光聚合整体式咖啡因印迹毛细管柱的制备及分离性能

分子印迹技术作为一种制备对目标分子具有专一识别能力的功能高分子的方法 ,近年来在化学化工、生物化学与生物技术的许多领域中得到广泛应用 [1～ 4 ] .分子印迹技术与微分离方法 (包括微柱液相色谱、毛细管电泳、毛细管电色谱和芯片分离等 )结合已引起人们极大的兴趣和关注[5,6] .毛细管柱是毛细管电色谱和微柱液相色谱的关键部件 ,目前普遍使用的是烷基键合硅胶微粒的填充柱 ,存在制备时须烧塞和填充两大困难 ,以及使用时易产生气泡和易折断等缺点 .将含被识别分子 (印迹分子 )、交联剂、溶剂、功能单体和引发剂的混合液注入毛细管 ,经光…     

亚微米中孔SBA-15 棒状固定相在毛细管电色谱分离中的应用(英文)

采用中孔SBA-15棒状硅胶颗粒填充毛细管柱用于毛细管电色谱(CEC)分离。这一亚微米材料直径为400 nm并具有沿相同方向伸展的高度有序、均一的圆柱形中孔。棒状的特殊形态使得填充柱的通透性良好,简化了尺寸微小的CEC柱的填充过程。修饰后的棒状SBA-15填充毛细管柱成功应用于反相和离子交换电色谱分离非极性和极性样品,获得了较高柱效(140000理论塔板/m)。流速3.2cm/min时获得最低理论塔板高度为7.1 mm。范迪米特曲线说明了SBA-15孔结构的传质阻力特征。分别以芳香酸、人参、天麻提取物为样品,对亚微米固定相毛细管电色谱柱加以评价。该固定相显示出了较高的分离能力,为纳米材料在色谱固定相中的应用提供了一个新的思路。     

毛细管电色谱和加压毛细管电色谱的进展与应用

毛细管电色谱(CEC)以内含色谱固定相的毛细管为分离柱,以电渗流为驱动力,既可以分离带电物质也可以分离中性物质。它结合了毛细管电泳和高效液相色谱两者的优点,兼具高柱效、高分辨率、高选择性和高峰容量的特点,同时具有色谱和电泳的双重分离机理。然而,“纯粹”的电色谱在实际应用中有着天然的弱点,即: 在电流通过毛细管柱中的流动相时容易产生气泡(焦耳热作用),从而使电流中断和电渗流停止,毛细管柱必须被重新用流动相润湿后方能再次使用。加压毛细管电色谱(pCEC)将液相色谱中的压力流引入CEC系统中,不仅解决了气泡、干柱等问题,而且实现了定量阀进样和二元梯度洗脱。CEC和pCEC作为微分离领域的两种前沿技术,满足了当前复杂样品分析和分析仪器微型化的需求,近年来获得了广泛的关注。本文综述了这两种技术近来的发展,包括仪器、色谱固定相的发展,总结了其在生命科学、药物分析、食品安全以及环保样品分析等方面的应用进展,评述了各方法的特点,并展望了CEC和pCEC今后的发展和应用前景。     

毛细管电色谱分析苯氧羧酸类药残的研究

毛细管电色谱(CEC)是近年发展起来的一种高效、快速微柱分离方法,主要分为填充毛细管电色谱,开管毛细管电色谱和整体式毛细管电色谱.开管毛细管电色谱无柱塞和填料,不易产生气泡,且无涡流扩散,能获得较高柱效,其电渗流流速比填充柱大60%,适用于快速分析,具有良好的应用前景.     

万古霉素键合手性固定相的制备与评价

大环抗生素作为一种新型的手性选择器,与高效液相色谱(HPLC)、毛细管电泳(CE)和毛细管电色谱(CEC)等联用,成功分离各类手性化合物~([1～3]).自1994年Armstrong等~([4])首次将大环糖肽抗生素作为手性选择器合成手性固定相以来,适用于手性分离的大环糖肽抗生素键合固定相的制备与应用得到飞速发展.本研究以万古霉素为手性选择剂,制备了万古霉素键合手性固定相液相色谱柱.采用反相高效液相色谱法对谷氨酸对映体进行了拆分,并考察了流动相条件对对映体拆分的影响.     

