Generation of 10- microJ coherent extreme-ultraviolet light by use of high-order harmonics

We demonstrate the generation of 10-microJ coherent extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) light at wavelengths from 73.6 to 42.6 nm, using high-order harmonics. The peak power of this coherent XUV light is estimated to be 0.13 GW at 62.3 nm, and the peak brightness achieved was 3x10(28) photons/(mm(2)mrad(2)s) . To our knowledge, this XUV energy is the highest value achieved with high-order harmonics.     

Generation of Continuum Extreme-Ultraviolet Radiation by Carrier-Envelope-Phase-Stabilized 5-fs Laser Pulses

Coherent extreme-ultraviolet （XUV） radiation is studied by interaction of carrier-envelope （CE） phase stabilized high energy 5-fs infrared （800 nm） laser pulses with neon gas at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. A broadband continuum XUV spectrum in the cut-off region is demonstrated when the CE phase is shifted to about zero, rather than modulated spectral harmonics when setting of CE phase is nonzero. The results show the generation of isolated attosecond XUV pulses.     

Production of narrowband tunable extreme-ultraviolet radiation by noncollinear resonance-enhanced four-wave mixing

Fourier-transform-limited extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) radiation (bandwidth approximately < 300 MHz) tunable around 91 nm is produced by use of two-photon resonance-enhanced four-wave mixing on the Kr resonance at 94 093 cm(-1). Noncollinear phase matching ensures the generation of an XUV sum frequency 2 omega1 + omega2 that can be filtered from auxiliary laser beams and harmonics by an adjustable slit. Application of the generated XUV light is demonstrated in spectroscopic investigations of highly excited states in H2 and N2.     

菲的无保护性介质流体室温磷光性质研究

在无任何保护性介质存在下,以Na2SO3作化学除氧剂,KI为重原子微扰剂,菲即能产生强而稳定的流体室温磷光发射.激光和发射波长λex/λem为283/482,504nm,不同有机溶剂存在对其磷光发射的性质有不同影响.1%乙腈存在时,菲浓度在8.0×10-7～6.0×10-6mol*L-1和6.0×10-6～4.0×10-5mol*L-1范围内分别与磷光发射强度呈良好的线性关系,检出限为2.6×10-8mol*L-1.     

2—溴甲基萘荧光和室温磷光性质研究

研究了２－溴甲基萘（２－ＢｒＭＮ）的荧光及磷光性质。２－溴甲基萘是一种优良的荧光试剂,λｅｘ／λｅｍ＝２７４／３３４ｎｍ,其浓度在１．０×１０＾－６～１．２×１０＾－４ｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１范围内与荧光强度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数ｒ＝０．９９９,最低检测限为４．７×１０＾－８ｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１。以β－环糊精（β－ＣＤ）作保护剂和１,２－二溴丙烷（ＤＢＰ）为重原子微扰剂的２－ＢｒＭＮ／β－ＣＤ／ＤＢＰ体系     

色氨酸的非线性分频荧光研究

色氨酸 (Trp)在 350nm处产生一个荧光峰 ,在 70 0nm处产生一个 (分频 )荧光峰 ,此两峰荧光强度F3 50nm 和F70 0nm 均与Trp浓度 ( 0～ 1× 10 -5mol·L-1 )成线性关系 ,随着Trp浓度增大 ,350和 70 0nm半峰宽(Δλ) 3 50 ,(Δλ) 70 0 缓慢减小 ,而F70 0nm/F3 50nm 值和半峰宽比 (Δλ) 70 0 /(Δλ) 3 50 为一常数 ,此两峰具有相似的荧光特性。根据建立的分频荧光能级原理和非线性共振分频荧光原理探讨了色氨酸分频荧光峰产生的原因     

Reducing the first-order Doppler shift in a Sagnac interferometer

We demonstrate a technique to reduce first-order Doppler shifts in crossed atomic/molecular and laser beam setups by aligning two counterpropagating laser beams as part of a Sagnac interferometer. Interference fringes on the exit port of the interferometer reveal minute deviations from perfect antiparallelism. Residual Doppler shifts of this method scale with the ratio v/(4d) of the typical atomic/molecular velocity v and the laser beam diameter d. The method is implemented for precision frequency calibration studies at deep-UV wavelengths, both in one- and two-photon excitation schemes: the 6s(2) --> 6s30p(3/2)J=1 line in Yb at 199 nm and the 4p(6) --> 4p(5)p[1/2](0) transition in Kr at lambda=212 nm. The achieved precision of 6 x 10(-10) is limited by the characteristics of the laser system.     

