FE Formulation of Detonation Important by the Stabilized Galerkin Method

We introduce a finite element formulation of Detonation problems. The detonation involves supersonic combustion waves which emanate from an exothermic chemical reaction occurring behind propagating shock waves. The development of geometrically versatile schemes is required to meet practical needs. The Galerkin/Least-squares method with entropy variables possesses good accuracy and stability properties. As a first attempt to handle chemical reaction model, we use a simple two front model which has a good performance and a flexibility in adapting to the experimental data. It is emphasized that the process of generation and propagation of the shock triple points has been demonstrated.     

The effect of the thickness of the porous material on the parallel plate channel flow when the walls are provided with non-erodible porous lining

Flow through a channel whose walls are lined with non-erodible porous material is investigated using Beavers and Joseph slip boundary condition. It is shown that the effect of porous lining is to increase the mass flow rate and to decrease the friction factor.     

Magnetic Field Influence on the Gas Detonation Induced by Spark Discharge

The present paper describes the influence of magnetic field on the spark discharge utilized for initialization of detonation. The method of schlieren time-based scanning shows the increase of shock wave velocity in the case when magnetic field was applied to the area of electrical discharge in the air. The critical energy values are obtained for a direct initialization of detonation in hydrogen–air and hexane–air mixtures. Magnetic field has a significant influence on the deflagration–combustion transition in both mixtures at the critical energy values. Pressure and velocity of the shock front were measured by ICP pressure transducers, flame front was recorded by photo-diodes. Two cases were studied experimentally: external magnetic field is produced by inductance coils connected to capacitor; own magnetic field is induced directly by discharge current in the cables positioned in special way.     

Shock wave attenuation by grids and orifice plates

The interaction of weak shock waves with porous barriers of different geometries and porosities is examined. Installing a barrier inside the shock tube test section will cause the development of the following wave pattern upon a head-on collision between the incident shock wave and the barrier: a reflected shock from the barrier and a transmitted shock propagating towards the shock tube end wall. Once the transmitted shock wave reaches the end wall it is reflected back towards the barrier. This is the beginning of multiple reflections between the barrier and the end wall. This full cycle of shock reflections/interactions resulting from the incident shock wave collision with the barrier can be studied in a single shock tube test. A one-dimensional (1D), inviscid flow model was proposed for simulating the flow resulting from the initial collision of the incident shock wave with the barrier. Fairly good agreement is found between experimental findings and simulations based on a 1D flow model. Based on obtained numerical and experimental findings an optimal design procedure for shock wave attenuator is suggested. The suggested attenuator may ensure the safety of the shelter’s ventilation systems.     

Aqueous foams and foam films stabilised by surfactants. Gravity-free studies

There are still many open questions and problems in both fundamental research and practical applications of foams. Despite the fact that foams have been extensively studied, many aspects of foam physics and chemistry still remain unclear. Experiments on foams performed under microgravity allow studying wet foams, such as those obtained early during the foaming process. On Earth, wet foams evolve too quickly due to gravity drainage and only dry foams can be studied. This paper reviews the foam and foam film studies that we have performed in gravity-free conditions. It highlights the importance of surface rheology as well as of confinement effects in foams and foam films behaviour.     

Analytical procedure for modelling recursively and wire by wire stranded ropes subjected to traction and torsion loads

The aim of this article is to introduce a new theoretical procedure for modelling wire ropes subjected simultaneously to tensile and torsional loads. The procedure is based upon the beam assumption and takes account wire by wire of the double helical wires on the basis of general thin rod theory developed by [Love, A., 1944. Mathematical Theory of Elasticity. Dover Publications, New York]. The proposed kinematics are based on the assumption that wires are un-lubricated and therefore that no relative sliding between adjacent wires happens.     

