海洋环境噪声场中声压和质点振速的空间相干

研究海洋环境噪声场中声压和质点振速的三个正交分量间的空间相干。假定海洋介质水平分层,非相关偶极子噪声源均匀分布于海面,由射线声学理论出发,导出了计算噪声场中声压和质点振速的空间相干矩阵的积分表示式。积分式中的被积函数包含一噪声强度垂直指向性因子,海洋介质分层条件通过该指向性因子影响噪声场的空间相干。针对浅海和均匀半空间环境,给出了相应的空间相干计算结果,发现海洋水文和海底对噪声场中声压和质点振速空间相干的影响不可忽略。     

水下目标对幅度高斯相关海面环境噪声场扰动特性的研究

理论探讨了水下目标受海面环境噪声场激发产生的散射场对海洋环境噪声场的扰动特性,基于幅度高斯型相关海面噪声源模型,利用任意声源分布声场的积分表达式和单极子源半无限空间格林函数的球面波展开式,获得了刚性球目标在海面单极子和偶极子源海洋环境噪声“照射”下的直达噪声场、散射噪声场、总噪声场,以及二接收点直达、散射和总噪声协方差的理论表达式,表明总噪声场除了和目标阻抗特性、接收点的方向有关外,还受到海面噪声源相关特性,以及直达与散射噪声场之间干涉的较大影响。数值计算结果给出较近距离范围内,刚球目标声学可见度约为4~5dB,并指出在海洋环境噪声场中,刚球目标散射的方向特性明显不同于平面波入射。      

Pekeris波导中简正波声强流及其互谱信号处理

探讨了Pekeris波导中声压场和质点振速场的联合描述,尤其关注垂直声强流的分析.研究表明,由于各阶简正波的干涉作用,水平和垂直声强流均既有有功分量,亦有无功分量.低频声场的垂直声强流的无功分量虽不参与声能的输运,当单个声矢量传感器做适当放置后却可用以判断声源的特定深度.这对于矢量信号处理是有意义的.给出了声压和质点振速联合互谱处理进行目标判别的算法.     

基于矢量水听器的最大似然比检测和最大似然方位估计

矢量水听器由声压水听器和质点振速水听器复合而成,可以空间共点同步测量声压和质点振速,并由此得到空间一点处的声能流。本文证明在各向同性噪声场中声能流是最大似然比检测量,声能流方向是声源方位的最大似然估计;讨论声能流检测器的增益以及方位估计DOA(Direction of Arrival)的克拉美罗界CRB(Cramer—Rao Bound)。给出了计算机的仿真结果和浅海试验的结果。     

基于矢量水听器的声压和质点振速的空间相关系数

矢量水听器同步测量声场空间一点处的声压和质点振速的三个正交分量,由此得到的幅度和相位信息有利于改善声呐的检测和估计性能。对三维球形各向同性噪声场中声压和质点振速的时空相关性本文进行了研究,推导了矢量水听器的噪声协方差矩阵的理论表达式;给出了矢量水听器水平线阵和垂直线阵的协方差矩阵;研究单个矢量水听器的噪声协方差矩阵,并给出了浅海近岸水域的试验结果;利用上述理论结果推导了矢量水听器阵列的声能流阵增益。     

宽频带海洋环境噪声矢量场空间相关特性建模

基阵的信噪比增益与噪声场空间特性密切联系,海洋环境噪声空间特性建模始终是水声学研究的热门问题.声纳功能不同,其工作频段和带宽通常也不相同,因此,任意频带噪声场的空间相关系数对声纳系统设计具有重要参考价值.依据海洋环境噪声场的产生过程,在高频近似条件下,本文提出一种噪声场时域建模方法,给出了水平分层介质中表面噪声时域声压和质点振速的积分表示,为噪声矢量场宽带模型的建立奠定了基础.根据风成噪声谱结构,数值计算了不同频带、不同谱斜率的噪声场空间相关系数,揭示了带宽、谱结构对风成噪声空间特性的影响规律.随着阵元间距和带宽增大,噪声矢量场各分量的空间相关系数的振荡周期数逐渐减少,振荡幅度逐渐减小,这是由于噪声场相关系数频域平均的结果.当谱斜率小于零时,宽频带噪声场的空间相关半径大于窄带噪声场的相关半径,这是由于低频段噪声起主要贡献的结果,实测海洋环境噪声声压场竖直方向空间相关特性变化规律与理论结果一致.本文模型对换能器成阵技术研究以及环境参数反演具有潜在应用前景.     

