氢在多壁碳纳米管上吸附行为研究

根据热力学平衡原理推导了通用吸附等温方程.通过比较氢在碳纳米管和炭狭缝孔上的高阶维里吸附系数，分析了77～297 K温度区间，温度、管径(孔宽)对碳纳米管、炭狭缝孔吸附空间储氢容量的影响，并由氢在石墨平面上的最大吸附容量计算了本次试验多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)在各平衡温度时的最大氢吸附容量.运用确定参数后的吸附等温方程，线性回归分析了氢在本次试验MWCNTs上的吸附数据.结果表明，在160～180 K温度区间，管内被吸附氢分子之间由于吸附受压产生的排斥能出现极大值；随着温度升高，氢分子之间以吸引力为主，提高氢气压力后才发生明显吸附.     

氢气在A和X型沸石上超临界吸附的格子密度函数模型

采用基于三维Ono-Kondo方程的格子密度函数理论(LDFT)模型模拟了氢气在A和X型微孔沸石上的超临界吸附等温线. 根据沸石孔的尺寸和形状, LDFT模型将氢分子在孔中的吸附位分布近似为简单立方、面心立方和体心立方的团簇结构. 模拟结果表明, LDFT模型可有效地用于描述氢气在A和X型沸石上的单层或多层超临界吸附行为. 模拟所得的吸附等温线与实验测定结果吻合. 特别是, LDFT模型中的氢-沸石作用势能参数的准确性得到了Lennard-Jones(12-6)势能方法的有效验证. 因此, LDFT模型被用于预测了更宽温度和压力范围内氢气在X沸石上的超临界吸附.     

氢气在炭狭缝微孔内吸附的预测

通过边界的平均场近似,推导二平板狭缝孔格子理论Ono-Kondo吸附等温方程.利用格子气模型特性和微观物理学理论,计算氢分子在石墨平面的最大吸附容量.比较由氢分子在石墨平面二典型聚集状态标定的Ono-Kondo方程,并用预测精度较高的方程计算了与文献相同条件下的吸附等温线.在比较了计算结果、试验结果和GCMC分子模拟结果后,对Ono-Kondo吸附等温方程的特点、理论基础作了分析,指出了方程的适用范围.     

小孔沸石微结构的CO_2吸附表征

以3种已知结构的小孔沸石3A、4A和5A为研究对象,以N2和CO2为吸附质,通过吸附数据测定,研究了小孔沸石微孔结构的吸附表征方法.结果表明,N2吸附无法检测4A沸石的孔,而CO2吸附可以检测.对于4A和5A沸石,在35s内CO2吸附就可以达到平衡.HK(Horvath-Kawazoe)柱状模型不能表征4A和5A沸石的孔结构,但是HK球形模型可以,基于最大吸附量、D-A(Dubinin-Astakhov)方程和Langmuir-Freundlich模型计算了4A和5A沸石的微孔孔容,其中根据最大吸附容量和D-A方程计算的微孔孔容与文献值最接近.     

氢同位素吸附容量与吸附剂比表面积的关系

采用容积法测量了77 K下氢气与氘气在不同微孔与介孔分子筛吸附剂上的吸附容量与比表面积. 结果表明, 同类吸附剂上氢同位素的吸附容量与其比表面积之间存在较好的线性关系, 这有力地证明了超临界温度下氢同位素吸附遵循单分子层吸附机理. 在相同的温度、压力和比表面积条件下, 氢同位素气体在微孔分子筛上的吸附容量比介孔分子筛上的大, 这是由于在吸附剂微孔内吸附势场叠加所致, 并通过构建的吸附势模型, 较好地解释了该实验结果.     

甲烷在石墨化热解碳黑和活性炭上的吸附

为研究影响碳基吸附剂吸附超临界温度气体的主要因素,选择石墨化热解碳黑BP280和Ajax活性炭,分析超临界温度高压甲烷在其上的吸附平衡。应用容积法,在压力0~20.5 MPa、温度253 K~313 K测定甲烷的吸附平衡数据,并由等量吸附线标绘和亨利定律常数确定等量吸附热。引入通用吸附等温方程,再由方程的Langmuir标绘确定最大吸附容量,进而通过方程的线性化计算吸附平衡态中甲烷分子的作用能。结果表明,甲烷在两种吸附剂上的最大吸附容量均随温度而变化,并都小于液态甲烷的密度;甲烷在碳黑和活性炭上的等量吸附热分别为11.9 kJ/mol~12.5 kJ/mol和17.5 kJ/mol~22.5 kJ/mol,体现了两种吸附剂不同的表面能量分布;甲烷分子间作用能随吸附量的变化特点反映了超临界温度甲烷以类似于压缩气体状态聚集的特点和吸附剂结构上的差异。碳基吸附剂的比表面积和微孔容积是影响其储存甲烷容量的重要因素。     

纳米碳管储能的化学原理与储存容量研究

通过在大温度、压力范围内系统地测定氢在纳米碳管粉末与压片上的吸附等温线和对所得等温线的理论分析,计算出吸附热,并用超临界气体的吸附模型充分地描述了氢在纳米碳管上的吸附行为,证明纳米碳管储氢的原理是超临界吸附;比表面积和储气温度控制着储气容量.甲烷在干纳米碳管上的吸附机理与氢气相同,但在湿纳米碳管中的存储机理在于甲烷水合物的生成,因此孔容控制储气容量.单位质量多壁管的湿储容量是干储容量的5.1倍 ,单壁管可能产生更大的增强存储作用.     

