加筋板材料辨识的导纳特征表达与冲击声特征提取

以表征物理属性的导纳特征为中间量,提取与加筋板材料属性有关的冲击声特征。先用相关分析方法获得金属加筋板物理属性的导纳特征表达以及导纳特征与冲击声特征之间的联系,间接得到表征声源物理属性的冲击声特征,然后通过支持向量机分类器验证不同特征在金属加筋板材料分类辨识中的性能。结果表明,所得的4组冲击声特征能准确识别出不同的材料,单个特征的识别率与对应材料属性的可分程度有关,理想冲击声声特征比音色特征的平均识别率更高。由此可见,利用导纳特征提取与材料属性相关冲击声特征的方法是有效的,且所提的特征能够很好的反映声源材料属性。     

人耳辨识非语言声目标能力的实验研究

以主观听觉测试实验为手段,研究人耳听觉系统辨识能力与声音特性、评价主体训练程度及噪声干扰的关系.实验结果发现：人耳辨识声音能力主要由声信号的谱时结构决定,人耳对于谐音信号的辨识能力明显强于非谐音,对于稳态信号的辨识能力略强于瞬态信号;评价主体的训练可以提高辨识效果及准确性,但与声音特性密切相关;不同的噪声干扰对人耳目标辨识能力的影响主要取决于声音频谱结构;比对测听方式能提高非受训人员的辨识准确性,但不影响受训人员的辨识效果. 关键词： 听觉系统 主观听觉测试 目标辨识     

基于不相似度评价的水下声目标分类与听觉特征辨识

本文旨在探索人类被试对水下声目标的感知分类及在该过程中所利用的听觉特征.首先设计了成对比较实验.然后利用CLASCAL算法对实验获得的不相似度评分进行建模,获得感知空间,并分析了3个公共维度、特异性和3个被试潜类各自的特性及其在目标感知分类中所起的作用.最后,基于Gammatone听觉滤波器组对声样本进行分析,发现了能够有效描述3个公共维度以及节拍特性的听觉特征,并利用它们构造决策树对新样本实现了分类,从而为实际中如何应用这些特征提供了指导.     

环境声的听觉感知与自动识别

<正>陈克安著北京:科学出版社,2014,348页,定价:128元声学是声音的科学,研究声音的产生、传播、接收和效应。声或声音原指人耳听觉所能觉察的空气中传播的振动现象。人类认识声音自语言始,通过观测声学现象,研究其规律,人们很早就认识到声的波动性质,并创造了声学设备(主要是乐器),发展了测试方法,取得不少重要结果。但直到17世纪初伽利略提出频率和周期的概念止,都没有对振动和波动的本质的研究,当然也没有声速的概念。原因在于没有找到描述特定声学(物理)现象的特性的物理量及其测量方法。     

汉语语境下的车辆噪声听觉属性评价与分析

研究了等响度车辆噪声听觉属性的空间维度及其汉语表述。首先通过问卷调查确定评价车辆噪声听觉属性的汉语描述词,然后完成基于成对比较法和语义细分法的主观评价实验,获得听觉属性的不相似度矩阵及描述词的等级顺序。最后,利用多维尺度分析和主成分分析法得到独立的用中文表达的车辆噪声听觉属性,结果表明:对于等响度的车辆噪声,其听觉属性可以用三个维度表示,分别用“粗糙”、“刺耳”和“起伏”描述。     

The use of acoustic cues for phonetic identification: effects of spectral degradation and electric hearing

Although some cochlear implant (CI) listeners can show good word recognition accuracy, it is not clear how they perceive and use the various acoustic cues that contribute to phonetic perceptions. In this study, the use of acoustic cues was assessed for normal-hearing (NH) listeners in optimal and spectrally degraded conditions, and also for CI listeners. Two experiments tested the tense/lax vowel contrast (varying in formant structure, vowel-inherent spectral change, and vowel duration) and the word-final fricative voicing contrast (varying in F1 transition, vowel duration, consonant duration, and consonant voicing). Identification results were modeled using mixed-effects logistic regression. These experiments suggested that under spectrally-degraded conditions, NH listeners decrease their use of formant cues and increase their use of durational cues. Compared to NH listeners, CI listeners showed decreased use of spectral cues like formant structure and formant change and consonant voicing, and showed greater use of durational cues (especially for the fricative contrast). The results suggest that although NH and CI listeners may show similar accuracy on basic tests of word, phoneme or feature recognition, they may be using different perceptual strategies in the process.     