毛细管整体柱的制备技术及其应用进展

毛细管整体柱是以其制备相对简单无需烧结塞子,渗透性好,柱效高,低柱压等优点,成为目前备受关注的液相色谱固定相.它具有较好的重现性,可进行快速分离,已被应用于毛细管电色谱(CEC)和微柱高效液相色谱(μ-HPLC).本文主要介绍近几年毛细管整体柱的制备技术及其应用概况.     

分子印迹聚合物颗粒在毛细管电色谱中的应用

依据分子印迹技术(MIT)制备的分子印迹聚合物(MIP)颗粒对模板分子及其结构类似物具有特异性识别和选择性吸附作用,同时具有较大的比表面积和快速的传质动力学特性,因而被广泛用作液相色谱固定相和固相萃取材料。将MIP颗粒作为固定相应用于毛细管电色谱(CEC),结合了CEC的快速、高效和MIP的高亲和性、高选择性的特点,成为分析科学领域最具有发展前景的分离技术之一。MIP颗粒在CEC领域有几种不同的应用形式: 作为填充材料填充到毛细管柱中;作为嵌入材料嵌入到毛细管柱内部不同基质的骨架中;作为准固定相添加到CEC运行缓冲溶液中。本文综述了近几年MIP颗粒在CEC领域应用的发展,对该领域今后的发展前景进行了展望。     

非极性毛细管电色谱原位柱的阳离子表面活性剂动态修饰

毛细管电色谱是在毛细管中依靠电渗流来驱动流动相 ,同时溶质与固定相发生相互作用的一种色谱分离模式 ,它有高效液相色谱的高选择性 ,同时兼具毛细管电泳的高效性 [1] .传统电色谱柱是将HPLC填料装入毛细管 ,但由于装柱困难且易产生气泡而在一定程度上阻碍了电色谱的发展 [2～ 4 ] .通过柱内合成的方法直接在毛细管中制成连续床毛细管电色谱柱 ,可避免两端烧塞 . 1 995年 Svec等 [5,6]首次将连续床层色谱柱用于毛细管电色谱 ,此后 ,有关毛细管中原位合成连续床电色谱柱的方法得到了应用 [7～ 11] .为了使原位合成电色谱柱能产生电渗流 ,…     

分析化学

毛细管电色谱（CEC）集毛细管电泳的高柱效和高效液相色谱的高选择性为一体，在药物和生物分析领域有着巨大的：应用潜力。最近，天津大学药物科学与技术学院的万谦宏研究组在Anal．Chem，2007，79（13）：5082～5086发表的论文中，报道了制备毛细管电色谱柱的新方法。利用磁场力将键合十八烷基的磁性微球（Magnetic Microspheres，MM）固定于毛细管中，得到新颖的无塞CEC柱，应用于中性混合物的分离分析，结果可以和其它CEC填充柱相媲美。     

加压毛细管电色谱及其新型固定相的制备和应用

毛细管电色谱(Capillary electrochromatography,CEC)是一种结合了高效毛细管电泳(HPCE)的高柱效和微柱液相色谱(μHPLC)的高选择性的一种新型分离方法.由于在CEC分离中采用电渗流(EOF)作为推动力推动流动相,因而使得CEC具有比HPLC更高的分离效率和峰容量.因为在CEC分离过程中不存在反压,在HPLC中很难使用的微米和亚微米颗粒已经开始在CEC分离柱中获得应用,这也使得CEC获得了比HPLC高得多的分离效率.虽然根据理论预测,使用亚微米颗粒将获得更高的分离效率,然而,到目前为止,只有很少人尝试过使用亚微米颗粒作为填充固定相.     

