刺激响应型有机小分子凝胶的研究进展

智能型凝胶是近年来有机小分子凝胶的研究重点, 其中刺激响应型有机小分子智能凝胶对外界微小的物理、化学刺激, 如温度、光、pH、离子强度或电场等能够感知并在响应过程中有显著的响应行为性. 较系统地综述了刺激响应型有机小分子智能凝胶的结构特点和近年来的研究进展, 并展望了该类有机小分子智能凝胶的应用前景.     

三维经阴道超声对宫腔粘连患者宫腔容积及血流变化的评估

为了观察宫腔粘连患者行三维经阴道超声(3D-TVS)检查时宫腔容积及血流的变化,本文纳入2016年11月~2018年11月于我院收治的68例宫腔粘连患者为观察组,另选取同期来我院体检的健康女性68例为对照组,均于月经周期中晚期行3D-TVS检查,并以病理诊断结果为金标准,观察了3D-TVS诊断宫腔粘连的灵敏度及特异度。同时,对比了两组患者3D-TVS参数如子宫内膜容积(EV)、血流指数(FI)、血管血流指数(VFI)及内膜区血管指数(VI)的变化,并分析了宫腔粘连不同分级患者上述3D-TVS参数的变化情况。经病理确诊的68例患者中,3D-TVS诊断为宫腔粘连64例,其中Ⅰ型21例,Ⅱ型31例,Ⅲ型9例,Ⅳ型3例。3D-TVS诊断宫腔粘连的灵敏度为92.65%,特异度为98.53%,准确率为95.59%,阳性预测值为98.44%,阴性预测值为93.06%,Kappa值为0.91。观察组EV、FI、VFI、VI均显著低于对照组。Ⅰ型宫腔粘连者EV显著大于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型者,Ⅱ型宫腔粘连者EV显著大于Ⅲ、Ⅳ型者,Ⅲ型宫腔粘连者EV显著大于Ⅳ型者;Ⅰ型宫腔粘连者的VFI、VI显著大于Ⅲ、Ⅳ型者。上述结果证实3D-TVS对宫腔粘连患者宫腔容积及血流变化具有重要的评估价值。     

Two Reaction Mechanisms via Iminium Ion Intermediates: The Different Reactivities of Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ether and Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Diarylprolinol Silyl Ether

The reactions of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with cyclopentadiene in the presence of diarylprolinol silyl ethers as catalyst proceed via iminium cations as intermediates, and can be divided into two types; one involving a Michael‐type reaction (type A) and one involving a cycloaddition (type B). Diphenylprolinol silyl ethers and trifluoromethyl‐substituted diarylprolinol silyl ethers, which are widely used proline‐type organocatalysts, have been investigated in this study. As the LUMO of the iminium ion derived from trifluoromethyl‐substituted diarylprolinol silyl ether is lower in energy than that derived from diphenylprolinol silyl ether, as supported by ab initio calculations, the trifluoromethyl‐substituted catalyst is more reactive in a type B reaction. The iminium ion from an α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde is generated more quickly with diphenylprolinol silyl ether than with the trifluoromethyl‐substituted diarylprolinol silyl ether. When the generation of the iminium ion is the rate‐determining step, the diphenylprolinol silyl ether catalyst is the more reactive. Because acid accelerates the generation of iminium ions and reduces the generation of anionic nucleophiles in the Michael‐type reaction (type A), it is necessary to select the appropriate acid for specific reactions. In general, diphenylprolinol silyl ether is a superior catalyst for type A reactions, whereas the trifluoromethyl‐substituted diarylprolinol silyl ether catalyst is preferred for type B reactions.     

二茂铁类环肽的合成与分子识别研究

设计并合成了两个系列含二茂铁单元的1+1型和2+2型类环肽,用循环伏安法研究了1+1型二茂铁类环肽与含氧负离子和卤素负离子的包合作用.结果表明,类环肽能很好地识别这些常见的负离子.¹HNMR研究发现,类环肽对负离子的识别作用主要是通过类环肽酰胺键中氢与客体负离子形成分子间氢键实现的.     

On Triazoles. VI. The acylation of 5-amino-1,2,4-triazoles

The isomeric and tautomeric structure of I and II type monoacylated 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole derivatives was studied with the help of their ir, uv, pmr and cmr spectra as well as model compounds prepared for this purpose. It was stated that the structure of the I type ring-acylated derivatives is 2o and those of their II type isomers is 5a .     