非均匀海洋环境噪声中的匹配场处理舰船辐射噪声级估计方法

在实际舰船辐射噪声测量过程中,受非均匀海洋环境噪声的影响,导致常规测量方法的性能急剧下降,基于此,提出了一种非均匀海洋环境噪声背景中的垂直阵舰船辐射噪声测量方法。根据水声信道传播理论,建立了由海面多个空时独立均匀分布噪声源构成的非均匀背景噪声场模型,推导了非均匀海洋环境噪声场中垂直阵舰船辐射噪声估计的理论公式。针对典型的浅海水声信道,进行计算机仿真实验,分析了该方法的测量性能并与常规匹配场测量方法进行对比,结果表明:(1)该方法能有效克服非均匀海洋环境噪声对测量结果的影响,测量误差较小;(2)相同测量条件下,该方法测量性能优于常规匹配场舰船辐射噪声级测量方法;(3)当信噪比满足一定要求时,测量得到的声源级与实际声源级相比,误差小于1 dB。      

矢量拖曳线列阵声呐流噪声的空间相关性研究

根据湍流边界层脉动压力谱的Corcos模型,采用频率-波数域上的二维谱分析方法对矢量拖曳线列阵声呐拖缆护套管内的流噪声场进行了研究,得到了流噪声声压和振速的一般表达式。在此基础上,计算了管内流噪声场的空间相关性。数值计算结果表明:(1)流噪声的轴向相关性随阵元间距的增加而迅速衰减,不同矢量阵元所接收的流噪声可近似认为是彼此互不相关的;(2)在拖缆的径向上,流噪声的低频分量是高度相关的,而其高频分量的相关性则可近似忽略。     

非均匀海洋环境噪声中的匹配场处理舰船辐射噪声级估计方法

在实际舰船辐射噪声测量过程中,受非均匀海洋环境噪声的影响,导致常规测量方法的性能急剧下降,基于此,提出了一种非均匀海洋环境噪声背景中的垂直阵舰船辐射噪声测量方法。根据水声信道传播理论,建立了由海面多个空时独立均匀分布噪声源构成的非均匀背景噪声场模型,推导了非均匀海洋环境噪声场中垂直阵舰船辐射噪声估计的理论公式。针对典型的浅海水声信道,进行计算机仿真实验,分析了该方法的测量性能并与常规匹配场测量方法进行对比,结果表明:(1)该方法能有效克服非均匀海洋环境噪声对测量结果的影响,测量误差较小;(2)相同测量条件下,该方法测量性能优于常规匹配场舰船辐射噪声级测量方法;(3)当信噪比满足一定要求时,测量得到的声源级与实际声源级相比,误差小于1 dB。     

浅海环境中矢量水听器角度谱特性

为探明远场舰船噪声和近场平台噪声声能流相互作用的机制对矢量水听器角度谱特性的影响,基于简正波矢量场理论,构建舰船平台噪声声场模型,获得与海上实验结果相符的声能流角度谱特性,声能流方向均随频率变化。对远场舰船噪声声能流和近场平台噪声声能流相互作用进行仿真,两者声能流强度的此消彼长使角度谱出现4种条纹,与海上实验获得的角度谱特性一致,导致目标方位估计出现误差,且不同频带上的结果不一致。说明两个声能流相互作用时,影响合成能流角度谱特性的主要因素是两者的声压级之差,为浅海中同时存在多个声源时的目标方位估计提供参考。      

Time reversal of ocean noise

It has recently been shown [Roux et al., "Extracting coherent wave fronts from acoustic ambient noise in the ocean," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 1995-2003 (2004)] that the time-averaged correlation of ocean noise between two points yields a deterministic waveguide arrival structure embedded in the time-domain Green's function. By performing a set of these correlations between a vertical receive array and a single receiver, transfer functions necessary for time reversal can be extracted from ocean noise. Theory and simulation demonstrate this process and data of opportunity from the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory experiment confirm the expected performance of a noise-based time reversal mirror.     

海洋环境噪声空间相关特性建模综述*

相对于大多数声纳,海洋环境噪声通常被视为背景干扰。水听器基阵的信噪比增益成为了基阵设计和性能估计的重要参数。从空间相关特性的角度看,当信号场已知时,阵增益可唯一由噪声场的空间相关特性来确定,这就是海洋环境噪声空间相关特性建模的动机。根据环境和声场之不同,文献中已给出几种不同的噪声场模型。为了阐明已有模型的特点及未来的研究方向,本文对噪声场空间相关特性建模做了简要综述。     

利用海浪噪声自相关实现散射体无源探测

提出了一种利用海浪噪声自相关实现散射体无源探测的新方法.将各接收器记录噪声信号的自相关减去所有接收器记录噪声信号自相关的平均值,得到散射信号的到达结构,然后结合基尔霍夫移位算法实现对散射体的探测.与利用背景噪声互相关提取格林函数从而实现散射体探测的方法不同,自相关无需考虑各个接收器之间的大量数据传输及时间同步问题,这为相距较远的多接收器和移动平台目标探测提供了极大的方便.将所提出的方法应用于实验数据中,最终探测结果与实际测量结果相比差别不大,验证了方法的有效性.     