Open-tubular capillary electrochromatography using capillary columns chemically bonded with the new host molecules calix[6]crown,calix[6]arene

Two host molecules, p-tert-butylcalix[6]-1,4-crown-4 and p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene were prepared and attached onto the inner surfaces of capillaries for open-tubular electrochromatography with the aid of gamma-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (KH-560) as bridging agent. The successful bonding was confirmed by infrared (IR) results and greatly decreased electroosmotic flow (EOF). Parameters affecting separation, such as buffer pH and organic modifier were studied. The two novel stationary phases were evaluated by the separation of isomeric toluidines, a mixture of pyridine and isomeric picolines, and isomeric dihydroxybenzenes; comparisons between capillaries coated with the two stationary phases and bare capillary were investigated. The special selectivity of these two novel stationary phases showed a certain extent of supramolecular interactions between stationary phases and solutes.     

Influence of pH*-value of methanolic electrolytes on electroosmotic flow in hydrophilic coated capillaries

The dependency of EOF on the H+-concentration and the related so called pH* value of methanolic electrolytes has been examined with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and uncoated capillaries. These results were compared with the pH dependency of EOF of these capillaries using aqueous buffers. In uncoated capillaries the dependency of EOF on the pH(*)-value is very similar for aqueous and methanolic electrolytes. The EOF increases with increasing H+-concentration and pH-hysteresis is observed. In PVA coated capillaries the EOF is strongly reduced over wide pH* or pH ranges for both methanolic electrolytes and aqueous buffers. The EOF in PEG coated capillaries is surprisingly directed to the anode with methanolic electrolytes whereas a reduced cathodic EOF is observed in aqueous electrolytes. The anodic EOF of PEG-coated capillaries in methanolic electrolytes is independent of the pH*-value. The usefulness of PEG- and PVA-coated capillaries for adjusting the EOF in non-aqueous electrolytes for the analysis of isomeric organic acids was demonstrated.     

Enantioseparation of aspartyl dipeptides by CE: Comparison between 18-crown-6-tetracarboxylic acid and carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector

Summary The simultaneous separation of isomeric α-and β-aspartyl peptides as well as their enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis was investigated. Resolution of the enantiomers of the peptides α/β-AspPhe-NH₂ and α/β-AspPhe-OMe was achieved with 18-crown-6-tetracarboxylic acid (18C6H₄) in untreated fused silica capillaries in the acidic pH range. Baseline resolution for the dipeptides was obtained using polyacrylamide (PAA)-coated capillaries. The selectivity of the crown ether is compared with the selectivity of another chiral selector, namely the negatively charged CD derivative carboxymethyl-β-CD (CM-β-CD).     

Liquid crystal stationary phases for gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography

Novel monomeric and polymeric liquid crystalline compounds were synthesized as stationary phases for gas chromatography (GC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Monomeric liquid crystalline compounds were used in packed column gas chromatography for the separation of isomeric aromatic compounds and insect sex pheromones. Liquid crystalline polymers possess long nematic ranges and a uniform coating was easily achieved in glass and fused silica capillaries, which could stand temperatures up to 250°C in GC and pressures of 200 MPa at 160°C in SFC. The columns provide excellent selectivity and resolution for fused ring aromatic compounds such as the isomers anthracene and phenanthrene or triphenylene and chrysene.     

Efficient and reproducible analysis of peptides by capillary electrophoresis using noncovalently bilayer-coated capillaries

The usefulness of a noncovalent capillary coating consisting of two layers of oppositely charged polymers for the separation of peptides with capillary electrophoresis (CE) was studied. Capillaries were coated simply by subsequently flushing with solutions of 1% m/v Polybrene and 1% v/v poly(vinylsulfonate) (PVS) forming a bilayer, which showed to produce a strong and highly reproducible electroosmotic flow (EOF) at low pH. Using this coating in combination with a background electrolyte (BGE) containing sodium phosphate (pH 2.5) and 0.01% v/v PVS, initially broadened and overlapping peaks were obtained for some test peptides. By omitting the PVS from the BGE, the peak width and shape of the peptides improved resulting in baseline separation. A systematic study of the influence of the BGE composition showed that considerable further enhancement of the separation efficiency was achieved by increasing the ionic strength of the BGE. Using a BGE of 200 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris)-phosphate (pH 2.5) plate numbers for the peptides were in the 300 000-600 000 range and the relative standard deviation of the peptide migration times was less then 0.3% (n = 5). The use of Tris-phosphate instead of sodium phosphate allowed the current to stay within acceptable limits when 30 kV was used as separation voltage. Overall, the bilayer coating showed a remarkable EOF repeatability, as well as long-term stability. Compared to bare fused-silica capillaries the intraday and interday repeatability of migration times was very favorable and coated capillaries could be used for over a month performing analyses with low and high ionic strength BGEs without any performance deterioration. The usefulness of the bilayer-coated capillaries for the analysis of positively charged peptides was demonstrated by the fast and efficient separation of various closely related enkephalins and the baseline separation of an isomeric peptide/peptoid couple exhibiting efficiencies of over 550 000 plates.     

