High-K band structures in 164Er

High-spin states of the doubly-odd ¹¹²Sb were studied by in-beam spectroscopy using the ⁸⁸Sr (²⁸Si, p3n) and ⁸⁹Y (²⁹Si, α2n) fusion-evaporation reactions at beam energies of 120 and 108 MeV, respectively. γ?γ, charged particle-γ?γ coincidences, and γ?γ angular correlation analyses were employed for determining the level scheme of ¹¹²Sb. In the present work, all the levels except for low-lying states in ¹¹²Sb were newly established. Two ΔI = 1 strongly coupled bands were observed; one is a negative-parity band that is similar to those observed in the neighboring doubly-odd Sb isotopes and the other is a positive-parity band that has a new type structure not observed in the other isotopes. From the similarity of the properties of these ΔI = 1 bands to the bands built on 9/2⁺ 2p?1h states in the odd-A Sb isotopes, we suggest that these two ΔI = 1 bands should be associated with the [π(g_9/2)^?1 ? νh_11/2] and [π(g_9/2)^?1νg_7/2] configurations, respectively.     

Raman spectroscopy of smithsonite

Raman spectroscopy at both 298 and 77 K has been used to study a series of selected natural smithsonites from different origins. An intense sharp band at 1092 cm⁻¹ is assigned to the CO₃²⁻ symmetric stretching vibration. Impurities of hydrozincite are identified by a band around 1060 cm⁻¹. An additional band at 1088 cm⁻¹ which is observed in the 298 K spectra but not in the 77 K spectra is attributed to a CO₃²⁻ hot band. Raman spectra of smithsonite show a single band in the 1405–1409 cm⁻¹ range assigned to the ν₃ (CO₃)²⁻ antisymmetric stretching mode. The observation of additional bands for the ν₃^g modes for some smithsonites is significant in that it shows distortion of the ZnO₆ octahedron. No ν₂ bending modes are observed for smithsonite. A single band at 730 cm⁻¹ is assigned to the ν₄ in phase bending mode. Multiple bands be attributed to the structural distortion are observed for the carbonate ν₄ in phase bending modes in the Raman spectrum of hydrozincite with bands at 733, 707 and 636 cm⁻¹. An intense band at 304 cm⁻¹ is attributed to the ZnO symmetric stretching vibration. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Yrast states in the doubly-odd nucleus100Tc

High spin states up toJ=14 and excitation energy up toE ^*=3076 keV have been observed in the odd-odd nucleus¹⁰⁰Tc with the reaction⁹⁶Zr(⁷Li, 3n), at bombarding energies between 21 and 31 MeV, by in-beam γ spectroscopy and conversion-electron measurements. A ΔJ=1 negative parity band similar to that observed in theN=57 isotone¹⁰²Rh, and based on the 8^?, 708 keV state has been identified. The observed band can be interpreted in terms of collective core excitations based on a two-quasiparticle state of(πg_9/2 ? νh_11/2) configuration. Comparison with IBFM-2 calculations have been performed.     

Half-lives of the Tz=1/2 series nuclei, 81Zr and 85Mo

Excited states with spin larger than 5 were newly established in the ¹³²Cs nucleus via the ¹²⁴Sn(¹¹B,3n) reaction. Rotational bands built on the νh_11/2 ? πd_5/2, νh_11/2 ? πg_7/2 and νh_11/2 ? πh_11/2 configurations were observed up to spin I ～ 16. The νh_11/2 ? πh_11/2 band shows inverted signature splitting below I < 14. A dipole band was firstly observed in doubly odd Cs nuclei.     

