异丙基膦酸单烷基酯萃取稀土的化学

本文研究了不同酯烷基结构的异丙基膦酸单烷基酯萃取稀土反应的平衡常数(K_(ex))的差别。异丙基膦酸单β-取代烷基酯具有较高K_(ex)值,而相应的α-取代烷基酯的K_(ex)值则显著下降。此外,镧系收缩的特性扩大了配位体的空间效应,这类效应对化合物的pKa值也有影响。并讨论了异丙基膦酸单十四烷基酯(MANPP)萃取稀土的反应机理,测得该反应的热力学函数,不论K_(ex)值或△G值与原子序数间均具四分组效应。研究了萃取配合物的组成与结构,值得指出的是MANPP在盐酸体系中萃取分离钕、钐的性能均优于硝酸体系。     

水溶液中铵离子pKa值的理论计算

在HF/6-31+G*和B3LYP/6-31+G*水平上, 采用导体极化连续模型(CPCM)及UAKS孔穴计算了11种铵离子在水溶剂中的溶剂化自由能, 与实验值相比较, 平均误差和标准偏差分别为0.17, 12.04和0.96, 10.96 kJ/mol. 结合B3LYP/6-31+G*水平上的11种铵离子气相质子转移反应自由能, 得到了水溶剂中的绝对pKa值, 计算结果与实验数据吻合得很好, 相应的平均误差和标准偏差分别为0.05, 1.50和0.45, 1.40 pKa单位. 可见, 采用CPCM-UAKS模型能够较为精确地计算铵离子型化合物的绝对pKa值.     

Dane盐-甲亚胺法合成单环β-内酰胺的研究

用Dane盐与不同取代的二苯甲亚胺环合, 制备了11种未见报道的α-酰氨基-β-内酰胺, 研究了二苯甲亚胺的取代基对成环反应的影响; 用逐步回归分析方法建立了环合反应收率与二苯甲亚胺上取代基的取代常数之间的相关关系. 研究表明,环合收率与二苯甲亚胺上取代基的电性效应常数σ值呈负的线性关系, 与甲亚胺的pKa值呈正的线性关系. 利用取代基的σ值和甲亚胺的pKa值可以预测同系列化合物成环反应活性的相对高低.     

某些含氮六节芳杂环及其氨基衍生物的碱性和结构

含氮六节芳杂环及其氨基衍生物是基础有机化学中杂环章节的主要内容之一,但一般教科书中对此部分内容叙述过于简单。为此,本文拟从有机碱的共轭酸的pKa入手,扼要的对其氨基取代对吡啶及其它含氮芳杂环化合物碱性的影响,以及氨基取代吡啶的结构作一阐述。     

生物碱在十八烷基膦酸改性锆-镁复合氧化物固定相上的色谱行为

研究了某些生物碱在十八烷基膦酸改性锆-镁复合氧化物固定相(C18PZM)上的色谱行为。通过考察流动相参数如甲醇含量、缓冲液pH值和离子强度对生物碱保留的影响,对这类化合物在该固定相上的保留机理进行了探讨。结果表明,在实验色谱条件下,生物碱在C18PZM上表现出反相和阳离子交换的混合保留模式机理。锆-镁基质上化学吸附的十八烷基膦酸和其对流动相中路易斯碱的吸附以及锆羟基本身均有可能是该固定相的离子交换作用位点的来源。高pH值流动相,溶质大部分以分子状态使用形式存在,因此其保留以疏水作用为主。在甲醇-pH 10.1 Tris缓冲液,生物碱的分离取得了满意的结果。与传统的烷基键合硅胶反相固定相相比,C18PZM表现出了更优越的化学稳定性,对于碱性化合物,尤其是具有高pKa值的碱性化合物的分离分析有着广泛的应用前景,有望发展为与硅胶键合固定相互补的一类反相HPLC的固定相。     

