棕色固氮菌变种UW45缺辅基钼铁蛋白的分离及性质研究(Ⅰ)

应用DEAE-11#纤维素柱层析,结合无氧制备电泳从棕色固氮菌变种uw45无细胞抽提液中分离得到了一种电泳纯蛋白质,回收率为18.4%。该蛋白与FeMoco重组可以催化乙炔还原成乙烯,比活可达5.85nM乙烯/分·毫克蛋白,比其无细胞抽提液活性提高22.7倍。该蛋白与FeMoco重组之后,电泳迁移率明显变慢,更接近棕色固氮菌钼铁蛋白,含铁量增加一倍,井含钼,分子量22万,可见光谱与棕色固氮菌钼铁蛋白的相同。因此,我们认为uw45缺辅基铜铁蛋白与FeMoco重组之后形成了类似棕色固氮菌钼铁蛋白的活性蛋白。     

电泳和质谱技术研究4种胰脏铁蛋白的亚基类型和等电点特性

采用电泳和质谱技术对所制备的鸡、鸭、牛和猪胰脏铁蛋白的亚基类型和等电点特性进行了研究。采用天然聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)技术研究的结果表明,上述4种铁蛋白呈现不同的迁移率,据此可知鸡胰铁蛋白的相对分子质量(Mr)>鸭胰铁蛋白的Mr>黄牛胰铁蛋白的Mr>猪胰铁蛋白的Mr,而且均大于马脾铁蛋白(HSF)的Mr。采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)-PAGE技术研究的结果表明,上述4种铁蛋白均由H(heavy chain)和L(light chain)类型的亚基组成,但H和L亚基的相对数量（即H/L亚基数量的比值）有差别。采用肽指纹图谱技术分别鉴定各铁蛋白的H和L亚基。选用变性等电聚焦方法研究发现,上述4种铁蛋白分别由3～6种不同等电点的亚基聚合体组成,说明铁蛋白的H和L亚基之间呈现复杂的相互作用和不同的聚合体。不同陆生动物胰脏铁蛋白亚基之间相互作用的强度和聚合态存在着差异,这一差异特性可能与调控铁蛋白释放铁的速率有关,也与动物对铁的需求和铁解毒速率有关。     

毛细管电泳电化学检测法测定马钱子中的士的宁和马钱子碱

用毛细管电泳电化学检测法测定了马钱子中的士的宁和马钱子碱.以BR缓冲溶液(35 mmol/L混酸用180 mmol/L NaOH调节至pH 6.50)为电泳液,分离电压为6 kV,检测电位为0.95 V,士的宁和马钱子碱在30 min内得到了良好分离.士的宁和马钱子碱浓度分别在0.35～35.00 μg/mL和0.40(40.00 μg/mL内具有良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.08μg/mL和0.15μg/mL.应用于马钱子样品的测定.     

毛细管电泳分离手性药物罗格列酮钠对映体的方法研究

以环糊精及其衍生物为手性选择剂,通过优化缓冲液的浓度、酸度以及采用环糊精的种类和浓度等,建立了罗格列酮钠对映体的水介质和非水介质两种毛细管电泳拆分方法.最佳条件为：150 mmol/LTris-H3PO4缓冲液,pH=2.0,含有1 mmol/Lβ-CD或DM-β-CD,10%（ψ）甲醇的运行液,分离电压为25 kV,检测波长215 nm.也可以使用含有9 mmol/L HDMS-β-CD,20 mmol/L磷酸和10 mmol/L NaOH的甲醇电泳液.两种拆分体系均实现了罗格列酮钠对映体的基线分离,而且拆分效率基本相当.方法简便、快速,可作为罗格列酮钠的手性分离方法.     

应用表面等离子体共振技术在传质控制下检测铁蛋白

应用表面等离子体共振技术在传质控制下对铁蛋白进行了检测。铁蛋白的分子量较高,传质较慢;通过增大抗体固定量和控制流速,使抗原-抗体间的反应在质量传输控制下进行。利用结合速率分析法对不同浓度的铁蛋白进行了灵敏检测,其线性范围为20~800μg/L,显著宽于“三明治”分析法。本方法检出限为20μg/L。用pH 2.0的甘氨酸-盐酸缓冲液再生,使同一传感片可重复使用50次以上。     

毛细管电泳安培检测法测定密蒙花中的黄酮类化合物

采用毛细管电泳-安培检测法(CE-AD)对蒙花苷、刺槐素、木犀草素和芹黄素四种黄酮类化合物进行分离分析.在电极电位为+0.95 V(vs.Ag/AgCl),电泳运行液为pH=9.00的60 mmol/L Na2 B4O7-120 mmol/L NaH2 PO4缓冲溶液,分离电压为18kV时,四种黄酮类化合物得到完全分离...     