Water‐dispersible microgel modified with methacryloyl groups by ionic bonding on the surface and the photopolymer microgel

A novel water‐dispersible reactive microgel, which had a diameter of 40–90 nm, was synthesized for photopolymer materials. The microgels have segments with substituted ammonium groups, to provide water solubility, in their polymer networked structure. It has unsaturated groups connected to the quaternary nitrogens by ionic bonding (I‐type microgel). The I‐type microgel was compared with one that has methacryloyl groups connected with the quaternary nitrogens of the microgel by covalent bonding (C‐type microgel). The I‐type microgels were able to separately control the modified amount of quaternary nitrogen and methacryloyl group. In the presence of 2,4‐diethylthioxantone as a photoinitiator and pentaerthritol triacrylate as a crosslinker, the photopolymer containing the C‐type or I‐type microgels had sensitivity high enough for practical use. Not only the amount of the methacryloyl group of the microgel but the amount of the quaternary nitrogen affected the sensitivity and the rate of polymerization of the water‐dispersible photopolymer containing the I‐type microgels. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CD99 type II is a determining factor for the differentiation of primitive neuroectodermal cells

CD99 is a 32-kDa cell surface molecule present on thymocytes, peripheral T cells, many other hematopoietic stem cells and somatic cells were implicated in cell-cell adhesion and cell-activation phenomena. Two major subtypes have been identified so far, designated CD99 type I and type II. We have investigated the correlation between the degree of neural differentiation and the expression of CD99 subtypes in three differentially differentiated cell lines such as CADO-ES1, RD-ES, and SH-N-SY5Y, in order of differentiation. In addition, we induced differentiation of the RD-ES cell line by N6,2'-dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP). Six days after treatment with db-cAMP, RD-ES cell line has changed its morphology from uniform round cells to cells with neurites, and initially CD99 type II-overexpressed RD-ES cells showed significant down-regulation of CD99 type II, whereas CD99 type I expression remained constant. When RD- ES cells were transfected with the cDNA encoding for CD99 type I-green fluorescence protein (GFP) and type II-GFP, CD99 type II transfected RD-ES cell line remained unchanged with morphology of undifferentiated form. Our data suggest that CD99 type II acts as a negative regulator in the neural differentiation of precursor cells that might occur during nerve system development.     

AP型破乳剂界面张力的研究

本文研究了煤油-水的界面张力随聚醚型非离子表面活性剂—AP型高效破乳剂浓度、分子中EO含量、PO链段在分子中的首尾分布和温度的变化, 并以多种原油的破乳实验为例, 讨论了它们与破乳作用的关系。     

Intracrystalline Transport Resistances in Nanoporous Zeolite X

By applying pulsed‐field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG NMR) in comparison to quasi‐elastic neutron scattering (QENS), we sense by measurement of the diffusion of n‐octane on different length scales, transport resistances in faujasite type X (which is isostructural with type Y and differs by the lower Si/Al ratio only) with mutual distances of less than 300 nm. Direct observation of the real structure of zeolite X by transmission electron microscopy identifies them as stacking faults of mirror‐twin type on (111)‐type planes of the cubic framework. Thus, direct experimental proof is given that, in general, nanoporous host systems such as zeolite crystals cannot be considered as a mere arrangement of cavities. It is rather the presence of structural defects that dominates their properties as soon as transport phenomena with practical relevance, including chemical conversion by heterogeneous catalysis and chemical separation by molecular sieving and selective adsorption, become relevant.     

Catalytic Asymmetric Phase‐Transfer Michael Reaction and Mannich‐Type Reaction of Glycine Schiff Bases with Tartrate‐Derived Diammonium Salts

Catalytic asymmetric Michael and Mannich‐type reactions of glycine Schiff bases with chiral two‐center organocatalysts, tartrate‐derived diammonium salts (TaDiASs), are described. On the basis of conformational studies, optimized TaDiASs with a 2,6‐disubstituted cyclohexane spiroacetal were newly designed. These TaDiASs catalyzed the asymmetric Michael and Mannich‐type reactions of glycine Schiff bases with higher enantioselectivity than previous catalysts. In the Mannich‐type reaction, aromatic N‐Boc‐protected imines (Boc=tert‐butoxycarbonyl) as well as enolizable alkyl imines were applicable. As a synthetic application of the catalytic asymmetric Mannich‐type reaction with the optimized TaDiASs, we developed a catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of (+)‐nemonapride, which is an antipsychotic agent.     

