面向微穿孔板吸声结构和吸声特性混合设计的软件平台

微穿孔板吸声结构是由微穿孔板与板后空腔组成的共振吸声结构,被认为是继多孔吸声材料之后发展起来的最有吸引力的吸声结构,其吸声特性与结构参数孔径d、板厚t、孔距b及空腔深度D有关,如何按需设计一个有效的微穿孔板吸声结构已成为目前研究的热点。本文从微穿孔板吸声结构和吸声特性混合设计的角度出发,使用面向对象的编程语言C++开发了微穿孔板吸声结构设计平台。与以往设计方法不同,本文开发的软件平台综合考虑了结构参数和吸声特性参数两方面的限制,根据实际应用要求平衡微穿孔板吸声结构的最大吸声系数与吸声带宽之间的制约关系,并以饱满的吸声曲线为目标,提供满足混合设计要求的优化结构参数。     

关于微穿孔板吸声体频带宽度极限的讨论

依据马大猷教授的微穿孔板吸声体准确理论,利用计算机辅助设计对于该结构频带宽度极限情况从理论上进行了讨论,把极限频宽和最大吸声系数的制约关系量化,并得到此情况下应用于低频或高频环境孔径的选用范围,以及此情况下板厚和穿孔率与传统观念不同的特点。以上分析结果以及所提供的结构参数为宽频带微穿孔板的具体设计提供有价值的参考。     

微穿孔板吸声结构水下应用研究

马大猷教授提出的微穿孔板吸声结构在空气噪声降低和隔离方面得到了广泛的应用,但未见水下应用的相关研究和报道。本文将空气中微穿孔板理论应用到水中,得到了水下微穿孔板吸声结构的吸声公式。通过理论分析,得出了微穿孔板结构直接应用于水中无法获得宽频吸收的结论。提出了通过匹配液将微穿孔板间接应用到水下的设想。设计了单层板和双层板吸声结构,并对它们的吸声特性进行了理论分析与仿真。结果表明,本文设计的微穿孔板吸声结构在水中能够获得优于空气中的宽频带吸声效果。实验测量了自制的微穿孔板吸声结构,吸声系数的测量值与理论曲线基本吻合,从而验证了理论分析的正确性。     

穿纤维微穿孔板吸声系数的有限元仿真

为拓宽微穿孔板的吸声频带,该文用有限元算法建立了典型微穿孔板和穿入不同数量金属纤维的微穿孔板模型,研究了两种微穿孔板的吸声系数、声阻抗和微孔内法向质点速度的空间分布,并进行了试验验证。有限元仿真和试验数据表明:穿入金属纤维可以拓宽微穿孔板的吸声频带,吸声系数也随纤维根数的增加而下降;吸声系数仿真结果与试验结果趋势一致,仿真模型可以有效模拟穿入纤维前后微穿孔板的吸声特性;穿入金属纤维导致黏滞效应引起的低质点速度区域增大,声阻增加,引起吸声系数的降低,而声抗变化不大。研究发现,有限元仿真方法适用于结构相对复杂的微穿孔结构的声学建模,能直观地体现微孔复杂结构的影响,值得继续深入研究和工程应用。     

水下弹性微穿孔吸声结构吸声系数研究

利用模态叠加法建立了水介质微穿孔板的数学模型,基于声电类比法得到其等效电路模型。研究了弹性微穿孔板和弹性背腔对垂直入射吸声系数的影响。与空气介质中的微穿孔板不同,水下微穿孔板因结构阻抗不足,难以取得满意的吸声效果,为此提出了增强型微穿孔吸声结构,并在水介质阻抗管内对理论结果予以验证。结果表明,随着增强型弹性微穿孔板弯曲刚度的增大,其在[20,2000]Hz范围内的平均吸声系数得到提高,逐步趋近于刚性微穿孔板的结果,弹性背板使微穿孔吸声结构的吸声峰向低频移动,低频吸声效果得到提高。     