阻尼受击板的时域建模及声音合成

为满足声源辨识中对合成冲击声的迫切需求,建立了球-板撞击的时域模型,提出一种时域快速求解方法,并进行了实验验证.首先给出一种将时域有限差分法(FDTD)和模态展开法(MEM)相结合的时域混合方法,求解板的振动方程,并解决了混合方法中MEM的模态截断和初值问题,及两种方法中阻尼的一致性问题;随后,给出了简支矩形板的冲击声计算结果,通过与FDTD方法的运算量进行对比,验证了混合方法的高效性;最后,针对自由边界下的L形板进行了实验验证.结果表明,与传统FDTD方法相比,时域混合方法在保证合成冲击声精度的前提下可将计算效率提高100至1200倍。     

Transient acoustic radiation from impacted beam-like structures

Transient acoustic radiation from transverse vibrations of beams and beam-like structures is obtained by modelling the structure as a series of contiguous dipoles. A time-dependent expression is developed for sound radiation from a dipole source by Fourier synthesis. Acoustic radiation from the beam is obtained by integrating the sound pressure from the differential dipole elements over the beam length. Time-dependent integration limits are used to account for the transient effects. An analogous discrete formulation is described for beams of arbitrary geometry and density. The radiation patterns of a uniform unbaffled beam are given for frequencies below and above the critical frequency. The results are applied to model the sound radiation from an impact-excited beam.     

The admittance feature representation and impact sound feature extraction in the material identification of ribbed plates

The admittance features representing the physical attributes are used as the intermediates to extract the material-attributes-related impact sound features of ribbed plates.Firstly, the admittance feature representations of metal ribbed plates attributes are obtained and the relationship between the admittance features and the impact sound features are established via correlation analysis method. Then, material-attributes-related impact sound features are obtained indirectly. Finally, the performances of different sound features for the material recognition of ribbed-metal plates are verified through the Support Vector Machine classifier.The results indicate that the obtained four sets of features can effectively identify the materials of the metal ribbed plates, while the accuracy of a single feature depends on the separable degree of the corresponding material attribute. And the features extracted based on admittance functions have higher average accuracy than that of timbre features. Therefore, the proposed sound feature extraction method based on admittance features is valid, and the extracted sound features can effectively reflect the physical attributes.     

Beneficial acoustic speech cues for cochlear implant users with residual acoustic hearing

This study investigated which acoustic cues within the speech signal are responsible for bimodal speech perception benefit. Seven cochlear implant (CI) users with usable residual hearing at low frequencies in the non-implanted ear participated. Sentence tests were performed in near-quiet (some noise on the CI side to reduce scores from ceiling) and in a modulated noise background, with the implant alone and with the addition, in the hearing ear, of one of four types of acoustic signals derived from the same sentences: (1) a complex tone modulated by the fundamental frequency (F0) and amplitude envelope contours; (2) a pure tone modulated by the F0 and amplitude contours; (3) a noise-vocoded signal; (4) unprocessed speech. The modulated tones provided F0 information without spectral shape information, whilst the vocoded signal presented spectral shape information without F0 information. For the group as a whole, only the unprocessed speech condition provided significant benefit over implant-alone scores, in both near-quiet and noise. This suggests that, on average, F0 or spectral cues in isolation provided limited benefit for these subjects in the tested listening conditions, and that the significant benefit observed in the full-signal condition was derived from implantees' use of a combination of these cues.     