Ladder‐Type Heteroarene‐Based Organic Semiconductors

The fusion of heteroaromatic rings into ladder‐type heteroarenes can stabilize frontier molecular orbitals and lead to improved physicochemical properties that are beneficial for applications in various optoelectronic devices. Thus, ladder‐type heteroarenes, which feature highly planar backbones and well‐delocalized π conjugation, have recently emerged as a promising type of organic semiconductor with excellent device performance in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). In this Focus Review, we summarize the recent advances in ladder‐type heteroarene‐based organic semiconductors, such as hole‐ and electron‐transporting molecular semiconductors, and fully ladder‐type conjugated polymers towards their applications in OPVs and OFETs. The recent use of ladder‐type small‐molecule acceptor materials has strikingly boosted the power conversion efficiency of fullerene‐free solar cells, and selected examples of the latest developments in ladder‐type fused‐ring electron acceptor materials are also elaborated.     

4,10‐Dibromoanthanthrone as a New Building Block for p‐Type,n‐Type,and Ambipolar π‐Conjugated Materials

New p‐type, n‐type, and ambipolar molecules were synthesized from commercially available 4,10‐dibromoanthanthrone dye. Substitution at the 4,10‐ and 6,12‐positions with different electron‐rich and electron‐poor units allowed the modulation of the optoelectronic properties of the molecules. A bis(dicyanovinylene)‐functionalized compound was also prepared with a reduction potential as low as ?50 mV versus Ag⁺ with a crystalline two‐dimensional lamellar packing arrangement. These characteristics are important prerequisites for air‐stable n‐type organic field‐effect transistor applications.     

Design and synthesis of readily degradable acyloxysilane dendrimers

Two types of dendrimers with AB₂ branching, one with acyloxysilanes at the branching position (V type) and the other at the non-branching position (Y type), were synthesized using hydrosilylation with chlorosilanes followed by heterofunctional condensation with olefin-functional carboxylic acids, and examined as readily degradable template materials. The V type dendrimer was much more susceptible to ligand redistribution with chlorosilanes during preparation, whereas the Y type was less. The acyloxysilane linkages in these dendrimers could be cleaved readily by alcoholysis or hydrolysis on demand, making for suitable templates.     

Phenylspirodrimanes类混源萜的合成研究进展

Phenylspirodrimanes类混源萜具有多种生物活性,其合成研究一直倍受研究人员的关注。综述了Phenylspirodrimanes类混源萜的合成研究进展,主要介绍了K-76, L-671、776, Stachybotrylactam和Corallidictyals A-D的全合成方法,并对其未来发展进行了展望。参考文献28篇。     

Chemical Insight Into Benzimidazole Containing Donor-Acceptor-Donor Type Π-Conjugated Polymers: Benzimidazole As An Acceptor

Benzimidazoles are commonly used as an electron acceptor unit in the synthesis of donor acceptor donor type conjugated polymers. This review offers an overview of the utility of benzimidazole derivatives in the synthesis of various donor acceptor donor type of conjugated polymers, covering the research trends in experimental studies. The selected molecules in this overview have been limited with the donor-acceptor-donor type of conjugated polymers including benzimidazole as an acceptor unit and the corresponding studies up to 2016 have been shown. The polymers examined in this paper are discussed in two sections. The first section includes the studies about the effect of benzimidazole unit on the optical feature of resulting donor-acceptor type polymers. The second section illustrates the benzimidazole-based donor-acceptor-donor type conjugated polymers which are utilized in photovoltaic applications.     

蒈烯芳氰敏化光氧化反应的研究——Ⅱ.光敏氧化产物的分布及其反应机理

本文报道蒈烯在不同溶剂中光敏氧化反应产物的组成和分布及其与溶剂及敏化剂性质的关系。研究结果指出在以孟加拉玖瑰红(RB)为敏化剂时,主要生成典型的“ene”型产物,而以9,10—二腈基蒽敏化蒈烯的光氧化反应除生成“ene”型产物外还生成相当量的非“ene”型产物。实验证明蒈烯芳氰敏化光氧化反应过程,首先发生电子转移,而后产生自由基中间体和单重态氧并生成相应产物。     

Encapsulation and Prolonged Release Behaviour of W/O/W Type Multiple Emulsions

W/O/W type multiple emulsions were prepared by two step emulsification procedures using an oily lymphographic agent, lipiodol, as an inner oil phase and Pluronic F-68 as a hydrophilic emulsifier contained in the outer aqueous phase. Span 80, Pluronic L-64 and HCO-60 were used as emulsifiers incorporating them into the inner oil phase. The phase volume of the inner and outer aqueous phases and the yield of the w/o/w type multiple emulsions were studied. The dissolution behaviour of the w/o/w type multiple emulsions were determined by a dialysis method employing cellulose tubing. The effect of emulsifier type and the amount of HCO-60 on the stability and prolonged release behavior of the w/o/w type multiple emulsions with or without lecithin, was also examined. The results indicate the HCO-60 is a better emulsifier than Span 80 or Pluronic L-64. Its use improves the stability and the prolonged release behavior of w/o/w type multiple emulsions.     