联萘酚对映体的毛细管电泳/方波安培法分离检测

建立了毛细管电泳/方波安培法分离检测联萘酚对映体的新方法.对影响对映体分离度的影响因素,如手性选择剂β 环糊精浓度、氢氧化钠浓度、硼酸浓度、分离电压进行了探讨。在16mmol/L氢氧化钠+14mmol/Lβ 环糊精+4mmol/L硼酸的电泳运行液,方波平衡电位+0.90V和10kV的分离电压条件下,联萘酚对映体在10min内得到基线分离,检出限为1.0×10-6mol/L。     

磺胺类人工合成甜味剂的毛细管电泳/电导法分离检测

采用15 mmol/L Tris-10 mmol/L H3BO3-0.2 mmol/L EDTA为电泳运行液,0.2%四乙烯五胺为电渗流抑制剂,融硅石英毛细管(45 cm×50 μm),负高压分离(-15 kV),柱端接触式电导检测,建立了磺胺类人工合成甜味剂(糖精钠、安赛蜜、甜蜜素)的高效毛细管电泳/电导法分离检测方法.糖精钠、安赛蜜、甜蜜素的线性检测范围分别为0.8 ～120、1.1 ～120、1.5 ～120 μmol/L,检出限分别为0.3、0.4、0.6 μmol/L.详细讨论了电泳运行液的组成、浓度以及进样方式对灵敏度和分离度的影响.该法用于市售饮料中3种甜味剂的分离检测,结果满意.     

毛细管电泳在拮抗药物对氨基苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸和磺胺分析测定中的应用

本文报道了一种用毛细管区带电泳法(CZE)分离与测定对氨基苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸及磺胺类药物的新方法.电泳条件为:用 20mmol/L硼砂-20mmol/L H_3PO_4-20 mmol/Lβ-环糊精-4％乙醇(pH 7.0)作电泳液,L-抗坏血酸为内标,280nm为检测波长,样品由电进样方式(10kV/10s)引入毛细管(51.2 cm×50μm i.d.,有效分离长度为 38.5 cm).在24.5°C下,6 min内三者可达基线分离(电泳电压 25kV),且在一定范围内可进行定量分析,保留时间(Tr)及A_(样品)/A_(内标)的RSD值分别小于1.0％和5.0％.本法的建立为研究这三者共存于高等动物及微生物体内时的生理作用提供了一种可共选择的新方法.     

稀土离子与乳铁蛋白结合的光谱研究

用紫外示差光谱、荧光光谱及圆二色谱等方法研究了Tb³⁺和Eu³⁺在pH7.4的条件下与乳铁蛋白及脱铁乳铁蛋白的结合作用.结果表明,Tb³⁺及Eu³⁺可特异性地结合在脱铁乳铁蛋白的两个Fe³⁺结合部位,但不能从已经结合铁的乳铁蛋白中把铁置换出来.测得Tb³⁺ 与这两个部位结合的条件平衡常数为lgK₁=8.48±0.24和lgK₂=6.72±0.18(25℃,0.10mol/L NaCl, 0.10mol/LHepes,pH=7.4). Tb³⁺在这两个位点结合时,蛋白质的构象发生变化.在 Tb³⁺ 与蛋白质的浓度比低时,构象趋于紧缩,色氨酸残基进入疏水的环境;当Tb³⁺结合得较多时,构象转而开放,色氨酸残基转向亲水性环境.但无论哪种情况,Tb³⁺与脱铁乳铁蛋白的结合都不影响蛋白的二级结构.     

The Electrode Behavior and the Storing Capacity from Liver Ferritin of Dasynatis Akajei

Ferritin, a metallic protein, is a special biological large molecule that plays two central physiological functions in living cell simultaneously^[1]. In addition, the ferritin is able to express two functions having activity of H₂-uptake and exhibiting electrode behavior that picks the electrons up from a bare platinum electrode directly under anaerobic condition^[2-3]. In this paper, a direct electrochemical technology under aerobic conditions is employed to study kinetics of iron release from liver ferritin of Dasyatis akajei (DALF). Using aerobic condition, an electron tunnel across the ferritin shell plays still a critical role in taking the electrons from a bare platinum electrode for iron release without any mediator aid. Moreover, using similar condition, two reduction potentials of the ferritin core with -135 mV and -416 mV vs. NHE are measured by the technology. Unlike other processes of iron release, a kinetic study for complete iron release is confirmed to show a triphasic behavior defined as zero-order reaction. DALF is known to heme bind to generate a hemeoprotein, named DALF_h The heme function has been investigated to accelerate rate of iron release. Using similar studies, the kinetic datum indicates that the rate of iron release depends tightly on not only the reduction potential of the electrode, but also the regulation capacity of protein shell itself.     

