit for the model at about 2 hPa. However, that deficit exhibits little to no seasonal variation and is in good agreement with similar model comparisons for a seasonal time series of ozone obtained with ground-based microwave instruments. Because the LIMS V6 ozone has improved accuracy and sampling versus that of V5 for the lower stratosphere it should now be possible to conduct quantitative studies of ozone transport and chemistry for the northern hemisphere, polar winter/spring of 1978/79—a time period when the catalytic loss of ozone due to reactive chlorine should not have been a major factor for the Arctic stratosphere.     

Relaxation of nuclear magnetization in a nonuniform magnetic field gradient and in a restricted geometry

We study the influence of restriction on Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spin echo response of magnetization of spins diffusing in a bounded region in the presence of a nonuniform magnetic field gradient. We consider two fields in detail-a parabolic field which, like the uniform-gradient field, scales with the system size, and a cosine field which remains bounded. Corresponding to three main length scales, the pore size, L(S), the dephasing length, L(G), and the diffusion length during half-echo time, L(D), we identify three main regimes of decay of the total magnetization: motionally averaged, localization, and short-time. In the short-time regime (L(D) < L(S), L(G)), we confirm that the leading order behavior is controlled by the average of the square of the gradient, (nablaB(z))(2), and in the motionally averaged regime (MAv), where L(S) < L(D), L(G), by (integral dxB(z))(2). We verify numerically that two different fields for which those two averages are identical result in very similar decay profiles not only in the limits of short and long times but also in the intermediate times, with important practical implications. In the motionally averaged regime we found that previous estimates of the decay exponent for the parabolic field, based on a soft-boundary condition, are significantly altered in the presence of a more realistic, hard wall. We find the scaling of the decay exponent in the MAv regime with pore size to be L(2)(S) for the cosine field and L(6)(S) for the parabolic field, as contrasted with the linear gradient scaling of L(4)(S). In the localization regime, for both the cosine and the parabolic fields, the decay exponent depends on a fractional power of the gradient, implying a breakdown of the second cumulant or the Gaussian phase approximation. We also examined the validity of time-evolving the total magnetization according to a distribution of effective local gradients and found that such approximation works well only in the short-time regime and breaks down strongly for long times. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

基于X射线剖面密度仪和FTIR快速测定两种实木地板材的物理化学性能

实木地板作为一种天然环保的地面铺装材料,得到越来越多消费者的选择,需求量日益剧增,而如何快速了解和检测木材材性一直是地板选材和质量检测急需解决的问题。采用了X射线剖面密度仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)两种快速检测技术,对市场上常用的进口地板材番龙眼和香二翅豆的剖面密度和化学主要组成成分进行了快速测定;同时采用直接测量法测量了木材的基本密度值,并将两种地板材快速测定密度值与实测密度值进行了相关性分析。剖面密度分析结果表明,香二翅豆的平均密度高于番龙眼的平均密度,两种地板材质地均匀性都很好;相关性数据表明番龙眼与香二翅豆两种地板材剖面密度的平均值与其基本密度值都具有很好的相关性,拟合后的相关系数达到了0.983和0.981,所有样品的两种密度的相关系数为0.991;傅里叶红外光谱分析结果表明香二翅豆的抽提物含量要高于番龙眼,香二翅豆木质素的特征峰I_{1 507}/I_{1 425},I_{1 507}/I_{1 740}的高度比值高于番龙眼的,而纤维素的特征峰I₈₉₅/I_{1 425},I₈₉₅/I_{1 507}高度比值低于番龙眼的,表明香二翅豆的木质素含量高于番龙眼,纤维素含量低于番龙眼。由此可见,X射线剖面密度仪可以快速检测出木材的质地均匀性以及预测木材基本密度值,而FTIR可以快速检测木材化学组分相对含量的高低,两种方法结合可以对实木地板材以及其他木材的物理化学性能进行快速检测。     

真空热处理人工林落叶松木材吸湿性变化机理研究

热处理是一种环境友好型的木材改性方法,可提高木材的耐腐性和尺寸稳定性。研究以落叶松木材为试验材料,在处理温度200 ℃的条件下,对其进行了不同时间的真空热处理。利用动态水蒸气吸附(DVS)对热处理前后木材吸湿性的变化进行了表征,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析了热处理前后木材化学组分和结构变化,通过化学变化分析阐明了热处理木材吸湿性变化的作用机制。结果表明：真空热处理落叶松木材的平衡含水率降低,热处理木材的平衡含水率随热处理时间的延长呈逐渐下降的趋势。结合红外光谱和光电子能谱发现,热处理后木材纤维素和半纤维素等化学成分发生降解,木质素发生交联缩合反应,使得吸湿性基团含量减少,碳元素与氧元素含量发生变化,氧碳比降低,从C原子的结合形式来看,热处理材的C1含量增加,C2和C3含量降低,这些化学变化使得热处理材的吸湿性降低。此外,真空热处理未破坏木材的结晶结构,木材的相对结晶度随真空热处理时间的延长而增大,结晶度的增大减少了纤维素分子链上吸水性基团的数量,从而降低了木材的吸湿性。     

湖北江陵九店战国墓出土墨的科学分析

湖北江陵九店战国墓M56出土墨为我国早期制墨原料和工艺研究提供了重要的实物资料,但出土至今一直未对其进行分析和研究,关于墨类型、墨中添加剂及胶结物等信息尚未知。为此,应用傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱仪（FTIR）、透射电镜（TEM）和热裂解气相色谱质谱法（Py-GC/MS）对江陵九店战国墨的形貌特征和化学成分进行科学分析和研究。结果表明：(1) 红外光谱在1595 cm-1附近有烟炱C═C骨架振动吸收峰,另有羧酸羰基C═O（1 716 cm-1）和醇类物质中C-O（1 031和1 092 cm-1）键的伸缩振动,以及表面OH,COOH中O-H（3 421 cm-1）的伸缩振动,表明江陵九店战国墨中含有羧酸和醇类物质;(2)在透射电镜下对墨的形貌特征和颗粒大小均匀性进行分析,结果表明江陵九店战国墨颗粒近圆形,边缘光滑,大小分布不均匀,与松烟墨的特征相似;(3)应用热裂解气相色谱质谱法（Py-GC/MS）对江陵九店战国墨的化学成分进行分析,检测出一系列多环芳烃类化合物（PAHs）、松木类物质燃烧化合物（惹烯、脱氢松香酸甲酯等）、樟脑和雪松油类的芳香化合物（α-柏木烯, β-雪松烯、花侧柏烯、雪松醇）等,其中PAHs的相对含量及松木燃烧化合物表明江陵九店战国墨为松烟墨。另外,Py-GC/MS检测结果表明江陵九店战国墨中有樟脑和雪松油添加剂。研究认为,我国在战国时期已有用樟脑和雪松油作为添加剂于松烟墨的制造中。