基于背景最佳滤波尺度的红外图像复杂度评价准则

提出一种基于背景最佳滤波尺度的红外图像复杂度评价准则来解决传统方法评价背景效果较差的问题. 同时, 这种方法还可以为红外图像滤波提供最佳高通滤波尺度信息, 从而对红外图像进行性能最佳滤波. 首先, 生成高斯仿真目标并与红外图像进行融合, 获得包含仿真目标及真实红外背景的图像. 然后, 在不同高斯滤波尺度下对图像滤波, 并计算滤波后仿真目标的信噪比. 最后, 取滤波后目标信噪比最大时的滤波尺度作为背景最佳滤波尺度, 使用该尺度可评价红外图像的复杂度. 另外, 本文还使用数学模型推导了红外图像最佳滤波尺度, 得出最佳滤波尺度的数学表达式. 大量实验表明: 1) 本文推导的最佳滤波尺度数学表达式与实验曲线吻合. 2) 这种方法在评价红外图像复杂度方面比传统的基于信息熵的方法效果要好很多. 并且这种方法获取的红外背景复杂度为滤波最佳尺度, 可以直接利用这项指标对图像进行最佳滤波从而更好地检测弱小目标. 3) 仿真目标尺度越大, 最佳滤波尺度也会相应增大. 因此, 在评价图像复杂度时, 应使用相同尺度的仿真目标, 不同图像之间才具备可比性. 同时, 最佳滤波尺度与仿真目标的强度无关. 4) 本文算法使用的滤波器宜用高斯及Butterworth高通滤波器实现. 5) 本文提出的方法不仅可以有效分析红外视频的复杂度, 并且可以通过复杂度的变化分析图像内容的突变.     

Optimal wavelet filter bank design for image fusion

A novel optimization-based method for designing wavelet filter banks in image fusion is proposed. The filter bank design is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem. The objective function of the optimization problem consists of both the performance metrics of the image fusion, such as the root mean square error (RMSE), and those of individual filters. The optimization problem is solved using simulating annealing.     

Nano-patterned visible wavelength filter integrated with an image sensor exploiting a 90-nm CMOS process

A highly efficient visible wavelength filter enabling a homogeneous integration with an image sensor was proposed and manufactured by employing a standard 90-nm CMOS process. A one dimensional subwavelength Al grating overlaid with an oxide film was built on top of an image sensor to serve as a low-pass wavelength filter; a microlens was then formed atop the filter to achieve beam focusing. The structural parameters for the filter were: a grating pitch of 300 nm, a grating height of 170 nm, and a 150-nm thick oxide overlay. The overall transmission was observed to reach up to 80% in the visible band with a decent roll-off near ～700 nm. Finally, the discrepancy between the observed and calculated result was accounted for by appropriately modeling the implemented metallic grating structure, accompanying an undercut sidewall.     

照相物镜移植应用的研究

对于用逐步修改法设计光学系统,初始结构的选择是重要环节。除在典型形式中寻求初始结构外,也可以借鉴其它系统的光学结构进行相似创新。照相物镜移植应用指的是不同系统物镜因成像功能相似,故可实施光学结构的优化替代。本文研究了各种物镜成像功能的相似性,不同系统大孔径、大视场物镜光学特性的边缘性;根据像差理论阐明了照相物镜是大孔径、大视场系统理想的结构替代源;结合照相物镜丰富的光学结构资源的实际情况,指出移植应用是可行的。将照相物镜移植应用于其它系统大孔径、大视场物镜设计中,生产出与照相物镜结构相似、像质优良的镜头。实践证明了移植应用的实用性与可操作性。     

Design of an optimal shock-damping isolator with application to casters

Design of an optimal shock-damping isolator is presented in this paper with specific application to casters. The design is first formulated as an optimization problem to minimize the peak acceleration of a load while keeping the maximal deflection of the isolator within a specified physical limit. The resulting solution is a constant force isolator. However, it is difficult to realize a constant force isolator with conventional mechanisms using linear springs and dampers. To implement such an isolator physically, a novel mechanism employing multiple linear springs has been developed. The structure and the parameters of the springs have been chosen by optimization techniques, and the resulting mechanism has been embodied in a prototype caster design. This paper presents the concept, design procedure, simulation and experimental evaluation results of a prototype optimal shock-damping caster in detail. The peak acceleration of this new design is only 65% of the existing caster. From a manufacturing point of view, this newly designed caster is not much more complex than existing ones.     