Enhancement of a 24.77-nm line emitted by the plasma of a boron nitride capillary discharge irradiated by a high-intensity ultrashort laser pulse

Investigations of plasma produced by a boron nitride capillary discharge irradiated with a guided 20-TW Ti: sapphire laser pulse at a peak intensity of 4 x 10(18) W/cm2 are presented. The guided laser radiation in the plasma channel generated He-like ions that, subject to suitable plasma temperature, recombined into Li-like nitrogen ions. Intense radiation at a wavelength of 24.77 nm was observed, indicating possible lasing at the 3d(5/2) - 2p(3/2) transition in Li-like nitrogen.     

Nonvolatile holographic storage in iron-doped lithium tantalate with continuous-wave laser light

Holograms have been recorded in congruent LiTaO(3):Fe with continuous-wave laser light by use of a two-step process. Blue gating light (lambda=488 nm) sensitizes the crystals for holographic recording with red light (lambda=660 nm) of a diode laser. Refractive-index changes of as much as 1.0x10(-5) are achieved for intensities of the red light of 1 W/cm(2) . The saturation values are proportional to the intensity of the writing light. Nondestructive readout with red light is possible, and the holograms remain erasable for blue light.     

Airborne-mercury detection by resonant UV laser pumping

Optical pumping of the Hg(0) (6s (1)S(0) --> 6p (3)P(1)) transition at 253.7 nm (in air) leads to extremely fast energy transfer and strong laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF) from the Hg(0) (7s(3)S(1) --> 6p (3)P(2)) green transition at 546.2 nm, which is not directly populated by the laser. Ionization occurs simultaneously and becomes particularly strong at reduced background pressures. These observations are consistent with the existence of a multiphoton process followed by electron collisional excitation. Preliminary studies are made to evaluate these phenomena for detecting elemental airborne mercury by LIF and point monitoring with an ionization detector. Measured sensitivities of 2 and 10 parts in 10(9) (ppb), respectively, at 0.1-Torr air pressure are projected to increase to 1 x 10(-4) and 1 x 10(-5) ppb after relevant system optimization.     

All-fiber absolute temperature sensor using an unbalanced high-birefringence Sagnac loop

We demonstrate a highly sensitive temperature sensor based on a stress-induced high-birefringence-fiber Sagnac loop that uses a Nd-doped-fiber amplified spontaneous emission source. Relative temperature sensing is done in the spectral domain by shifts of a resonant wavelength lambda(r) and absolute temperature sensing by changes in separation between resonances Dlambda . The measured relative change of these parameters with temperature in the range 15-110 degrees C, is (1/lambda(r))(deltalambda(r)/deltaT) = -(1/Dlambda)(deltaDlambda/delta T) approximately (1/Dn)(delta Dn/deltaT)(-0.94 +/- 0.02) x 10(-3)/K, with measured fiber birefringence Dn = 8 x 10(-4) . This gives a wavelength-shift sensitivity of -1.00 nm/K at 1.065 microm and a resonance separation sensitivity of 0.006 nm/K for Dlambda = 6.8 nm . This telemetric point sensor has a loop length of 80 m, an operational bandwidth of more than 50 nm, and a temperature accuracy of better than 1 degrees C.     

High-resolution spectrum of xenon ions at 13.4 nm

The spectrum of xenon excited in a low-inductance vacuum spark was photographed at high resolution in the region of 9.5-15.5 nm. The observed transitions were identified as belonging to ions from Xe8+ to Xe13+. In the region of importance for extreme-ultraviolet lithography around 13.4 nm, the strongest lines were identified as 4d8-4d7 5p transitions in Xe10+. The identifications were made by use of energy parameters extrapolated along the isoelectronic sequence.     