High-spin structure of the neutron-rich 107,109 45Rh isotopes: the role of triaxiality

The ^107,109Rh nuclei have been produced as fission fragments following the fusion reaction ²⁸Si +¹⁷⁶Yb at 145 MeV bombarding energy and studied with the Eurogam2 array. In both nuclei three new rotational bands with the odd proton occupying the πg_9/2, πp_1/2 and π(g_7/2/d_5/2) sub-shells have been observed. In ¹⁰⁷Rh, two other bands involving strong M1 transitions have been identified at excitation energy larger than 2 MeV. They can be interpreted in terms of three quasiparticle excitations. In addition new structures consisting of four transitions, built on states located at low excitation energy (680 keV in ¹⁰⁷Rh and 642 keV in ¹⁰⁹Rh), point out the importance of triaxial deformation in these two isotopes. Received: 1 September 1999     

High spin structure of 117I

High-spin states in ¹¹⁷I have been studied via the ¹⁰³Rh(¹⁸O, 4n) reaction at a beam energy of 85 MeV. Many deformed rotational bands built on the proton h_11/2, g_7/2, and g_9/2 orbitals have been identified. Among them, an unfavoured rotational band and a quasi-gamma band based on the h_11/2 state have been newly observed. Moreover, positive-parity states above I^π= 35/2⁺ reported in the previous work have been rearranged. Several energetically favoured states have been assigned to noncollective oblate states based on various quasiparticle configurations with β₂≈ 0.18–0.19 and γ= 60°. Received: 1 March 1999     

Rotational structures in the 125Cs nucleus

The collective band structures of the ¹²⁵Cs nucleus have been investigated by in-beam γ-ray spectroscopic techniques following the ¹¹⁰Pd ( ¹⁹F, 4n) reaction at 75MeV. The previously known level scheme, with rotational bands built on πg_7/2, πg_9/2 and πh_11/2 orbitals, has been extended and evolves into bands involving rotationally aligned ν(h_11/2)² and π(h_11/2)² quasiparticles. A strongly coupled band has been reassigned a high-K πh_11/2 ⊗ νg_7/2 ⊗ νh_11/2 three-quasiparticle configuration and a new side band likely to be its chiral partner has been identified. Configurations assigned to various bands are discussed in the framework of Principal/Tilted Axis Cranking (PAC/TAC) model calculations.     

The Ethylene Hot Band Spectrum near 3000 cm

A new hot band spectrum of ethylene has been recorded from 2970 to 3015 cm⁻¹at low rotational temperatures in a seeded molecular jet, using vibrational energy transfer from SF₆to C₂H₄. An IR–IR double resonance technique has been applied to pump the lower states and subsequently probe the hot bands. Two new hot bands, ν₁₀+ ν₁₁− ν₁₀and ν₇+ ν₁₁− ν₇, have been found. The weak hot band starting from ν₇has been identified by direct labeling of some rotational levels in the ν₇manifold. High resolution FTIR spectra at ambient and at elevated temperatures have been recorded, too; it has thus become possible to extend the analysis to higher rotational quantum numbers. The previously analyzed ν₉+ ν₁₀level has been reinvestigated and ab-type Coriolis interaction with the nearby ν₇+ ν₁₁state has been observed. Rotational energy levels of ν₇+ ν₁₁and of ν₉+ ν₁₀have been fitted simultaneously, taking into account the local perturbations due to five dark states. From the shift of allK≠ 0 levels to higher frequencies in the ν₁₀+ ν₁₁state, a globala-type Coriolis interaction with ν₈+ 2ν₁₂has been identified.     

High-Resolution FTIR Spectra of CD2Cl2: Analysis of the ν3/ν7/ν9 Triad

The infrared spectra of isotopically pure CD₂³⁵Cl₂ have been recorded at a resolution of 0.0026 cm⁻¹ (FWHM) in the range 600-1160 cm⁻¹ with a Bruker IFS 120 HR Fourier transform interferometer. The absorption between 670 and 750 cm⁻¹ is due to three fundamentals, ν₃ (weak), ν₇ (very weak), and ν₉ (strong). A satisfactory analysis of the observed spectra has been obtained by including a c-Coriolis coupling between ν₃ and ν₉ and a b-Coriolis term between ν₇ and ν₉. Although no transitions could be observed for the very weak ν₇ band, its band origin could be estimated from the Coriolis interaction with ν₉. From the analysis of about 4200 assigned transitions of the ν₃ and ν₉ bands, excited state constants have been determined up to sextic terms. The Coriolis parameters obtained are compared to those calculated from a harmonic force field.     