Sol-gel technique for the preparation of beta-cyclodextrin derivative stationary phase in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography

A novel open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) column coated with 2,6-dibutyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DB-beta-CD) was prepared using sol-gel technique. In the sol-gel approach, owing to the three-dimensional network of sol-gel and the strong chemical bond between the stationary phase and the surface of capillary columns, good chromatographic characteristics and unique selectivity in separating isomers were shown. We achieved high efficiencies of 5-14 x 10(4) plates/m for the isomeric nitrophenols using the sol-gel-derived DB-beta-CD columns. The migration time reproducibility of the separation of the isomeric nitrophenols was better than 2.2% over five runs and 4.5% from column to column. These sol-gel-coated DB-beta-CD columns have shown improved separations of isomeric aminophenols, isomeric dihydroxybenzenes and isomeric nitrophenols, in comparison with the sol-gel matrix capillary column. The influences of buffer pH and methanol solvent on separation were investigated. The chiral resolution of enantiomers such as ibuprofen and binaphthol was explored primarily.     

Electrophoretic separation of environmentally important phenolic compounds using montomorillonite-coated fused-silica capillaries

This paper reports a simple procedure for coating fused-silica capillaries with poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) and montmorillonite. The coated capillaries were characterized by performing EOF measurements as a function of buffer pH, number of layers of coating, and number of runs (stability). The coated capillaries showed a highly stable mu(EOF) (run-to-run RSD less than 1.5%, n = 20), allowing continuous use for several days without conditioning. The coated capillaries were then used for the effective separation of nine environmentally important phenolic compounds showing a significant improvement in the resolution, when compared to bare fused-silica capillaries. The EOF of the coated capillaries was constant in alkaline solutions (pH > or = 7), allowing the optimization of the separation conditions of phenolic compounds without significantly affecting the mu(EOF).     

溶胶-凝胶法制备丙二酰胺型二氧大环多胺用作开管柱电色谱固定相的研究

开管柱毛细管电色谱（OTCEC）兼有HPLC和CE的优点^[1] 。柱内径相同时,柱效是OTLC的2倍^[2]。现在常用的直接键合法的制备步骤多,周期长,柱容量小。溶胶－凝胶（sol-gel)能在很温和的条件下使有机物附着在无机介质的表面上,经化学键合作用使涂层对基质有强烈的粘附性。与通常方法相比,sol-gel法制得的涂层有高的相比和抗水解能力。Guo等^[3]用sol-gel技术制备了高相比、高样品容量的OTCEC柱,叶明亮等6[4]用sol-gel法制备了C8开管柱电色谱柱并进行了评价。我们^[5]用sol-gel法将含羟基的冠醚涂渍固化在毛细管内,用于GC分析取得满意结果。丙二酰胺型二氧大环多胺具有大环多胺和寡肽的双重性质,用作OTCEC的固定相更有助于提高分离物的选择性。本文采用sol-gel技术制备含有丙二酰胺型二氧大环多胺的OTCEC柱,可将大环化合物键合在多孔的玻璃状基体上,使毛经表面粗糙化和固定相键合两步合二为一。用制得的OTCEC柱成功地分离了苯二酚、硝基酚、氨基酚和苯二胺的位置异构体及邻卤代苯胺和生物单胺神经递质。与键合法制得的二氧大环多胺柱子^[6,7]比较,用该法制得的柱子有较高的柱效,重现性好,迁移时间短,可进行快速分析。     

