Increase in the average radiation power of a plasma relativistic microwave generator

The operation of a pulse-periodic plasma relativistic microwave generator with a pulsed power of 50 MW was experimentally studied. A change in the shapes of the electron collector and output unit allowed a significant increase in the average emission power. The microwave pulse duration was increased from 30 to 70 ns, and the repetition rate of microwave pulses was increased from 5 to 50 Hz.     

Elimination of emission quenching of plasma relativistic microwave generator

The mechanism of the development of the effect of microwave pulse shortening in a plasma relativistic microwave generator with a power of 10⁸ W is determined using numerical simulation. Methods for eliminating the causes of microwave generation quenching are proposed. It is shown that the emission time can be significantly increased.     

Mechanism of radiation pulse shortening in plasma relativistic microwave generator

The causes of emission quenching in the plasma relativistic microwave generator are studied by numerical calculations using the particle-in-cell method. The process mechanism in which the plasma boundary moves from the coaxial collector edge with a velocity above 10⁷ cm/s is found. An electron flux with an energy of ～10⁵ eV and a current of ～10³ A is generated from the collector in the formed gap, which heats plasma and increases its potential. Microwave generation stops due to a multiple decrease in the wave reflectance from the collector. The use of the hollow collector is presumably a method for preventing microwave generation quenching.     

Ion cyclotron instabilities in a mildly relativistic hydrogen-deuterium fusion plasma

A dispersion relation for the perpendicular propagation of the electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave around the second harmonic of the deuterium ion gyrofrequency in a mildly relativistic, anisotropic Maxwellian plasma with hydrogen as the majority species and deuterium as the minority component has been derived. The work has been carried out in the frame of reference of the majority hydrogen ions; to these ions the waves at 2Θ_D would be at its own gyrofrequency. Using a small quantityɛ to order all relevant parameters of the plasma, it was possible to derive the dispersion relations in a simple form. To the lowest order the relativistic factors do not enter the dispersion relation. The plasma can now support two modes—one above and the other below the hydrogen gyrofrequency in agreement with the assumptions. This was also verified numerically using a standard root solver thereby justifying the correctness of the ordering scheme. In the next higher order, the dispersion relation is a quartic equation and is sensitively dependent on the relativistic factors. The plasma can now support four modes, both above and below the hydrogen gyrofrequency and consistent with the ordering scheme used. However the modes can now coalesce resulting in complex conjugate roots to the dispersion relation thereby indicating an instability. The advantage of such a scheme is that two dispersion relations — one of which is independent of the relativistic factors and the other which is sensitively dependent on them can be separated out.     

Shortening of the radiation pulse from a plasma relativistic microwave generator in numerical calculations with plasma simulation by the particle-in-cell method

Spontaneous shortening of radiation pulses of Cherenkov microwave generators based on the interaction of a high-current relativistic electron beam with preliminarily generated plasma was studied in a numerical model. Microwave pulse shortening is caused by the appearance of a gradually expanding region near the collector, from which plasma is expelled by an electrostatic field of relativistic electrons. The absence of plasma results in a severalfold decrease in the plasma wave reflectance from the collector and violation of generator self-excitation conditions. The microwave emission duration increases with the plasma ion mass.     

Quasi-linear relativistic treatment of electron cyclotron fluctuations in a magnetized plasma

Summary The relativistic quasi-linear theory of electron cyclotron fluctuations is developed for a homogeneous plasma. Expressions are given for the absorption and emission coefficients, consistently with the currently employed linear theory. The extension to the inhomogeneousplasma case is considered and shown to allow the analysis of wave propagation, absorption and emission in plasmas of physical interest.

---

Riassunto Si sviluppa la teoria quasi lineare relativistica per le fluttuazioni di onde elettroniche di ciclotrone per un plasma omogeneo. Si otteggono inoltre le espressioni dei coefficienti d'assorbimento ed emissione del plasma, consistentemente con la teoria lineare correntemente usata. Si considera infine l'estensione della teoria ad un plasma disomogeneo, applicandola all'analisi quantitativa di propagazione, assorbimento ed emissione di onde di ciclotrone.