Hybridization of acoustic waves in piezoelectric plates

The interaction (hybridization) of different types of acoustic waves of zero and higher orders propagating in lithium niobate piezoelectric plates is theoretically investigated. Different crystallographic orientations of the plates and different directions of wave propagation in them are considered. It is shown that, for an electrically free plate with the propagation direction along any of the crystallographic axes, the dispersion curves have intersection points and hybridization is absent. However, when the propagation direction slightly changes or when one of the plate surfaces is short-circuited, the dispersion curves separate and the waves become coupled. A quantitative coefficient characterizing the degree of wave hybridization with allowance for both mechanical and electric coupling is introduced. It is shown that the dependence of this coefficient on the product of the plate thickness by the wave frequency determines the extent of separation of the dispersion curves of interacting waves. The phenomenon under study is of both fundamental and practical interest, for example, in connection with the problem of an efficient excitation of nonpiezoactive acoustic waves in piezoelectric plates.     

Selective acoustic cues for French voiceless stop consonants

The objective of this study is to define selective cues that identify only certain realizations of a feature, more precisely the place of articulation of French unvoiced stops, but have every realization identified with a very high level of confidence. The method is based on the delimitation of "distinctive regions" for well chosen acoustic criteria, which contains some exemplars of a feature and (almost) no other exemplar of any other feature in competition. Selective cues, which correspond to distinctive regions, must not be combined with less reliable acoustic cues and their evaluation should be done on reliable elementary acoustic detector outputs. A set of selective cues has been defined for the identification of the place of /p,t,k/, and then tested on a corpus of sentences. The cues were estimated from formant transitions and the transient segment (an automatic segmentation of the transient part of the burst has been designed). About 38% of the feature realizations have been identified by selective cues on the basis of their very distinctive patterns. The error rate, which constitutes the crucial test of our approach, was 0.7%. This opens the way to interesting applications for the improvement of oral comprehension, lexical access, or automatic speech recognition.     

Time-domain simulation of damped impacted plates. I. Theory and experiments

A time-domain formulation for the flexural vibrations in damped rectangular isotropic and orthotropic plates is developed, in order to investigate transient excitation of plates by means of sound synthesis. The model includes three basic mechanisms of damping (thermoelasticity, viscoelasticity and radiation) using a general differential operator. The four rigidity factors of the plate are modified by perturbation terms, each term corresponding to one specific damping mechanism. The first damping term is derived from the coupling between the thermoelastic stress-strain relations and the heat diffusion equation. The second term is obtained from the general differential formulation of viscoelasticity. The third term is obtained through a Pade approximation of the damping factor which governs the coupling of the plate with the surrounding air. The decay factors predicted by the model reproduce adequately the dependence on both dimensions and frequency of the decay factors measured on rectangular plates of various sizes and thicknesses made of four different materials (aluminum, glass, carbon fiber, and wood). The numerical resolution of the complete problem, including initial and boundary conditions, and the comparison between real and simulated sounds are presented in a companion paper.     

Speaker recognition with temporal cues in acoustic and electric hearing

Natural spoken language processing includes not only speech recognition but also identification of the speaker's gender, age, emotional, and social status. Our purpose in this study is to evaluate whether temporal cues are sufficient to support both speech and speaker recognition. Ten cochlear-implant and six normal-hearing subjects were presented with vowel tokens spoken by three men, three women, two boys, and two girls. In one condition, the subject was asked to recognize the vowel. In the other condition, the subject was asked to identify the speaker. Extensive training was provided for the speaker recognition task. Normal-hearing subjects achieved nearly perfect performance in both tasks. Cochlear-implant subjects achieved good performance in vowel recognition but poor performance in speaker recognition. The level of the cochlear implant performance was functionally equivalent to normal performance with eight spectral bands for vowel recognition but only to one band for speaker recognition. These results show a disassociation between speech and speaker recognition with primarily temporal cues, highlighting the limitation of current speech processing strategies in cochlear implants. Several methods, including explicit encoding of fundamental frequency and frequency modulation, are proposed to improve speaker recognition for current cochlear implant users.