High resolution FTIR spectra and analysis of the ν11 fundamental and of the ν2 + ν11, ν5 + ν12 and ν7 + ν16 combination bands of 12C6D6

We report results from measurements of the high resolution FTIR spectrum for the fully deuterated benzene molecule C₆D₆ in the range 450–3500 cm^?1. Accurate spectroscopic constants have been obtained for the fundamental vibration ν₁₁ at 496.208 cm^?1 and improved ground state constants have been deduced from a fit of ground state combination differences. The J structure of the combination parallel bands ν₂ + ν₁₁ (at 2798.1 cm^?1), ν₅ + ν₁₂ (1802.5 cm_?1) and ν₇, + ν₁₆ (2619.3 cm^?1) of C₆D₆ has been analysed as well, from which improved values of the band origin and of the B and D _j constants of the excited states have been obtained. The strongest hot bands accompanying these parallel transitions have been assigned by means of the anharmonic force field calculated by Maslen et al. [1992, J. chem. Phys., 97, 4233]. In particular (ν₁₁ + ν₁₆) ? ν₁₆ is assigned to the band at 492.4 cm^?1 even though its shape is typical of a perpendicular transition (PAPE). New values for the ν₅, ν₁₂ and ν₁₆ band origins are determined from the band origins of combination bands and from calculated anharmonic constants. Numerous anharmonic constants are derived from the assignment of hot band and combination transitions.     

The infrared spectrum of C3O2: The interaction between ν7 and the ν2 and ν4 vibrations

The 3ν¹₇, 3ν³₇, and 4ν⁰₇ hot bands of the ν₄ fundamental of C₃O₂ in the 1580 cm^?1 region were analyzed from tunable diode laser spectra and the ground state to ν₄ + 2ν⁰₇ band at 1644 cm^?1 from Fourier transform spectra (FTS). The molecular constants for all of the v₄ 1 ← 0 bands as well as the intensity of the ν₀ + 2ν⁰₇ sum band relative to the ν₄ fundamental were in agreement with the predictions of the model of Weber and Ford. FTS spectra at 0.05 cm^?1 resolution were obtained of the sum and difference bands of ν₂ with ν₇ in the 750–900 cm^?1 region. Sharp Q branches occur for each ν₇ state in the sum bands, but only a number of R-branch bandheads and no recognizable Q branches in the difference bands. Assignments of the sum band Q branches through v₇ = 6 were made and molecular constants were determined for the ν₂ + ν¹₇ ← 0 transition at 819.7 cm^?1. The ν₇ potential function in the v₂ = 1 state was found to have a 1.2 cm^?1 barrier with a minimum at α = 4.9°, where 2α is the angular deviation from linearity. The Q-branch positions predicted from the calculated energy levels fit those observed within several cm^?1.     

Rotational and vibrational states in 115Te

High-spin states of the ¹¹⁵Te were studied by in-beam spectroscopy with the ⁸⁹Y (²⁹Si, p2n) fusion-evaporation reaction at a beam energy of 108 MeV. γ?γ coincidence and γ?γ angular correlation analyses were employed for determining the level scheme of ¹¹⁵Te. We have identified two vibrational-like bands built on the νh_11/2 and νg_7/2 quasiparticle states and the noncollective oblate states from the full alignment of quasiparticle configurations. In addition, a regular ΔI = 2 sequence with positive-parity was found for the first time in odd-A Te nuclei. This sequence is interpreted as a deformed structure resulting from three-quasiparticle alignment having the [π(g_7/2, h _11/2) ? ν(h _11/2)] configuration. Calculations of total Routhian surfaces and cranked shell model were performed and were used for assigning quasiparticle configurations to the states in ¹¹⁵Te.     