Experimental investigation on the shock-wave load attenuation by geometrical means

The pressures and loads induced on the center of the end-wall of a shock tube by a shock wave that passes through different types of obstacles are investigated. Efforts have been made to understand the effect of the obstacle geometry on the load development. The experiments were conducted in a shock tube apparatus in which a modular test section was implemented. It is found that for a single-obstacle setup, the effect of the geometry becomes dominant when the blockage ratio (i.e., the ratio of the non-open area to the overall cross section) is large. It is also found that the attenuation effect is more pronounced for general geometries, which form diverging-like nozzle. In the case of multi-obstacles geometry, the same sensitivity to the blockage ratio as in the single-obstacle case is found. However, amplification or attenuation of the shock-wave load on the center of the end-wall of a shock tube is observed when the number of the obstacles is increased. This is due to different trapping effects of the shock wave between the obstacle and the end-wall.     

水平光面爆破激发地震波的成分及衰减特征

借助极化偏振分析方法,针对一组现场爆破实验,分析了水平光面爆破激发地震波的成分构成及特性,比较了不同波的衰减特征及各自对爆破振动的影响,并探讨了水平光面爆破的内在力学机理。结果表明,爆破振动中不同波的相对量值及主导波的类型均会随测点位置的改变而变化,爆源特性和沿传播路径的不同衰减共同决定波的成分构成及演化,各测点的优势振动方向也与波的成分构成密切相关。对于水平光面爆破,在光爆孔平面上,P波的影响可忽略,S波主要在竖直向振动,R波对水平及竖直向的振动均有贡献,其中水平向的振动主要由R波引起,而S波的竖直向振速在近区远高于R波,但归因于S和R波的不同衰减,R波在距离爆源22.5 m/kg^1/2(58~67 m)处开始主导竖直向的振动;在光爆孔平面外,P波的影响不可忽略,且在特定位置会成为优势波型。     

Numerical approximation of the heat transfer between domains separated by thin walls

In this paper, we analyse the numerical approximation of the heat transfer problem between two subdomains that we will consider filled with a fluid and separated by a thin solid wall. First of all, we state the problem in the whole domain with discontinuous physical properties. As an alternative and under certain assumptions on the separating walls, a classical Robin boundary condition between the fluid domains is obtained, thus eliminating the solid wall, and according to which the heat flux is proportional to the temperature difference between the two subdomains. Apart from discussing the relation between both approaches, we consider their numerical approximation, considering different alternatives for the first case, that is, the case in which temperatures are also computed in the solid wall. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurement of the liquid phase mass in gas-liquid sprays by X-ray attenuation

An optical method for measuring the mass of liquid phase in a spray has been developed into an X-ray method. An X-ray of about 6 keV is used to measure the mass distribution of liquid phase in the spray formed by a concentric injector with water and gaseous nitrogen at one atmosphere of pressure. The possibility of measuring the mass of gaseous oxygen and hydrogen is discussed.     

钢丝软轴是怎样传递扭矩的

 详细分析了钢丝软轴传递扭矩的原理,结果表明: 包轴的套管的协同工作起着至关重要的作用.     

SH 波入射时半空间界面裂纹与圆形衬砌的相互作用

利用复变函数和Green函数法研究了双相介质半空间界面裂纹及界面附近圆形衬砌对SH 波的散射与动应力集中问题。首先,采用映像思想构造满足自由边界条件的散射波表达式,进而求解所需的Green函数;其次,采用裂纹切割技术构造裂纹,并根据连续性条件建立了求解该问题的无穷代数方程组;最后,给出了不同入射波数时界面裂纹与衬砌的相互作用。结果表明,裂纹的存在显著放大了衬砌界面的动应力集中。     

Error estimation using the error transport equation for finite-volume methods and arbitrary meshes

We present a single grid error estimation technique based on the derivation of a continuous equation for the discretization error. It is developed in the context of finite-volume methods for arbitrary meshes. The key issue of the evaluation of the source term is addressed through the use of a reconstruction operator. Using a higher order accurate evaluation of this term and solving the error equation with the same numerical methods and on the same computational grid as the primal problem leads to a higher order accurate error prediction. The methodology is presented in detail and its properties of asymptotic exactness and superconvergence are illustrated on several cases, including an application of practical engineering complexity. Also presented is the derivation of a powerful criterium for driving any adaptive procedure.     