Photochemistry of macrocyclic ketones within zeolites: competition between norrish type I and type II reactivity

Photolysis of macrocyclic mono- and diketones (1 and 2) included in X and Y zeolites gives Norrish type I products in addition to the products obtained via the Norrish type II process, the only observed process in isotropic media. Enhancement of the type I over the type II process is cation-dependent and especially large enhancements are obtained with Li and Na as cations. The zeolite effect is attributed to a reduction in the rate of the Norrish type II -hydrogen abstraction process.     

Basic and applied features of multicopper oxidases, CueO, bilirubin oxidase, and laccase

Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) such as CueO, bilirubin oxidase, and laccase contain four Cu centers, type 1 Cu, type II Cu, and a pair of type III Cu's in a protein molecule consisting of three domains with homologous structure to cupredoxin containing only type I Cu. Type I Cu mediates electron transfer between the substrate and the trinuclear Cu center formed by a type II Cu and a pair of type III Cu's, where the final electron acceptor O(2) is converted to H(2)O without releasing activated oxygen species. During the process, O(2) is reduced by MCOs such as lacquer laccase and bilirubin oxidase; the reaction intermediate II with a possible doubly OH(-)-bridged structure in the trinuclear Cu center has been detected. The preceding reaction intermediate I has been detected by the reaction of the lacquer laccase in a mixed valence state, at which type I Cu was cuprous and the trinuclear Cu center was fully reduced, and by the reaction of the Cys --> Ser mutant for the type I Cu site in bilirubin oxidase and CueO. An acidic amino acid residue located adjacent to the trinuclear Cu center was proved to function as a proton donor to these reaction intermediates. The substrate specificity of MCO for organic substrates is produced by the integrated effects of the shape of the substrate-binding site and the specific interaction of the substrate with the amino acid located adjacent to the His residue coordinating to the type I Cu. In contrast, the substrate specificity of the cuprous oxidase, CueO, is produced by the segment covering the Cu(I)-binding site so as to obstruct the access of organic substrates. Truncating the segment spanning helix 5 to helix 7 greatly reduced the specificity of CueO for Cu(I) and prominently enhanced the low oxidizing activity for the organic substrates, indicating the success of protein engineering to modify the substrate specificity of MCO.     

Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of cryoproteins: a report of 335 samples

Cryoproteins are defined as proteins precipitating at low temperature. Most frequently, the precipitate contains immunoglobulins (Igs), and are therefore called cryoglobulins. Three types of cryoglobulins have been described: type I contains a single monoclonal Ig, whereas type II is a mixture of a monoclonal Ig with polyclonal Igs, and type III is a mixture of polyclonal Igs of different isotypes, most frequently IgG and IgM. Type II and type III are also called mixed cryoglobulins. A new type of cryoglobulins, containing polyclonal IgG associated with a mixture of polyclonal and monoclonal IgM has recently been described after two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE). This type of cryoglobulin has been called type II-III cryoglobulin. In this study, we report on 2-DE analysis of 335 cryoproteins from patients with heterogeneous clinical conditions. In 69 out of 335 samples (20.7%), 2-DE revealed patterns that were inadequate to characterize the cryoproteins. Out of 335 (79.3%) cryoproteins, 266 were identified according to their two-dimensional patterns: 265 samples contained Igs and were diagnosed as cryoglobulins, and one sample consisted of fibrinogen, and was identified as cryofibrinogen. Among the 265 cryoglobulins, types I, II, and III were observed in 9 (3.4%), 69 (26%), and 116 (43.8%) cases, respectively, whereas type II-III was detected in 71 (26.8%) cases. Eleven of the latter consisted of oligoclonal Igs (IgM in 10 cases, IgA in 1 case) mixed with traces of polyclonal IgG. These cryoproteins were tentatively named type II-IIIvariant cryoglobulins. Taken together, our result clearly show that 2-DE is a suitable technique to analyze cryoproteins.