Quadratic irrationals with fixed period length in the continued fraction expansion

We present an algorithm that makes it possible to write out all quadratic irrationals of the form , that have a given even period length in the continued fraction expansion. It turns out that in the expansion

Beta-expansion and continued fraction expansion

For any real number β>1, let ε(1,β)=(ε₁(1),ε₂(1),…,εn(1),…) be the infinite β-expansion of 1. Define . Let x∈[0,1) be an irrational number. We denote by kn(x) the exact number of partial quotients in the continued fraction expansion of x given by the first n digits in the β-expansion of x. If is bounded, we obtain that for all x∈[0,1)?Q,

     

On the metric theory of the nearest integer continued fraction expansion

Supposek _n denotes either (n) or (p _n) (n=1,2,...) where the polynomial maps the natural numbers to themselves andp _k denotes thek ^th rationals prime. Also let denote the sequence of convergents to a real numberx and letc _n(x)) _n=1 be the corresponding sequence of partial quotients for the nearest integer continued fraction expansion. Define the sequence of approximation constants _n(x)) _n=1 by

On the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction

In the “Lost” note book, Ramanujan had stated a large number of results regarding evaluation of his continued fraction for certain values of τ. It is shown that all these results and many more have their source in the Kronecker limit formula.     

Itinerary of a discontinuous map from the continued fraction expansion

A piecewise linear, discontinuous one-dimensional map is analyzed combinatorically. The quasi-periodic dynamics generated by iterations are completely characterized by successive convergents of a continued fraction associated with slopes of the map.     

Quadratic irrationals with short periods of expansion into continued fraction

We study the class number of an indefinite binary quadratic form of discriminant d based on the expansion of d into a continued fraction and single out sequences of d for which h(d) has a lower-bound extimate. Progress is made for the conjecture on the estimate of the quantity of prime discriminants d with fixed length of period of expansion of d. Bibliography: 15 titles.Dedicated to the 90th anniversary of G. M. Goluzin's birthTranslated fromZapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 237, 1997, pp. 31–45.     

Distribution of the reduced quadratic irrationals arising from the odd continued fraction expansion

This paper investigates the quadratic irrationals that arise as periodic points of the Gauss type shift associated to the odd continued fraction expansion. It is shown that these numbers, which we call O-reduced, when ordered by the length of the associated closed primitive geodesic on some modular surface $\Gamma ?\mathbb{H}$, are equidistributed with respect to the Lebesgue absolutely continuous invariant probability measure of the Odd Gauss shift.     

On laplace continued fraction for the normal integral

The Laplace continued fraction is derived through a power series. It provides both upper bounds and lower bounds of the normal tail probability % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaaiqbfA6agzaaraaaaa!3DC0!\[\bar \Phi\](x), it is simple, it converges for x>0, and it is by far the best approximation for x3. The Laplace continued fraction is rederived as an extreme case of admissible bounds of the Mills' ratio, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaaiqbfA6agzaaraaaaa!3DC0!\[\bar \Phi\](x)/(x), in the family of ratios of two polynomials subject to a monotone decreasing absolute error. However, it is not optimal at any finite x. Convergence at the origin and local optimality of a subclass of admissible bounds are investigated. A modified continued fraction is proposed. It is the sharpest tail bound of the Mills' ratio, it has a satisfactory convergence rate for x1 and it is recommended for the entire range of x if a maximum absolute error of 10^-4 is required.The efforts of the author were supported by the NSERC of Canada.     

On a continued fraction of order six

In this paper, we derive certain identities for the following continued of order six:     

The theta group and the continued fraction expansion with even partial quotients

F. Schweiger introduced the continued fraction with even partial quotients. We will show a relation between closed geodesics for the theta group (the subgroup of the modular group generated by z+2 and -1 / z) and the continued fraction with even partial quotients. Using thermodynamic formalism, Tauberian results and the above-mentioned relation, we obtain the asymptotic growth number of closed trajectories for the theta group. Several results for the continued fraction expansion with even partial quotients are obtained; some of these are analogous to those already known for the usual continued fraction expansion related to the modular group, but our proofs are by necessity in general technically more difficult.Supported by The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).     