一种简单的97小波滤波器及图像压缩性能的研究

小波提升方案是继多分辨分析之后的另一种非常有效的构造小波滤波器的方法。以构造双正交小波的Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau定理为基础,利用提升方式构造了一个包含Cohen,Daubechies和Feauveau的著名97小波滤波器(CDF97)的小波滤波器族,获得了新的97小波滤波器,其图像压缩性能与CDF97相当,但其复杂度已大大降低,有利于ASIC的设计。     

Sonochemical synthesis of Ce-TiO2 nanocatalyst and subsequent application for treatment of real textile industry effluent

Treatment of real textile industry effluent using photocatalysis, sonocatalysis, sonophotocatalysis and H₂O₂ assisted sonophotocatalysis have been studied based on the use of Ce-TiO₂ nanocatalyst synthesized using sonochemical co-precipitation method. Characterization studies of the obtained catalyst revealed crystallite size as 1.44 nm with particles having spherical morphology. A shift of the absorption edge to the visible light range was also observed in UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-DRS) analysis. The effects of different operational parameters viz catalyst dose (0.5 g/L-2 g/L), temperature (30 °C-55 °C) and pH (3–12) on the COD reduction were studied. The reduction in the COD was higher at lower pH and the optimum temperature established was 45 °C. It was also elucidated that the required catalyst dose was lesser in combined sonophotocatalysis when compared with individual photocatalysis and sonocatalysis. Combination of processes and addition of oxidants increased the COD reduction with the sonophotocatalytic oxidation combined with H₂O₂ treatment showing the best results for COD reduction (84.75%). The highest reduction in COD for photocatalysis was only 45.09% and for sonocatalysis, it was marginally higher at 58.62%. The highest reduction in COD achieved by sonophotocatalysis was 64.41%. Toxicity tests coupled with Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed that there were no additional toxic intermediates added to the system during the treatment. Kinetic study allowed establishing that generalized kinetic model fits the experimental results well. Overall, the combined advanced oxidation processes showed better results than the individual processes with higher COD reduction and lower requirement of the catalyst.     

Optimal wavelet filter for suppression of coherent noise with an application to seismic data

Wavelet analysis is combined with the Karhunen-Loève (KL) transform into an innovative hybrid method for locally filtering coherent noise. In applying our method, the original time series is first decomposed with wavelet transform, the scales more contaminated with noise are reduced by an attenuation factor A_f, and the signal is reconstructed using the inverse wavelet transform. Then the KL transform is applied to the reconstructed signal and the behavior of the first energy modes is analyzed as a function of A_f. The point corresponding to a minimum in the first mode is identified with the maximum extraction of the coherent noise. Our methodology is applied with success to seismic data with the aim of locally extracting the relevant coherent noise, namely the ground roll noise. The procedure can be easily extended to other situations where an undesirable signal is associated with a specific set of energy modes.     

宽带最优空域矩阵滤波器设计

本文首先针对窄带,分别设计出通带误差或阻带响应满足设定条件,以及通阻带归一化误差之和最小的最优空域矩阵滤波器。利用Lagrange乘子理论,给出了最优解,以及确定最优Lagrange乘子的方程,显著提高了空域矩阵滤波器的设计效率。通过广义奇异值分解,进一步提高了设计效率。其次,从理论上分析了特定频带空域矩阵滤波器对其他频带阵列流形的影响,并得出宽带空域矩阵滤波器的设计方案。仿真结果表明,本文方法可用于设计通阻带“位置”、“宽度”、“响应”恒定的宽带空域矩阵滤波器。     

Kalman filter based initial guess estimation for digital image correlation

In applications digital image correlation based algorithms often present a basis for analysis of movement/deformation of bodies. The sequence of the obtained images is analyzed for this purpose. Especially, in cases when the body׳s movement/deformation between two successive images is significant, the initial guess can have a major influence on the execution speed of the algorithm. In the worst case it can even cause the divergence of the algorithm. This was the inspiration to develop a new and unique approach for an accurate and reliable determination of an initial guess for each image pixel. Kalman filter has been used for this purpose. It uses past measurements of observed variable(s) for calculations. Beside that it also incorporates state space model of the actual system. This is one of the most important advantages provided by Kalman filter. The determined initial guess by the proposed method is actually close to the true one and it enables fast convergence. Even more important property of this approach is the fact that it is not path-dependant because each image pixel, which is defined in ROI, is tracked through the sequence of images based on its own past measurements and general state space model. Consequently, the proposed method can be used to analyze tasks where discontinuities between image pixels are present. The applied method can be used to predict an initial guess where reference and deformed subsets are related by translational and rotational motion. The advantages mentioned above are verified with numerical and real experiments. The experimental validations are performed by NR (Newton–Raphson) approach which is the most widely used. Beside NR method the presented algorithm is applicable for other registration methods as well. It is used as an addition for calculation of initial guesses in a sequence of deformed images.     