Raman Spectroscopic Study of the Molybdate Mineral Szenicsite and Comparison with Other Paragenetically Related Molybdate Minerals

Abstract

The molybdate‐bearing mineral szenicsite, Cu₃(MoO₄)(OH)₄, has been studied by Raman and infrared spectroscopy. A comparison of the Raman spectra is made with those of the closely related molybdate‐bearing minerals, wulfenite, powellite, lindgrenite, and iriginite, which show common paragenesis. The Raman spectrum of szenicsite displays an intense, sharp band at 898 cm^?1, attributed to the ν₁ symmetric stretching vibration of the MoO₄ units. The position of this particular band may be compared with the values of 871 cm^?1 for wulfenite and scheelite and 879 cm^?1 for powellite. Two Raman bands are observed at 827 and 801 cm^?1 for szenicsite, which are assigned to the ν₃(E _g ) vibrational mode of the molybdate anion. The two MO₄ ν₂ modes are observed at 349 (B _g ) and 308 cm^?1 (A _g ). The Raman band at 408 cm^?1 for szenicsite is assigned to the ν₄(E _g ) band. The Raman spectra are assigned according to a factor group analysis and are related to the structure of the minerals. The various minerals mentioned have characteristically different Raman spectra.     

The ν1, ν2, and ν3 Band Systems of 3-Isocyano-2-propynenitrile (NCCCNC): Comparison with the ν4 System of Dicyanoacetylene

The hot bands in the ν₁, ν₂, and ν₃ band systems of NC-CC-NC (3-isocyano-2-propynenitrile) have been investigated and transitions from nv₉-levels with n up to 4 have been identified. Two weak bands have also been observed in the gas phase infrared spectrum at 2157 and 2410 cm⁻¹, of which the latter is probably 2v₄. A preliminary investigation of some analogous hot bands in the v₄ band system of the related molecule NC-CC-CN (dicyanoacetylene) is also reported.     

Terminating high-spin bands in 101Rh

High spin states of ¹⁰¹Rh have been populated using the reaction ⁷⁰Zn+³⁶S at 130 MeV. γ-rays were detected with the EUROGAM2 array. New high-spin bands have been observed in this nucleus up to 45/2⁻, 57/2⁻ and 65/2⁺ states. They have been interpreted using the Nilsson-Strutinsky cranking formalism as terminating configurations. Two of the bands were observed up to the predicted terminating states which are built up from g_9/2 protons as well as d_5/2, g_7/2 and h_11/2 neutrons relative to a ⁹⁰Zr core. Received: 30 October 1998     

Level structures in the <Stack><Subscript>49</Subscript><Superscript>107</Superscript></Stack>In nucleus and their microscopic description

Excited states of the ₄₉¹⁰⁷In nucleus were populated through the ⁷⁸Se ( ³²S , p2n) fusion-evaporation reaction at beam energy, E _lab = 125 MeV. The de-excitations were studied using in-beam g \gamma -ray spectroscopic techniques involving the Compton-suppressed clover detector array. The level scheme of ¹⁰⁷In consisting of about seven bands is established up to spin ∼ 45/2ℏ with the addition of 25 new transitions. Spins and parities of various levels have been assigned through the DCO and polarization measurements. The level structures observed in ¹⁰⁷In have been interpreted in the framework of a microscopic theory based on the deformed Hartree-Fock (HF) and angular-momentum projection techniques. Various bands are reproduced in band mixing calculations with the configurations involving high-W \Omega p \pi g _9/2 and n \nu d _5/2 orbits, and low-W \Omega p \pi g _7/2 , n \nu g _7/2 and n \nu h _11/2 orbits.     