Iron Biomineral Growth from the Initial Nucleation Seed in L-Ferritin

X-ray structures of homopolymeric human L -ferritin and horse spleen ferritin were solved by freezing protein crystals at different time intervals after exposure to a ferric salt and revealed the growth of an octa-nuclear iron cluster on the inner surface of the protein cage with a key role played by some glutamate residues. An atomic resolution view of how the cluster formation develops starting from a (μ³-oxo)tris[(μ²-glutamato-κO:κO’)](glutamato-κO)(diaquo)triiron(III) seed is provided. The results support the idea that iron biomineralization in ferritin is a process initiating at the level of the protein surface, capable of contributing coordination bonds and electrostatic guidance.     

New insights into iron release from ferritin: direct observation of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine entering ferritin and reaching redox equilibrium with the iron core

Iron release from the iron storage protein ferritin has been studied extensively because of its important role in oxidative stress and its possible role in the progression of Parkinson's disease. For many years external indicators, notably strong iron(II) chelators, have been used to investigate this reaction. Such chelators can, however, drastically affect the electrochemical and thermodynamic properties of iron. The present study is unique in that it has been possible to follow a reaction taking place within the ferritin shell. This was made possible by our serendipitous discovery that, at physiological pHs, the oxidation product of 6-hydroxydopamine (a deprotonated quinone) acts as its own indicator (G. N. L. Jameson and W. Linert, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2001, 563-568). The redox equilibrium data and the kinetics of the formation of this red-coloured species can only be explained on the basis that reduction of the iron(III) takes place within the ferritin shell. This is, in fact, the first time that a reaction actually taking place inside the ferritin shell has been followed. It has also been established that, at least in vitro, all eight hydrophilic channels are capable of being simultaneously involved in the reaction. It has also been possible to calculate the rate of oxidation of the 6-hydroxydopamine within the ferritin and it is demonstrated that a redox equilibrium is established within the protein. Finally, evidence is provided confirming that chelators are in fact intrinsically linked to iron removal from ferritin.     

Chemically and Biologically Harmless versus Harmful Ferritin/Copper–Metallothionein Couples

The simultaneous measurement of the decrease of available Fe^II ions and the increase of available Fe^III ions allowed the analysis of the ferroxidase activity of two distinct apoferritins. Although recombinant human apoferritin (HuFtH) rapidly oxidizes Fe^II to Fe^III, this iron is not properly stored in the ferritin cavity, as otherwise occurs in horse‐spleen H/L‐apoferritin (HsFt; H=heavy subunit, L=light subunit). Iron storage in these apoferritins was also studied in the presence of two copper‐loaded mammalian metallothioneins (MT2 and MT3), a scenario that occurs in different brain‐cell types. For HuFtH, unstored Fe^III ions trigger the oxidation of Cu–MT2 with concomitant Cu^I release. In contrast, there is no reaction with Cu–MT2 in the case of HsFt. Similarly, Cu–MT3 does not react during either HuFtH or HsFt iron reconstitution. Significantly, the combination of ferritin and metallothionein isoforms reported in glia and neuronal cells are precisely those combinations that avoid a harmful release of Fe^II and Cu^I ions.     

天冬酰胺合成酶B抑制剂高效液相色谱筛选方法的建立与应用

建立了一种快速、高效测定天冬酰胺合成酶B(AS-B)酶活性的反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)。酶反应体系中的氨基酸经2,4-二硝基氟苯(DNFB)柱前衍生,通过RP-HPLC测定酶反应体系前后底物及产物的变化来分析酶的活性。采用的色谱柱为Agilent C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以50 mmol/L醋酸钠缓冲液(pH 6.2)-乙腈(体积比为15:85)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为30 ℃,检测波长365 nm,于6 min内实现了各组分的基线分离。通过该方法测定反应动力学参数进行AS-B的抑制定量分析。将已知AS-B抑制剂L-谷氨酸-γ-甲酯作用于酶反应体系,测得的抑制剂的抑制常数与文献值相接近,证明该方法可用于AS-B抑制剂的筛选。     