分光光度法测定海产品中微量镉

本文在文献［１］基础上,研究了在六次甲基四胺－ＫＮＯ３－ＨＮＯ３存在下,镉与二甲酚橙显色反应的最佳条件。在ｐＨ＝６．２～６．４范围内,镉与二甲酚橙配合物的最大吸收波长λｍａｘ＝５７８．４ｎｍ,摩尔吸光系数为１．６×１０４Ｌｍｏｌ－１ｃｍ－１,镉含量在０．５～６μｇｍＬ－１范围内符合朗伯比耳定律,检测限为０．００７μｇｍＬ－１,回收率在９０％以上,方法简便,灵敏度高,用于样品分析取得满意结果。     

Demonstration of chalcogenide glass racetrack microresonators

We have demonstrated what we believe to be the first chalcogenide glass racetrack microresonator using a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-compatible lift-off technique with thermally evaporated As(2)S(3) films. The device simultaneously features a small footprint of 0.012 mm x 0.012 mm, a cavity Q (quality factor) of 10,000, and an extinction ratio of 32 dB. These resonators exhibit a very high sensitivity to refractive index changes with a demonstrated detection capability of Dn(As(2)S(3)=(4.5 x 10(-6)+/-10%) refractive index unit. The resonators were applied to derive a photorefractive response of As(2)S(3) to lambda=550 nm light. The resonator devices are a versatile platform for both sensing and glass material property investigation.     

罗丹明6G缔合微粒共振散射光谱法测定过氧化氢

在0.020mol.L-1HCl-4.0×10-4mol.L-1KI-1.6×10-5mol.L-1Mo(Ⅵ)介质中,罗丹明6G(RhG)在540nm处有1个荧光峰,在540nm处有1个同步荧光峰。当有H2O2存在时,H2O2与过量的I-反应生成I3-,I3-与RhG形成缔合微粒,在320,400,595nm处产生3个共振散射(RS)峰;而在540nm处荧光峰猝灭。H2O2浓度在0.068~34μg.mL-1范围内与400nm波长处的共振散射光强度呈线性关系。据此建立了一个测定水中H2O2的共振散射光谱分析法。光谱研究结果表明,(RhG-I3)n缔合微粒和界面的形成是导致体系RS增强和荧光猝灭的根本原因。     

Critically coupled resonators in vertical geometry using a planar mirror and a 5 nm thick absorbing film

A (5.1+/-0.5) nm thick film of high oscillator strength J-aggregated dye critically couples to a single dielectric mirror, absorbing more than 97% of incident lambda = 591 nm wavelength light, corresponding to an effective absorption coefficient of (6.9+/-0.7) x 10(6) cm(-1) for (film thickness)/lambda < 1%.     

Strong resonance enhancement of a single harmonic generated in the extreme ultraviolet range

We report the demonstration of strong resonance enhancement of a single high-order harmonic in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) region generated from the interaction of a femtosecond pulse with low-ionized In ablation. A strong 13th harmonic (61.2 nm) of Ti:sapphire laser radiation with output intensity almost two orders of magnitude higher than neighboring harmonics was observed in these studies. The high conversion efficiency of the 13th harmonic (8 x 10(-5)) is attributed to multiple collisions of electron trajectories with the origin due to multiphoton resonance with the In ion.     

Integrated optical Ti:Er:LiNbO3 distributed Bragg reflector laser with a fixed photorefractive grating

For the first time to the authors' knowledge, an integrated optical distributed Bragg reflector laser with a fixed photorefractive grating in LiNbO(3) is demonstrated. Sample preparation, grating fabrication, and laser characteristics are reported. The device is pumped by a fiber pigtailed laser diode (lambda(p) approximately 1480 nm) through the Bragg grating in a double-pass configuration, yielding an emission in the backward direction at lambda=1531.7nm . The laser threshold is 40 mW; as much as 5 mW of output power has been obtained at 110 mW of launched pump power in cw operation.     

Single-shot spatial-coherence measurement of 13 nm high-order harmonic beam by a Young's double-slit measurement

The interference pattern produced by a single 13 nm high-order harmonic pulse is captured by an extreme-ultraviolet CCD camera. A beam divergence of 0.35 mrad and a high fringe visibility of 0.96 are obtained with an optimal phase-matching condition for the 13 nm harmonics. The spatial coherence length of the 13 nm harmonics selected by Mo/Si multilayer mirrors is larger than the beam diameter. This result shows that the 13 nm harmonic beam is useful for applications in interferometry, time-resolved studies of ultrafast dynamics.     

Multiphoton parametric processes during interaction of counterpropagating light pulses with sodium vapour

The visible ( 589nm) and IR ( 820nm) radiation has been detected, when two counterpropagating light pulses, nondegenerate in frequency, interacted with sodium vapour. The generated IR radiation was attributed to the fluorescence between 3D and 3P sodium levels, while conical geometry of visible radiation indicated the parametric origin of detected emission.