微穿孔板几何参数估算及其对吸声性能的影响

不规则孔微穿孔板几何参数无法直接获知,造成吸声性能计算困难,故提出一种微穿孔板几何参数估算方法。将不规则孔等效处理为圆孔,利用马氏理论关于圆孔微穿孔板的基本理论,建立了微穿孔板几何参数估算模型;将参数估算结果用于吸声性能预测,理论计算与实验结果吻合。根据微穿孔板几何参数对高吸声性能区域的影响,探讨了马氏理论适用极限与微穿孔板几何参数的关系,以及微穿孔板受粉尘污染后吸声性能演变规律。将微穿孔板参数点取在面积较大的高吸声性能区域中间部位,可获得较大的马氏理论适用极限;微穿孔板参数点位于高吸声性能区域右上部位时,一定程度的粉尘污染不会降低吸声性能.     

穿孔率和穿孔直径耦合下微穿孔板吸声体整体吸声性能

微穿孔板几何参数的耦合性及其对整体吸声性能的影响,对于设计微穿孔板吸声体和优化其工作性能具有指导作用。根据微穿孔板吸声体基本理论,研究了穿孔率和穿孔直径双参数耦合作用下微穿孔板吸声体的整体吸声性能。穿孔率和穿孔直径之间的耦合性与其本身取值密切相关,而与板厚和板后腔深无明显关系;在穿孔率-穿孔直径参数域上,吸声体存在吸声系数为1.0的吸收峰,整体吸声性能随穿孔率或穿孔直径从小到大变化,呈现出先增强后减弱的变化趋势。该结论能够准确解释微穿孔板受粉尘污染后吸声性能的变化规律和演变路径。论文的工作为设计微穿孔板吸声体提供了一种新的理论依据和实施方法。     

计及孔间相互作用的微穿孔板吸声特性研究

计算微穿孔板吸声系数时,假设孔间的相互作用可以忽略。计算具有不同直径微孔的穿孔板吸声系数并提高其计算精度,孔间的相互作用不能再忽略。在马大猷、Melling(梅尔林)等前人研究的基础上,根据声波辐射和传播原理,分析微孔之间的相互作用,通过修正微孔的实际等效长度,得到计及孔间相互作用微孔板吸声系数模型,并进行理论计算和实验测试。研究结果表明:影响微穿孔板吸声系数除结构参数外,还应考虑孔间的相互作用;计及微孔板各孔间相互作用,能提高共振频率、吸声系数理论值的计算精度,计算值逼近实验测试结果。     

微穿孔板复合对二次余数扩散结构扩散性能影响研究

扩散吸声结构(Diffsorber)能应用于室内外声品质的改善,具有很好的研究意义和应用前景。微穿孔复合QRD结构能显著提高低频吸声性能,但复合对扩散性能的影响未见报道。本论文对QRD结构及其与厚度为0.6mm,穿孔率为1%,2%,3%的微穿孔板复合结构的扩散性能进行测试,得出了相应的反射声能极坐标图和扩散系数。研究结果表明,微穿孔复合QRD结构在中低频特别在结构自身共振频率范围内具有良好的扩散性能,扩散系数在0.8到0.95之间,随着频率增加,复合结构的扩散性能有下降的趋势,同时由于微穿孔板的吸声性能,复合后结构的空间反射声能普遍降低5dB左右。     

机械阻抗与声阻抗结合提高微穿孔板低频吸声性能

提出了在微穿孔板后部引入机械阻抗形成组合结构来解决微穿孔板低频吸声性能差的问题。由机械阻抗板两侧质点速度相同得出机械阻抗单元的传递矩阵,采用传递矩阵法将其与空腔、微穿孔板单元串接,建立组合结构理论计算模型;通过分析品质因子获得带宽与机械阻抗板质量成反比;试验得出组合结构在400 Hz附近有系数为0.8以上的吸声峰值,试验结果与理论计算吻合。在传统微穿孔板共振吸声机制的基础上加入机械共振,能够实现在不增加结构厚度的前提下提高低频吸声性能;降低机械阻抗板质量并且适当控制边界阻尼系数可以实现吸声频带的拓宽。     