Estimation of the detection range of a hydroacoustic system based on the acoustic power flux receiver

Approaches to estimating the detection range of systems based on vector receivers are considered. The approaches rely on a detailed analysis of the process of signal’s acoustic power flux formation in the presence of ambient sea noise and uncover the signal information parameters at the receiver output that provide the required statistically confident range of weak signal detection under these conditions. Based on the sonar equations and the known fundamental relationships between the outputs of a pressure receiver and a vector receiver for signal and noise, estimates of the maximum possible gain in the detection range of an acoustic power flux receiver are considered as a function of anisotropy of the ambient noise field in the area.     

海面波浪对海洋环境噪声垂直空间相关性的影响

研究了由海浪谱导得的噪声源的相关函数对海洋环境噪声垂直空间相关性的影响。常用的海洋环境噪声空间相关性模型一般假设海面噪声源是非相关的,这种假设可以解释一些物理现象,但是与真实情况并不符合。考虑到风成噪声与海浪运动的相关性,引入海浪谱,得到噪声源的相关函数,利用Kuperman-Ingenito (K/I)噪声模型,计算海洋环境噪声的垂直相关性。通过仿真结果与实验数据对比可以看出,在高风速下,假设噪声源不相关时计算得到的噪声场垂直相关性与实验结果相差较大,而利用由海浪谱导得的噪声源的相关函数计算得到的噪声场的垂直相关性与实验结果符合较好。      

Noise immunity of a combined hydroacoustic receiver

A statistical analysis of the noise immunity of a combined receiver is performed for the observation of a fluctuating tone signal against the background of underwater dynamic noise. The analysis is based on the experimental data obtained in deep ocean with the use of two four-component combined hydroacoustic receivers positioned at depths of 150 and 300 m. Theoretical expressions are obtained for the signal-to-noise ratio of a combined receiver, for reciprocal spectral levels of the signal and noise in both narrow and wide frequency bands. The definition of the combined receiver gain is introduced in terms of the functions of a common single-point coherence for the acoustic pressure and the particle velocity in an acoustic wave. According to the experimental data obtained, in the case of multiplicative processing, the maximal gain in the signal-to-noise ratio of a combined receiver, as compared to a hydrophone-based square-law detector, can reach 15–16 dB for the horizontal channel and 30 dB for the vertical channel of the combined receiver in the case of the compensation of opposing flows of the signal and noise energy.     

Horizontal Correlation of Ambient Noise near a Sea Route

Ambient noise data measured in an experiment conducted near the sea route are analysed. It is found that at low frequency, the measured horizontal correlation coefficients at different separations oscillate much larger than that predicted by the classical ambient noise model. The theoretical analyses show that the observed phenomenon is mainly caused by windy noise together with the discrete shipping noise nearby. An ambient noise model is proposed to include the effects caused by both the noise sources and can be used to forecast the ambient noise field near a sea route.     

Ocean dynamic noise energy flux directivity in the 400 Hz to 700 Hz frequency band

Results of field studies of underwater dynamic noise energy flux directivity at two wind speeds, 6 m/s and 12 m/s, in the 400 Hz to 700 Hz frequency band in the deep open ocean are presented. The measurements were made by a freely drifting telemetric combined system at 500 m depth. Statistical characteristics of the horizontal and vertical dynamic noise energy flux directivity are considered as functions of wind speed and direction. Correlation between the horizontal dynamic noise energy flux direction and that of the wind was determined; a mechanism of the horizontal dynamic noise energy flux generation is related to the initial noise field scattering on ocean surface waves.     

Statistical characteristics of the dynamic noise energy flux in the ocean in the 400 to 700 Hz frequency band

Estimates and standard deviations of the azimuth and elevation angles are presented for the underwater dynamic noise energy flux vector in the deep open ocean in the frequency band from 400 to 700 Hz at wind speeds of 6 and 12 m/s. The measurements are performed by a freely drifting combined measuring system at a depth of 500 m. The mean horizontal and vertical angles of the energy flux vector and their standard deviations are estimated using different averaging times. For the averaging time, a limiting value of 60 s is obtained. The presence of a relation between the direction of near-surface wind and the propagation direction of the horizontal dynamic noise energy flux is revealed. It is suggested that the mechanism responsible for the generation of the horizontal mean dynamic noise energy flux is related to the scattering of the initial noise field by the rough ocean surface.