Raman spectroscopy of halogen‐containing carbonates

Raman spectroscopy complemented with infrared spectroscopy has been used to study a series of selected natural halogenated carbonates from different origins, including bastnasite, parisite and northupite. The position of CO₃²⁻ symmetric stretching vibration varies with the mineral composition. An additional band for northupite at 1107 cm⁻¹ is observed. Raman spectra of bastnasite, parisite and northupite show single bands at 1433, 1420 and 1554 cm⁻¹, respectively, assigned to the ν₃ (CO₃)²⁻ asymmetric stretching mode. The observation of additional Raman bands for the ν₃ modes for some halogenated carbonates is significant in that it shows distortion of the CaO₆ octahedron. No ν₂ Raman bending modes are observed for these minerals. The band is observed in the infrared spectra, and multiple ν₂ modes at 844 and 867 cm⁻¹ are observed for parisite. A single intense infrared band is found at 879 cm⁻¹ for northupite. Raman bands are observed forthe carbonate ν₄ in‐phase bending modes at 722 cm⁻¹ for bastnasite, 736 and 684 cm⁻¹ for parisite and 714 cm⁻¹ for northupite. Multiple bands are observed in the OH stretching region for selected bastansites and parisites, indicating the presence of water and OH units in the mineral structure. The presence of such bands brings into question the actual formula of these halogenated carbonate minerals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Natural halotrichites—an EDX and Raman spectroscopic study

Raman spectroscopy has been used to characterise four natural halotrichites: halotrichite FeSO₄.Al₂(SO₄)₃. 22H₂O, apjohnite MnSO₄.Al₂(SO₄)₃.22H₂O, pickingerite MgSO₄.Al₂(SO₄)₃.22H₂O and wupatkiite CoSO₄.Al₂(SO₄)₃.22H₂O. A comparison of the Raman spectra is made with the spectra of the equivalent synthetic pseudo‐alums. Energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX) was used to determine the exact composition of the minerals. The Raman spectrum of apjohnite and halotrichite display intense symmetric bands at ∼985 cm⁻¹ assigned to the ν₁(SO₄)²⁻ symmetric stretching mode. For pickingerite and wupatkiite, an intense band at ∼995 cm⁻¹ is observed. A second band is observed for these minerals at 976 cm⁻¹ attributed to a water librational mode The series of bands for apjohnite at 1104, 1078 and 1054 cm⁻¹, for halotrichite at 1106, 1072 and 1049 cm⁻¹, for pickingerite at 1106, 1070 and 1049 cm⁻¹ and for wupatkiite at 1106, 1075 and 1049 cm⁻¹ are attributed to the ν₃(SO₄)²⁻ antisymmetric stretching modes of ν₃(B_g) SO₄. Raman bands at around 474, 460 and 423 cm⁻¹ are attributed to the ν₂(A_g) SO₄ mode. The band at 618 cm⁻¹ is assigned to the ν₄(B_g) SO₄ mode. The splitting of the ν₂, ν₃ and ν₄ modes is attributed to the reduction of symmetry of the SO₄ and it is proposed that the sulphate coordinates to water in the hydrated aluminium in bidentate chelation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Level structures in the 114 In nucleus

High-spin states in ¹¹⁴In were populated using the reaction ¹¹⁰Pd(⁷Li, 3n)¹¹⁴In at a beam energy of 26MeV. The level scheme of ¹¹⁴In consisting of six bands is established up to excitation energy ～ 5MeV and spin ～ 17 ? with the addition of 58 new transitions and their configurations are discussed. The intense positive-parity dipole cascade may be interpreted as shears band based on $ \pi$ [(g _9/2)^-1] ? $ \nu$ [(g _7/2/d _5/2)(h _11/2)²] configuration. The $ \Delta$ I = 2 bands based on proton excitation have been observed in ¹¹⁴In for the first time.     

Observation of band structures in the odd-odd nucleus126La

The odd-odd nucleus¹²⁶La has been studied in the reactions¹¹¹Cd(¹⁹F,4n) and⁹³Nb(³⁷Cl,p3n). Three band structures have been identified, two of them having both signature members and ΔI=1 character. These are proposed, respectively, to have πh_11/2 ? νh_11/2 and πh_11/2 ? νg_7/2 configurations and tentative 4⁺ and 3^? band heads.