微穿孔板抑制不稳定燃烧的声学数值仿真

为了研究微穿孔板吸声结构对不稳定燃烧的抑制作用,采用高精度的计算气动声学(Computational Aeroacoustics,CAA)方法开展时域下的数值仿真。首先对带有压力时滞模型的三维声学扰动方程进行求解,给出发动机不稳定燃烧的频率信息。然后通过解析模型分析微穿孔板吸声结构的阻抗特性,并由多自由度宽频阻抗模型模拟微穿孔板对该不稳定频率的抑制作用。仿真捕捉到的不稳定燃烧频率与地面试车测得的频率相一致。表明采用的计算气动声学方法及相应模型可以准确地捕捉不稳定燃烧的频率信息,并分析微穿孔板对不稳定燃烧的抑制作用,对于工程上快速预测不稳定燃烧具有一定意义。     

多层微穿孔板结构声学性能计算方法对比分析

计算多层微穿孔板结构声学特性方法传统主要用声电类比法,目前出现阻抗转移法和传递矩阵法,对比分析这三种计算方法,同时进行相应的实验验证。结果表明:阻抗转移法和传递矩阵法实质上是相同的,这两种方法计算结果与实验结果吻合良好。声电类比法在空腔较大时计算结果偏离实验值,原因是声电类比法采用集总参数分析,计算多层结构时,空腔单元只考虑声顺,忽略声质量,导致误差。阻抗转移法和传递矩阵法不存在这一误差,计算准确。     

切向流对微穿孔共振吸声结构声学性能的影响

切向流对微穿孔共振吸声结构声学性能的影响可以分成三类:(1)对小孔辐射声抗的影响;(2)对结构斜入射吸声性能的影响;(3)对消声通道消声性能的影响。根据声学基本理论,详细讨论这些影响,得到对应的理论分析公式。定性而言,若声波的传播方向与气流的运动方向一致,小孔外侧的辐射声抗、空腔声阻抗函数coth (ξ)的宗量ξ赋值和消声通道的消声系数都会减小;同时呈现多普勒效应,使得结构的吸声系数共振峰频率向低频移动。理论分析得到相应实验研究的支持。     

The effect of grazing mean flow on acoustical characteristics of the micro-perforated panel absorber

There are three effects of grazing mean flow on acoustical characteristics of the micro-perforated panel absorber(1) on radiation impedance of the orifice,(2) on acoustical impedance of the construction at sound wave angle incidence,(3) on sound propagation property in a duct lined by absorber.Based on the acoustical fundamental principle,these effects were analyzed respectively,and relative formulas were derived. Some qualitative tendencies were shown that radiation impedance of an orifice,value ofξin function coth(ξ) which estimates cavity impedance,and transmission loss in a lined duct all will decrease with flow speed increases as well as the resonant frequency will move to lower frequency caused by Doppler Effect,when sound wave propagation direction is the same with flow direction. The discussion was also supported by a relative experimental study.     

Hybrid device for acoustic noise reduction and energy harvesting based on a silicon micro-perforated panel structure

A kind of hybrid device for acoustic noise reduction and vibration energy harvesting based on the silicon micro- perforated panel （MPP） resonant structure is investigated in the article. The critical parts of the device include MPP and energy harvesting membranes. They are all fabricated by means of silicon micro-electro-mechanical systems （MEMS） tech- nology. The silicon MPP has dense and accurate micro-holes. This noise reduction structure has the advantages of wide band and higher absorption coefficients. The vibration energy harvesting part is formed by square piezoelectric membranes arranged in rows. ZnO material is used as it has a good compatibility with the fabrication process. The MPP, piezo- electric membranes, and metal bracket are assembled into a hybrid device with multifunctions. The device exhibits good performances of acoustic noise absorption and acoustic-electric conversion. Its maximum open circuit voltage achieves 69.41 mV.     