电位滴定法研究离子液体的碱性

近年来碱性离子液体的设计、合成及应用获得广泛关注. 离子液体碱性表征对于碱性离子液体的应用具有重要意义. 然而, 关于碱性离子液体碱性表征深入研究的报道还比较少. 我们合成了系列碱性离子液体, 利用电位滴定法测定了碱性离子液体的pK_b值, 通过相应pK_b值来表征离子液体的碱性强度, 最后考察了离子液体碱性与其结构之间的关联关系. 结果表明, 羧酸根碱性离子液体的碱性主要由阴离子决定, 但不同的阳离子也会影响到其碱性强度, 从而对离子液体的碱性进行微调; 对于胺基功能化的咪唑型离子液体, 由于离子液体结构中咪唑阳离子具有较强的吸电子诱导效应, 相对于对应的三乙胺其碱性显著下降.     

N-羧基吡啶功能化离子液体的表征

合成了系列新型N-羧基吡啶功能化离子液体, 利用1H NMR、13C NMR、IR、DSC对其进行表征并研究了其与常规溶剂的相溶性, 采用酸碱滴定法测量了系列离子液体的酸离解常数pKa值. N-羧基取代吡啶功能化离子液体的pKa值在2.5~4.0之间, 并随阳离子取代羧基碳链的增长而增大; 离子之间形成氢键及阴、阳离子的大小是影响离子液体熔点的主要因素. 阴离子越小, 熔点越高. 所合成的N-羧基吡啶功能化离子液体具有相同的相溶性且由取代羧基所决定, 与常见烷基咪唑离子液体相比, N-羧基吡啶功能化离子液体与丙酮、二氯甲烷并不相溶. 功能化离子液体的阳离子取代基是影响其物化性能的主要因素, 通过改变功能化基团碳链的长短及与不同阴离子进行组合, 可以对功能化离子液体物理、化学性能进行调节.     

非平面分子内电荷转移离子配合物的合成及其光物理性质

以N-乙烯基咔唑三羰基铬为模板化合物, 选用丙烯基阳离子取代其中一个羰基配体, 合成了一种新型非平面分子内电荷转移有机金属配合物. 通过元素分析、红外、核磁共振确定了配合物的组成和结构, 电子吸收和荧光光谱结果表明配合物的光物理行为可通过配体取代调控．运用双光束前向简并四波混频(DFWM)的方法, 测试了配合物及配体的三阶非线性效应, 同时探讨了金属配位和配体取代对其的影响.     

手性膦催化Morita-Baylis-Hillman碳酸酯与偶氮次甲基亚胺的不对称[3+3]环加成反应

<正>J.Am.Chem.Soc.2015,137,4316~4319发展杂环化合物的高效合成方法对药物分子、天然产物及其它功能有机分子的合成具有重要意义.近年来,有机膦催化的环加成反应成为构建杂环化合物的重要工具之一.通过有机膦催化,各国研究者相继完成了多种形式的环加成反应,但有机膦催化的不对称[3+3]环加成反应却一直未被实现.直到最近,中国农业大学应用化学系郭红     

钯催化芳基磺酸酯与亚磷酸酯的交叉偶联反应

有机膦化合物在金属有机化学、配位化学及生物化学中都具有重要的应用价值,而C—P键的偶联反应是合成有机膦化合物的主要方法,也是目前研究的热点.通过使用芳基磺酸酯与亚磷酸酯在金属钯催化下的交叉偶联反应,高效地实现了一系列有机膦化合物的合成,并将该方法运用到了手性N/P配体的合成中.     