Molekülstruktur und Retentionsverhalten IX. Das gas-chromatographische Retentionsverhalten isomerer Octine und Octadiine

Zusammenfassung Die Retentionsindizes isomerer geradkettiger Octine und Octadiine mit einer terminalen Dreifachbindung wurden bei der GVC an Glaskapillaren unterschiedlicher Polarität (Squalan, Ucon LB 550 X, Ucon 50 HB 280 X polar und Carbowax 1000) sowie bei der GAC an einer mit graphitiertem thermischem Ruß gepackten Säule gemessen. Aus den Retentionsindizes abgeleitete Inkremente ermöglichen nicht nur eine signifikante Unterscheidung von anderen ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen, sondern auch eine sichere Charakterisierung der positionsisomeren Octine und Octadiine. Für Alkadiine, deren Dreifachbindungen durch mindestens zwei Methylengruppen getrennt sind, lassen sich Indexinkremente additiv ableiten. Die Abweichungen von dieser Additivität für Octadiin-(1.3) und Octadiin-(1.4) werden diskutiert.

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Molecular structure and retention behaviour. IX. Retention behaviour of isomeric octynes and octadiynes

Summary The retention indices of isomeric straight chain octynes and octadiynes with a terminal triple bond have been determined by GLC on glass capillaries of different polarity (squalane, Ucon LB 550 X, Ucon 50 HB 280 X polar and Carbowax 1000) and by GSC on a column packed with graphitized thermal carbon black, respectively. Increments derived from retention indices allow not only a significant distinction from other unsaturated hydrocarbons but also a reliable characterization of isomeric octynes and octadiynes. Additive index increments are derived for alkadiynes, whose triple bonds are separated by at least two methylene groups. Deviations from this additivity which are observed in the case of octadiyne-(1.3) and octadiyne-(1.4) are discussed.

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VIII. Mitteilung: J. Chromatog. 147, 21 (1978).

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Auszugsweise vorgetragen auf der Chemiedozententagung der Chemischen Gesellschaft der DDR, Leipzig 1976     

Sol–gel coatings with covalently attached methyl,octyl, and octadecyl ligands for capillary microextraction. Effects of alkyl chain length and sol–gel precursor concentration on extraction behavior

Fused silica capillaries with surface-bonded sol–gel coatings containing covalently attached octadecyl, octyl, and methyl groups were prepared for capillary microextraction (CME) hyphenated on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For this, octadecyltrimethoxysilane (C₁₈TMS), octyltrimethoxysilane (C₈TMS), or methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) was used as the respective sol–gel precursor. Hydrolytic polycondensation of these precursors led to the formation of surface-bonded sol–gel sorbents with pendant alkyl groups ready to serve as the extraction medium; no additional surface derivatization reactions were needed to anchor these ligands to the surface. Extraction behaviors of two sets of microextraction capillaries with alkyl-bonded sol–gel coatings were investigated: (a) capillaries prepared with a constant molar concentration of these precursors in the sol solution, and (b) capillaries prepared with varied molar concentrations of C₈TMS in the sol solution. Among the capillaries prepared using sol solutions with the same molar concentration of sol–gel precursor, the detection limits for nonpolar and polar analytes ranged from 0.3 ng/L to 213.9 ng/L. The sol–gel octadecyl-coated capillaries were found to be the most efficient at extracting these analytes, followed by the sol–gel octyl-coated capillaries, followed by the sol–gel methyl-coated capillaries. The results of this study point to the possibility that polar analytes are extracted through synergistic molecular level interactions of the polar and nonpolar parts of the analyte molecules with the alkyl chains and silanol groups within the sol–gel coatings. These coatings also demonstrated run-to-run and capillary-to-capillary reproducibility, with HPLC peak area RSD values ranging from 1.1% to 9.6% and 1.3% to 10.0%, respectively. In the set of sol–gel octyl capillaries with varied molar concentrations, the capillaries prepared with 0.514 M concentration of C₈TMS in the sol solution were most efficient in extracting nonpolar and polar analytes. When higher or lower concentrations of C₈TMS were used in the sol solution, the resulting sol–gel coated capillaries were less efficient in extracting nonpolar and polar analytes.