On a continued fraction of order 12

We present some new relations between a continued fraction U(q) of order 12 (established by M. S. M. Naika et al.) and U(q ⁿ ) for n = 7, 9, 11, 13:     

Arithmetic of the Ramanujan-Göllnitz-Gordon continued fraction

Text

We extend the results of Chan and Huang [H.H. Chan, S.-S. Huang, On the Ramanujan-Göllnitz-Gordon continued fraction, Ramanujan J. 1 (1997) 75-90] and Vasuki, Srivatsa Kumar [K.R. Vasuki, B.R. Srivatsa Kumar, Certain identities for Ramanujan-Göllnitz-Gordon continued fraction, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 187 (2006) 87-95] to all odd primes p on the modular equations of the Ramanujan-Göllnitz-Gordon continued fraction v(τ) by computing the affine models of modular curves X(Γ) with Γ=Γ₁(8)∩Γ₀(16p). We then deduce the Kronecker congruence relations for these modular equations. Further, by showing that v(τ) is a modular unit over Z we give a new proof of the fact that the singular values of v(τ) are units at all imaginary quadratic arguments and obtain that they generate ray class fields modulo 8 over imaginary quadratic fields.

Video

For a video summary of this paper, please visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWdmYvdf5Jg.     

On the proof of continued fraction expansions for irrationals

We use matrices to prove two theorems in regard to the continued fraction expansion for Σ_{k = 0}^∞u^−2k and for Σ_{k = 0}^∞u^−c(k), where c(k) is any sequence of positive integers that increase quickly.     

On the approximation by three consecutive continued fraction convergents

Denote by _pn/_qn,n=1,2,3,…$p_n/q_n,n=1,2,3,\dots$, the sequence of continued fraction convergents of the real irrational number x$x$. Define the sequence of approximation coefficients by _θn:=_qn|_qnx−_pn|,n=1,2,3,…${\theta }_n:=q_n|q_{n}x-p_n|,n=1,2,3,\dots$. A laborious way of determining the mean value of the sequence |_θn+1−_θn−1|,n=2,3,…$|{\theta }_{n+1}-{\theta }_{n-1}|,n=2,3,\dots$, is simplified. The method involved also serves for showing that for almost all x$x$ the pattern _θn−1<_θn<_θn+1${\theta }_{n-1}<{\theta }_n<{\theta }_{n+1}$ occurs with the same asymptotic frequency as the pattern _θn+1<_θn<_θn−1${\theta }_{n+1}<{\theta }_n<{\theta }_{n-1}$, namely 0.12109?$0.12109?$. All the four other patterns have the same asymptotic frequency 0.18945?$0.18945?$. The constants are explicitly given.     

On Worpitzky-like theorems for a two-dimensional continued fraction

Using estimates for the remainders of a two-dimensional continued fraction, the relation for the difference between two approximants of such a fraction in terms of these remainders, and the majorant method, we have proposed generalizations of the Worpitzky convergence theorem. For fractions satisfying the conditions of generalized Worpitzky theorems, we have also obtained estimates for their convergence rate.     

Rational functions with partial quotients of small degree in their continued fraction expansion

For a rational functionf/g=f(x)/g(x) over a fieldF with ged (f,g)=1 and deg (g)1 letK(f/g) be the maximum degree of the partial quotients in the continued fraction expansion off/. ForfF[x] with deg (f)=k1 andf(O)O putL(f)=K(f(x)/x ^k ). It is shown by an explicit construction that for every integerb with 1bk there exists anf withL(f)=b. IfF=F ₂, the binary field, then for everyk there is exactly onefF ₂[x] with deg (f)=k,f(O)O, andL(f)=1. IfF _q is the finite field withq elements andgF _q [x] is monic of degreek1, then there exists a monic irreduciblefF _q [x] with deg (f)=k, gcd (f,g)=1, andK(f/g)<2+2 (logk)/logq, where the caseq=k=2 andg(x)=x ²+x+1 is excluded. An analogous existence theorem is also shown for primitive polynomials over finite fields. These results have applications to pseudorandom number generation.