Optimum spatial filter for image restoration degraded by multiplicative noise

We discuss the problem of image restoration when the image is degraded by multiplicative noise. In order to solve this problem, we use as a criterion the minimization of the mean-square error between the restored and the original image. The transfer function of the optimum filter derived in this paper is described by the product of the conjugate of the transfer function of the imaging system and the power spectrum density of the degraded image divided by the convolution of the power spectrum density of the image and that of the noise. Some special cases of the filter are discussed. A numerical experiment has been performed and satisfactory results have been obtained.     

Adaptive filter for unwrapping noisy phase image in phase-stepping interferometry

An adaptive filter for preprocessing wrapped phase image with high noise content has been developed. The window size of this median filter is adjustable according to its location in the noisy phase image. This size-adjustable median filter has not only high noise-rejection ability, but also both good phase-jump identification and image-detail preservation properties. Phase unwrapping can then be done to recover the real phase image without the hampering influence of noise, especially the noise near the phase jumps. Both numerical simulation and experimental results used to examine the effectiveness of this adaptive filter are presented.     

一种新型可调谐红外滤光片的设计和应用

可调谐红外滤光片是高分辨率红外成像仪谱段识别和分光的重要光学器件.本文介绍了一种新型可调红外滤光片———液晶法布里-珀罗滤光片的基本原理、设计参数、制作方法,分析了这种滤光片的透射光谱、精细度、带宽、镜面反射率和腔长之间的关系,以及外加电压和温度对透射波长的影响,给出了消除偏振效应的几种方案.并对液晶法布里-珀罗滤光片在空间遥感,特别是红外探测方面的应用前景进行了展望.     

Unscented Kalman filter and its nonlinear application for tracking a moving target

The extended Kalman filter (EKF) is probably the most widely used estimation algorithm for nonlinear systems. However, more than 40 years of experience in the estimation community has shown that is difficult to implement, difficult to tune, and only reliable for systems that are almost linear on the time scale of the updates. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). And the algorithms of the FEKF, SEKF and UKF are given. Furthermore, the state models and measurement models of a target are set up. For comparison purpose, the three algorithms is simulated for the target tracking, and the algorithm performance is analyzed and compared by the simulation results of FEKF, SEKF and UKF. Numerical results demonstrate that FEKF and UKF give almost identical results while the estimates of SEKF are clearly worse. The UKF is easier to implement, avoiding Jacobian and Hessian matrices computation.     

Method for selection of optimal analytic positions in a multicomponent spectral analysis

Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 665–668, April, 1990.     

航空飞机计算机通信中滤波器的优化设计

航空飞机计算机通信系统进行通信的过程中,由于航空飞机上的电子设备相互之间的电磁干扰严重,导致信道中存在大量的干扰信号。提出基于小波变换算法的抗干扰滤波器设计方法。根据小波变换算法相关原理,综合航空飞机通信中特有的软阀值特点,利用自适应调整参数的方法得到高空通信中的最优小波系数阀值,使得高空噪声过滤阀值函数具有更强的适应性。利用新的阀值函数设计了新的滤波器,对行滤波模块和列滤波模块的设计进行了详细阐述。实验结果表明。利用设计的滤波器能够对航空飞机计算机通信过程中的干扰信号进行有效滤波,缩短了滤波时间,提高了高空通信系统的抗干扰能力。     

CDMA基站用14阶高温超导滤波器

研制了用于CDMA移动通信基站接收机前端的14阶高温超导带通滤波器。该滤波器的设计带宽为10.9 MHz,中心频率为830MHz;仿真得到的回波损耗约为28 dB,带内波动小于0.008 dB,带外抑制大于90 dB;该滤波器由MgO衬底上的双面DyBa2Cu3O7超导薄膜加工而成。该滤波器在无后期调谐的情况下,72K温度的实测带宽为10.9MHz,回波损耗好于20dB,插入损耗0.001 dB,边带陡峭度高达80dB/16.3MHz,实测的中心频率等指标也与仿真设计结果吻合很好,各项指标均满足应用要求。     

Method for edge contour extraction of a scanning probe microscope image

A method for edge contour extraction of a scanning probe microscope image is proposed. This method is developed to process an image that has the large size irregularity and/or objects bound together. It is based on definition of the local minimum points of brightness data function and permits one to obtain the correct edge contour line. The advantages of the proposed method over traditional methods are demonstrated using model results. This method can be used to process different images.