---

Резюме Для однородной плазмы развивается релятивистская квазилинейная теория электронных циклотронных флуктуаций. Приводятся вйражения для коэффициентов поглощения и испускания, соответствующих повсеместно используемой линейной теории. Рассматривается обобщения и излучения волн в плазме в физическн интересных случаях.

     

Self-excitation and establishment of generation in a two-section relativistic diffraction generator

Starting conditions for generation and features of oscillation establishment in a relativistic diffraction generator for different beam current values are numerically studied using the matrix multimode method. The efficiency boost and generation frequency stabilization are found to arise at overlap of two electron mechanisms—excitation of the fundamental oscillation of the system in the region of the 2π-type frequencies with a resonance near the cutoff frequency of the bulk mode nearest to the 2π type in a smooth waveguide.     

The fully relativistic dielectric tensor for electron cyclotron interaction in a Maxwellian plasma

Summary A thorough analytical and numerical study of the fully relativistic dielectric tensor relevant to the electron cyclotron propagation and absorption in a Maxwellian plasma is presented for arbitrary values of the wave refractive index parallel to the equilibrium magnetic field. Both the Hermitian and the anti-Hermitian part are calculated relativistically and, in particular, as for the anti-Hermitian part, the finite Larmor radius effects are accounted for to any order. Limiting forms are obtained along with a detailed numerical comparison with the nonrelativistic form.

---

Riassunto Si calcola, sia analiticamente che numericamente, il tensore dielettrico completamente relativistico di rilevanza nella propagazione e nell'assorbilnento ciclotronico elettronico in un plasma maxwelliano, per valori arbitrari dell'indice di rifrazione parallelo al campo magnetico di equilibrio. Si tien conto degli effetti relativistici sia nella parte Hermitiana che nella parte anti-Hermitiana, in questa ultima pure gli effetti di raggio di Larmor finito sono inclusi a tutti gli ordini. Si ottengono e si discutono limiti significativi e si presenta un dettagliato confronto numerico con la forma non relativistica del tensore dielettrico.

     

Cyclotron suppression of generation in a relativistic backward-wave oscillator of Čerenkov type

We consider the self-consistent system of equations describing the combined interaction of an eigenwave of the periodic structure with the space-charge waves and one of the cyclotron waves of a magnetized relativistic electron beam. A planar model of a relativistic backward-wave oscillator is studied. The main attention is paid to quenching of self-oscillations due to excitation of fast cyclotron waves. The appearance of hard oscillation modes and hysteresis phenomena in the backward-wave oscillator is observed when the value of the guiding magnetic field is close to the resonant one. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 105–120, February 2006.     

电子回旋共振微波等离子体刻蚀α:CH薄膜的工艺

为了刻蚀出图形完整、侧壁陡直、失真度小的α:CH薄膜微器件,研究了有铝和无铝掩膜、气体流量比、工作气压对刻蚀速率的影响,并对纯氧等离子体刻蚀稳定性进行了研究。研究结果表明：在相同条件下,刻蚀速率随刻蚀时间变化不大;a:CH薄膜上有铝和无铝掩膜时,刻蚀速率相同;流量一定时,刻蚀速率随氩气和氧气体积比的增大而降低,当用纯氩气时,几乎没刻蚀作用;刻蚀速率随工作气压的增大而降低。实验中,得到最佳刻蚀条件是：纯氧气,流量4 mL·s-1,工作气压9.9×10-2 Pa,微波源电流80 mA,偏压-90 V。     

Microwave pulse shortening in plasma relativistic high-current microwave electronics

We describe mechanisms of microwave pulse shortening in radiation sources with the power of about 10⁸ W based on interaction between relativistic electron beams of nanosecond duration and preformed plasma. The shortening is mainly due to the electron return flow through the plasma, which leads to a multiple decrease in the linear gain of the microwave by the relativistic electron beam and in the reflection coefficient of the plasma wave that provides the generator feedback. The ways to eliminate the effect of microwave pulse shortening are proposed.     