基于QSAR模型的有机磷化合物毒性预测

随着有机磷化合物(OPs)的广泛应用,其在越来越多的环境介质中被检测出来。大多数OPs具有毒性,但人们缺乏快速且有效的预测手段来对毒性进行评估。本文将结合E-Dragon软件计算的分子描述符,采用不同的QSAR模型对36个OPs的毒性进行预测。文中采用后退法作为描述符筛选方法,以均方根误差(RMSE)作为评价标准,共找到14个对线性核函数支持向量机(SVM)模型贡献较大的描述符;在最终得到的SVM模型交叉验证结果中,计算值与实际值的相关系数为0. 913,均方根误差为0. 388;外部测试验证结果中,平均相对误差为9. 10%。此外,采用多元线性回归(MLR)、人工神经网络(ANN)以及偏最小二乘回归(PLS)模型对OPs的毒性进行预测,交叉验证结果显示,三个模型的计算值与实际值的相关系数分别为0. 878、0. 686与0. 620,没有SVM模型的预测能力好。因此采用线性核函数的SVM模型对OPs进行毒性预测是一个行之有效的方法。     

First-principle predictions of basicity of organic amines and phosphines in acetonitrile

Amines and phosphines are widely utilized as bases and basic organocatalysts in organic chemistry. Thus it is highly valuable to develop a coherent theoretical method that can accurately predict the basicity of structurally unrelated amines and phosphines in organic solvents from the first principles. Herein we developed the first ab initio protocol that could predict the pK_a value of any protonated amine or phosphine in acetonitrile through systematic benchmarking. By comparing to a variety of available experimental data (total number=98), it was determined that the precision of the optimized method in basicity prediction was as low as 1.1 pK_a unit. With the powerful new method in hand, we subsequently conducted some systematic studies about the basicity of organic amines and in particular phosphines, for which very few experimental data were available. It was found that the solvent exerted profound effects on the basicity of amines and phosphines. Accordingly we concluded that it was not valid to use gas-phase data to interpret the solution-phase basicity of amines and phosphines. Next we reported the basicity of a number of synthetically important aliphatic and aromatic amines and phosphines in acetonitrile. We also compared, for the first time, the α-substituent effects on the basicity of aliphatic amines and phosphines and the remote substituent effects on the basicity of aromatic amines and phosphines. Finally, we studied for the first time the basicity of cyclic amines and phosphines. It was found that the ring strain exerted some interesting effects on the basicity of amines and phosphines.     

What are the pKa values of organophosphorus compounds?

A first-principle theoretical protocol was developed, which could successfully predict the pK_a values of a number of amines and thiols in DMSO with a precision of about 1.1 pK_a unit. Using this protocol we calculated the pK_a values of diverse types of organophosphorus compounds in DMSO. The accuracy of these predicted values was estimated to be about 1.1 pK_a because phosphorus is in the same group as nitrogen and in the same period as sulfur. The theoretical predictions were also consistent with all the available experimental data. Thus, a scale of reliable pK_a values was constructed for the first time for organophosphorus. These pK_a values would be helpful to synthetic chemists who need to design the experimental conditions for handling deprotonated organophosphorus. On the basis of these pK_a values we also studied, for the first time, some interesting topics such as the substituent effects on the pK_a values of various types of organophosphorus, and the differences between the pK_a values of organophosphorus and organic amines.     

Analysis of phosphate-related components in Hanford tank wastes

Several organophosphorus compounds including tributyl phosphate (TBP), bis-2-(ethylhexyl) phosphate (D2EHP), and dibutyl butyl phosphonate (DBBP) were used as extractants at the Hanford site. The mass spectral fragmentation patterns of various organosphosphorus compounds have been interpreted and used to predict the identity of phosphate-related components and their degradation products in tank waste.     

Recent advances in computational 31P NMR: Part 1. Chemical shifts

This is the first part of two closely related reviews dealing with the computation of phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts in a wide series of organophosphorus compounds including complexes, clusters, and bioorganic phosphorus compounds. In particular, the analysis of the accuracy factors, such as substitution effects, solvent effects, vibrational corrections, and relativistic effects, is presented. This review is dedicated to the Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Professor Boris A. Trofimov in view of his invaluable contribution to the field of synthesis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and computation studies of organophosphorus compounds.     