Biosynthesis, isolation and characterization of 57Fe-enriched Phaseolus vulgaris ferritin after heterologous expression in Escherichia coli

Ferritin is the major iron storage protein in the biosphere. Iron stores of an organism are commonly assessed by measuring the concentration of the protein shell of the molecule in fluids and tissues. The amount of ferritin-bound iron, the more desirable information, still remains inaccessible owing to the lack of suitable techniques. Iron saturation of ferritin is highly variable, with a maximum capacity of 4,500 iron atoms per molecule. This study describes the direct isotopic labeling of a complex metalloprotein in vivo by biosynthesis, in order to measure ferritin-bound iron by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. [⁵⁷Fe]ferritin was produced by cloning and overexpressing the Phaseolus vulgaris ferritin gene pfe in Escherichia coli in the presence of ⁵⁷FeCl₂. Recombinant ferritin was purified in a fully assembled form and contained approximately 1,000 iron atoms per molecule at an isotopic enrichment of more than 95% ⁵⁷Fe. We did not find any evidence of species conversion of the isotopic label for at least 5 months of storage at −20 °C. Transfer efficiency of enriched iron into [⁵⁷Fe]ferritin of 20% was sufficient to be economically feasible. Negligible amounts of non-ferritin-bound iron in the purified [⁵⁷Fe]ferritin solution allows for use of this spike for quantification of ferritin-bound iron by isotope dilution mass spectrometry.     

Iron Binding in the Ferroxidase Site of Human Mitochondrial Ferritin

Ferritins are nanocage proteins that store iron ions in their central cavity as hydrated ferric oxide biominerals. In mammals, further the L (light) and H (heavy) chains constituting cytoplasmic maxi-ferritins, an additional type of ferritin has been identified, the mitochondrial ferritin (MTF). Human MTF (hMTF) is a functional homopolymeric H-like ferritin performing the ferroxidase activity in its ferroxidase site (FS), in which Fe(II) is oxidized to Fe(III) in the presence of dioxygen. To better investigate its ferroxidase properties, here we performed time-lapse X-ray crystallography analysis of hMTF, providing structural evidence of how iron ions interact with hMTF and of their binding to the FS. Transient iron binding sites, populating the pathway along the cage from the iron entry channel to the catalytic center, were also identified. Furthermore, our kinetic data at variable iron loads indicate that the catalytic iron oxidation reaction occurs via a diferric peroxo intermediate followed by the formation of ferric-oxo species, with significant differences with respect to human H-type ferritin.     

Electrochemical Characterization of Horse Spleen Ferritin Covalently Immobilized on Self‐Assembled Monolayer Modified Gold Electrodes

Horse spleen ferritin was covalently attached to SAM‐modified gold electrodes using cross‐linking agents. Reduction of ferritin occurs at negative potentials and is electrochemically irreversible. The voltammetry reveals the presence of a new electrochemical couple that has been determined to be a dissolved iron species released upon the reduction of ferritin. Covalently attached ferritin retains its ability to release iron as evidenced by the absence of the dissolved couple peaks when ferritin is reduced in the presence of nitrilotriacetate. As the SAM chain length increases, the reduction potential becomes more negative, suggesting a tunneling mechanism is involved in the electron transfer.     

鲨鱼肝铁蛋白亚基解离与组装机理的研究

小批量制备质谱纯鲨鱼肝铁蛋白(Liver Ferritin of Sphyrna zygaena,SZLF)。在弱酸介质(pH1.0)中,天然电泳结果显示,SZLF蛋白质亚基20 min后开始解离。选用透射电子显微镜跟踪SZLF亚基解离与重组装全过程和蛋白壳与铁核尺寸变化,发现SZLF在亚基酸解离过程中,随着pH值的降低,铁核和蛋白壳的尺寸呈现相同的变化趋势,这种变化趋势可能与铁核内层铁的释放和蛋白壳的解离与去折叠有关。SZLF蛋白壳的重组装过程则是一个快速过程,并且是由松散熔球态向紧密态转变的过程。SZLF由单类型亚基组成,而马脾铁蛋白(Horse Spleen Ferritin,HSF)由H和L两种亚基类型组成。在基质pH3.0条件和激光辅助下,混合HSF和SZLF仍然可释放各自的亚基且形成准亚基离子,供基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱分析,说明此时SZLF的亚基间相互作用强度减弱但并没有去折叠。TEM技术在铁蛋白解离和重组装过程中的应用,为进一步研究铁蛋白纳米包装的过程和机理提供新颖的、可行的和更加直观的研究手段。