Controlling the radiation frequency of a plasma relativistic microwave oscillator during a nanosecond pulse

It is shown experimentally and by numerical simulation that the radiation frequency of a 50-MW plasma relativistic microwave oscillator can be varied within 15% during a 60-ns-wide pulse by varying the plasma concentration. The plasma is generated by pre-ionization of a low-pressure gas. When the degree of ionization increases in a microwave field, the radiation frequency rises. Conversely, when plasma electrons are forced out by the electrostatic field of a high-current relativistic electron beam, the radiation frequency declines. By appropriately selecting the initial gas pressure and degree of gas ionization, one can control both trends and thereby the radiation frequency.     

相对论激光在Maxwell分布等离子体中产生的高次谐波

 研究了强激光与具有初始速度分布的等离子体作用产生的高次谐波。结果表明，对于Maxwell速度分布的等离子体，由于电子初始时刻的无规则热运动，在一定程度上抹平了辐射功率在谐波谱上的分布，使得高次谐波的辐射增强，低次谐波的辐射有所减弱，有利于高次谐波的产生。     

Propagation of electron cyclotron waves in a weakly relativistic plasma with steep density and temperature profiles

Summary A detailed analysis is made of the deduction of systems of differential equations describing the propagation of both ordinary and extraordinary waves in the electron cyclotron frequency range in a stratified plasma, perpendicularly to the magnetic field and across the electroncyclotron fundamental resonance layer. The equations are derived under conditions of not too large electron temperature (the so-called weakly relativistic condition) and of very weak nonuniformities of the confining magnetic field. The effects of the nonhomogeneities of the equilibrium plasma density and temperature are carefully examined. It is shown that the propagation equations derived previously in the literature can be extended with only a moderately larger effort in computations to take account also of very strong density and temperature gradients.     

Variation in the radiation frequency of a plasma relativistic microwave oscillator within its nanosecond pulse

The radiation spectrum of a plasma relativistic microwave oscillator with a pulse power of 50 MW operating in the 10-GHz frequency range is studied experimentally. During a 60-ns-long microwave pulse, the radiation frequency may both remain constant and change by more than 1.5 GHz. The pressure of a gas that ionizes in the microwave field has a significant effect on the radiation frequency and thereby changes the concentration of a pregenerated plasma.     

同轴慢波结构相对论高功率微波产生器理论分析

推导了同轴波导的空间电荷限制流,其值大于圆波导的空间电荷限制流。因此在阴极电势和束流相等的情况下,同轴波导中的束流具有更高的动能,同轴器件有可能获得更高的微波转换效率。理论推导出同轴慢波结构中考虑束流空间电荷影响的色散方程,利用Matlab进行了编程求解。不考虑束流空间电荷影响时,编程计算结果与Superfish模拟结果一致。由考虑束流空间电荷影响的色散方程数值计算结果,可知文献中提出的同轴慢波结构相对论高功率微波产生器工作在准TEM模的π模,频率为7.67 GHz,峰值时间增长率较高,电子束损失的能量与其初始能量之比为34%。这些结果均与文献中的数值模拟结果一致。同时理论分析说明该种器件无论在能量转换效率,还是在产生微波脉冲的上升时间上均具有优势。     

同轴慢波结构相对论高功率微波产生器理论分析

 推导了同轴波导的空间电荷限制流,其值大于圆波导的空间电荷限制流。因此在阴极电势和束流相等的情况下,同轴波导中的束流具有更高的动能,同轴器件有可能获得更高的微波转换效率。理论推导出同轴慢波结构中考虑束流空间电荷影响的色散方程,利用Matlab进行了编程求解。不考虑束流空间电荷影响时,编程计算结果与Superfish模拟结果一致。由考虑束流空间电荷影响的色散方程数值计算结果,可知文献中提出的同轴慢波结构相对论高功率微波产生器工作在准TEM模的π模,频率为7.67 GHz,峰值时间增长率较高,电子束损失的能量与其初始能量之比为34%。这些结果均与文献中的数值模拟结果一致。同时理论分析说明该种器件无论在能量转换效率,还是在产生微波脉冲的上升时间上均具有优势。