氢键碱度的神经网络法计算

氢键在生命科学和化学等领域均起着十分重要的作用.化合物可以通过提供质子和接受质子等两种方式与其它化合物形成分子间氢键,其形成氢键的能力分别称为氢键酸度（hydrogen-bondacidity）和氢键碱度(hydrogen-bondbasicity).可以用正辛醇／水分配系数和环己烷／水分配系数的对数差（ΔlogP）[1]、溶剂化显色参数[2－3]等表示化合物形成氢键的能力,其中应用较多的是Abraham等[4]提出的总氢键酸度（）和总氢键碱度（）.但由于和要通过实验得到,繁琐不便,限制了它们的广泛应用.本文用神经网络法研究了理论计算得到的量子化学参数与之间的相…     

Analysis of soman and sarin in blood utilizing a sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method

Gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring provided a simple and sensitive method for measuring organophosphorus compounds sarin and the two isomers of soman (isomer I and isomer II) in blood. These compounds were extracted from blood or isotonic saline using a modification of the method developed by Sass et al. Blood was deproteinized with perchloric acid before extraction. The acid-induced degradation of the organophosphorus compounds could be minimized by neutralizing the acid immediately after deproteinizing. In saline and blood, 81% of the extractable soman and 74% of the extractable sarin was recovered with a single extraction. The overall recovery of added organophosphorus was less in blood than in saline because of the binding of organophosphorus to blood constituents, probably various enzymes and proteins. A time-dependent decrease in extractable organophosphorus was found in whole blood but not in saline. Although soman isomer II was degraded in blood faster than soman isomer I, no significant difference in the affinities of these two isomers to acetylcholinesterase was observed.     

Doubly charged ion mass spectra of organophosphorus compounds

Doubly charged ion mass spectra have been obtained for 11 organophosphorus compounds. Methane has been used as a target gas to increase the probability of single electron transfer collisions in the first field-free region of an Hitachi RMU-7L mass spectrometer. In general, the spectra of organophosphorus compounds do not exhibit molecular ions but are dominated by fragment ions, many of which must be formed by rearrangement processes. A geometry-optimized self-consistent field molecular orbital method has been employed to compute energies and structural parameters for prominent ions. In addition, a diabatic curve crossing model has been used to examine the single electron transfer reactions responsible for intense ions in the doubly charged ion mass spectra. Appearance energies measured for ions prominent in the 2E spectra of organophosphorus compounds have ranged from 23 to 38 eV.     

Structure of the head group,nucleophilicity, and micellar effects of functional detergents in acyl transfer reactions

The micellar effects of 1-cetyl-2-methyl-3-(2-hydroxyiminopropyl)imidazolium and 1-cetyl-3-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium halides in acyl transfer reactions (phosphoryl, phosphonyl, and toluenesulfonyl) were investigated. Variation of the nature of the head group does not lead to change in the reactivity of the oximate group, while the nucleophilicity follows the basicity of the functional fragment. The increase of the observed reaction rates during transfer of the disintegration of the substrates from water to the micellar pseudophase is due both to concentration of the reagents and to change in the reactivity of the oximate group. The new detergent 1-cetyl-2-methyl-3-(2-hydroxyiminopropyl)imidazolium chloride is one of the most effective functional surfactants in the decomposition of organophosphorus compounds. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 90–97, March–April, 2008.     

Electrochemical activation of chain radical processes by radical organophosphorus cations

It is found that electrochemically generated radical cations of organophosphorus compounds react with substrates that are capable of homolytic cleavage of the element-hydrogen bond via a radical detachment of the hydrogen atom, thus initiating the chain radical addition of the substrates over the double bond of alkenes. The presence of a strong base that is capable of deprotonating intermediate phosphonium salts in electrolyte allows one to set up an electrocatalytic cycle and use organophosphorus compounds in catalytic quantities. The main side reaction in the studied processes is the interaction between radical cations of organophosphorus compounds and olefin which leads to the formation of phosphorylated alkenes.