On the acoustic properties of parallel arrangement of multiple micro-perforated panel absorbers with different cavity depths

The acoustic properties of a compound micro-perforated panel (MPP) absorber array are investigated. The absorber array consists of three parallel-arranged MPP absorbers with different cavity depths. A finite element procedure is used to simulate its acoustic behaviors under normal incidence. Experimental studies are carried out to verify the numerical simulations. Due to different reactance matching conditions in the absorber array, strong local resonance occurs and the corresponding local resonance absorption dominates. Compared with single MPP absorber, the absorber array requires lower acoustic resistance for good absorption performance, and the resonance frequencies shift due to inter-resonator interactions. The different acoustic resistance requirement is explained by considering the reduced effective perforation rate of the MPP in the absorber array. The performance of the absorber array varies with the sizes and spatial arrangement of the component absorbers. When the distance between component absorbers is larger than a quarter-wavelength, the above-mentioned parallel absorption mechanism diminishes. In the experimental study, the normal incidence absorption coefficients of a prototype MPP absorber array are tested. The measured results compare well with the numerical predictions. The experimental study also shows that although other absorption mechanisms may exist, dissipation by the MPP is dominant in the MPP absorber array.     

Improving low-frequency sound absorption of micro-perforated panel absorbers by using mechanical impedance plate combined with Helmholtz resonators

The traditional Micro-perforated plate (MPP) is a kind of clean and non-polluting absorption structure in the middle and high frequency and has been widely used in the field of noise control. However, the sound absorption performance is dissatisfied at low frequencies when the air-cavity depth is restricted. In this paper, a mechanical impedance plate (MIP) is introduced into the traditional MPP structure and a Helmholtz resonator is attached to the MIP. Mechanical impedance plate (MIP) provides a good absorption at low frequency by using mechanism of mechanical resonance and the acoustic energy is dissipated in the form of heat with viscoelastic material. Helmholtz resonator can fill in the defect of the poor absorption effect between the Micro-perforated plate (MPP) and the mechanical impedance plate (MIP). The acoustic impedance of the proposed sound absorber is investigated by using acoustic electric analogy method and impedance transfer method. The influence of the tube’s length of Helmholtz resonator and the number of Helmholtz resonator on the sound absorption is studied. The corresponding results are in agreement with the theoretical calculation and prove that the composite structure has the characteristics of improving the low frequency sound absorption property.     

Improvement of sound absorption characteristics under low frequency for micro-perforated panel absorbers using super-aligned carbon nanotube arrays

Super-aligned carbon nanotube (SACNT) arrays are grown on the surface of micro perforated panel (MPP) in the hope of improving the acoustic performance of MPP absorbers by virtue of their unique properties. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that SACNT arrays did not block the perforations of MPPs or changed the perforation diameter due to their “super-aligned” nature, although MPPs are thickened. The absorption effect of SACNT arrays which are of the same and different lengths with different incident side on MPP absorbers are investigated, and standing wave tube method is used to determine the normal sound absorption coefficient. Results show that both of the lengths of SACNT arrays and the incident side have effects on the sound absorption performance of MPP absorbers. And generally SACNT arrays help to improve the sound absorption capacity of MPP absorbers in low-frequency regions only when the SACNT arrays surface is the incident side. SACNT arrays decrease absorption performance of MPP absorbers when the MPP surface is used as the incident side. Moreover, SACNT arrays are found to increase the acoustic ability of MPP absorbers with the same structure parameters monotonically at lengths up to 600 μm in the condition that the SACNT arrays surface is used as the incident side.     

Effect of experimental error on the accuracy of emissivity and absorptance calculations for an optically dense plasma

Two numerical methods are used to calculate the radial distribution of the emissivity and absorptance in an optically dense plasma, and an analysis is made of the effect of the error in the intensity measurement on the calculated (r) and (r) dependences.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Fizika, No. 1, pp. 19–23, January, 1970.In conclusion the author thanks Dr. Birkeland for graciously furnishing us with experimental data required for the calculations.