狭长直管约束条件水下电爆炸所产生的气泡运动和界面射流

以高速摄影为主要手段,揭示直管中爆炸诱导气泡和射流的典型演变过程,并测试爆炸深度和爆炸能量对该现象的影响。研究发现直管中爆炸诱导的表面射流分为光滑和粗糙的两段,这区别于自由表面射流的形态;爆炸气泡的发展经历一个先膨胀再坍缩的过程,其中封闭坍缩以气泡顶部形成内向射流为特征。表面射流速度主要来自爆炸早期短时间内气泡膨胀赋予水体的冲量,且整体上与起爆能量成正相关,而与爆炸深度成反相关;用准一维的简化模型能够很好地描述它们之间的依赖关系,计算结果不仅在趋势上与实验结果一致,数值上也能很好吻合。

     

电弧喷涂纳米结构涂层的组织与磨损性能

基于机器人自动化高速电弧喷涂技术在45#钢基体上制备了铁基纳米结构涂层.研究了纳米结构涂层在不同磨损速度?不同载荷下的磨损行为,并利用3Cr13涂层进行对比试验.采用扫描电镜?能谱分析仪,透射电镜和X射线衍射仪等设备对涂层的组织结构进行了表征,利用纳米压痕仪对涂层的力学性能进行了分析.结果表明:涂层的组织主要由非晶相和α(Fe,Cr)相纳米晶组成;平均尺寸为46nm的α(Fe,Cr)相纳米晶均匀分布于非晶基体内.涂层的组织均匀,结构致密,平均孔隙率含量为1.7%.纳米结构涂层具有较高的显微硬度;随着磨损速度升高,载荷增加,纳米结构涂层的磨损量也随之增加.纳米结构涂层具有良好的耐磨性,同一磨损条件下,其相对耐磨性为3Cr13涂层的2.6倍.纳米结构涂层主要磨损机制为脆性断裂机制.     

Heat transfer by laminar flow of an elastico-viscous fluid in posttreatment analysis of wire coating with linearly varying temperature along the coated wire

The present study focuses on the heat transfer by the laminar flow of an elastico-viscous fluid in posttreatment of wire coating analysis with linearly varying temperature on the surface of coated wire. The surface of wire (uncoated) and the surface of coated wire were subjected to two thermal boundary conditions. The constitutive equation of motion and equation of energy have been solved by using perturbation theory for velocity, pressure distribution along the radial direction and temperature distribution. The theoretical analysis of flow rate, average velocity, shear stress, thickness of coated wire, and force on the total wire were also derived. Moreover, the flow phenomenon has been studied under the influence of elastic number R _e velocity ratio U and the dimensionless number S in the ranges 0?≤?R _e ?≤?20, 0.2?≤?U?≤?1.4 and 0?≤?S?≤?20. We noticed that with the increase in elastic number R _e velocity decreases whereas thickness of the coated wire and force on the total wire increases. Also temperature profile decreases with the increase of non-dimensional parameter S.     

泡沫金属压痕试验的数值模拟及其反演

在理论研究的基础上,将泡 沫金属压痕试验的有限元数值模拟结果与用无量纲分析法构造出的一系列无量纲函数相结 合,建立了泡沫金属压痕试验中载荷-压痕深度关系曲线与泡沫金属的弹塑性材料参数之 间的联系. 利用这种联系,就可以实现用压痕试验通过反演分析来确定泡沫金属的材料参数. 研究结果表明,泡沫金属材料的杨氏模量,屈服强度及塑性可压缩因子等参数均可由其压痕 试验唯一的确定,但其塑性平台区终点应变的确定还需进一步的研究.     

Micromorphic continuum modelling of the deformation and fracture behaviour of nickel foams

An anisotropic compressible plasticity model is incorporated into the framework of the micromorphic continuum theory in order to describe some size effects observed in ductile nickel foams. This continuum model reproduces the fact that the presence of a machined hole in a foam plate does not affect its mechanical response when the hole size becomes comparable to the cell size of the material. Finite element simulations are compared to strain field measurements in nickel foam plates with a machined hole for different hole sizes, in order to identify the characteristic length of the model. Based on a simple ductile damage law, the model is then shown to be able to account for the strong anisotropy of the initiation of crack propagation in central crack panels made of nickel foams under mode I loading conditions.