甲苯在多级孔丝光沸石上的吸附平衡和吸附动力学

为了考察多级孔丝光沸石中介孔的存在对丝光沸石吸附平衡和动力学的影响,选择甲苯分子作为探针分子,对其在具有不同介孔孔隙度的多级孔丝光沸石上的吸附等温线和吸附动力学曲线进行了测试。结果表明,甲苯在多级孔丝光沸石上的吸附等温线可以很好地用双位Toth吸附模型进行描述,由拟合参数以及亨利常数（K_H）和初始吸附热（Q_st）的计算得知,相对于微孔丝光沸石,介孔的引入增大了甲苯在丝光沸石内的吸附量,但减弱了甲苯与沸石表面的相互作用力;另外,甲苯在多级孔沸石表现出高的吸附速率,并随介孔孔隙度的增加而增大,反映了沸石内介孔的存在可有效促进沸石的传质能力。     

有序介孔二氧化硅对正丁醛的吸附性能

合成了一系列具有不同孔结构与性质的有序介孔二氧化硅材料SBA-15、MCM-41、SBA-16、KIT-6, 同时通过改变水热温度制备了不同孔径大小的SBA-15, 并利用小角X射线散射、透射电镜、扫描电镜和氮气吸附-脱附等手段, 对其介孔结构进行了表征. 以正丁醛为探针分子, 考察了其对有机醛的吸附, 并与Y-沸石的吸附性能做了对比. 结果表明, 材料的介孔比表面积与其对正丁醛的吸附量成正比, 吸附等温线符合Langmuir 模型, 属于单层吸附, 具有最大介孔比表面积的MCM-41对正丁醛的吸附量最大(484 mg·g^-1). 最后将SBA-15添加到卷烟滤嘴中, 实验结果表明, SBA-15能显著降低卷烟烟气中巴豆醛的释放量.     

有序介孔二氧化硅对正丁醛的吸附性能

合成了一系列具有不同孔结构与性质的有序介孔二氧化硅材料SBA-15、MCM-41、SBA-16、KIT-6,同时通过改变水热温度制备了不同孔径大小的SBA-15,并利用小角X射线散射、透射电镜、扫描电镜和氮气吸附-脱附等手段,对其介孔结构进行了表征.以正丁醛为探针分子,考察了其对有机醛的吸附,并与Y-沸石的吸附性能做了对比.结果表明,材料的介孔比表面积与其对正丁醛的吸附量成正比,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,属于单层吸附,具有最大介孔比表面积的MCM-41对正丁醛的吸附量最大(484 mg·g-1).最后将SBA-15添加到卷烟滤嘴中,实验结果表明,SBA-15能显著降低卷烟烟气中巴豆醛的释放量.     

氢在A、X及ZSM-5型沸石上的高压物理吸附

The hydrogen adsorption properties and uptake capacities of the A, X and ZSM-5 types of zeolites were investigated at temperatures of 77, 195 and 293 K and pressures up to 7MPa, using a conventional volumetric adsorption apparatus. All hydrogen adsorption isotherms were basically type I, but the maximum in isotherm,a unique feature of supercritical adsorption, was observed at high pressures of 2-5 MPa at 77 K. The isosteric heats of adsorption were determined from the isotherms and the factors that influence their variations were discussed. Different types of zeolites exhibited remarkably different hydrogen uptake, based on both the framework structure and the nature of the cations present. The highest gravimetric storage capacity of 2.55wt% was obtained for NaX-type zeolite at 4 MPa and 77 K. In CaA, NaX and ZSM-5 types of zeolites,hydrogen uptakes were proportional to the specific surface areas, which were associated with the available void volumes of the zeolites. A threshold in hydrogen adsorption observed in NaA and KA was attributed to a pore blocking effect by large cations in KA. A ratio of the kinetic diameter of adsorbate to the effective opening diameter of zeolite was used to judge the blocking effect for physisorption.     

纳米分子筛的合成及硫化氢吸附性能

利用无模板水热法合成纳米尺寸的小孔SOD型和大孔X型分子筛, 并考察了其硫化氢脱除性能. 通过对比两种分子筛的硫化氢吸附性能, 证实分子筛对硫化氢的吸附主要集中于孔道内和可及的活性位. 考察了晶粒尺寸、 体积空速和吸附温度等因素对硫化氢吸附的影响, 发现纳米尺寸X型分子筛具有更大的硫容, 并且在低温和低空速下分子筛中的硫化氢分子易于脱除. 随后对纳米X型分子筛进行了金属离子交换改性, 发现Cu改性的分子筛硫容优于其它离子改性的吸附剂, 能达到20.6 mg/g. NaX-N和Cu-NaX-N再生后的硫容分别为新鲜分子筛的62.4%和78.5%.     

改性Y沸石的孔结构与催化性能

测定了不同方法改性的Y沸石样品的N_2吸附和脱附等温线, 并计算了样品的微孔、大孔和二次孔的孔容和表面积, 以及样品的二次孔分布, 证实改性方法对样品的孔结构有显著的影响。同时, 还考察了不同尺码探针分子在改性Y沸石样品上的酸催化反应活性, 将所得数据与样品的酸量、酸强度和二次孔容相关联, 取得了满意的结果。说明对大尺码反应分子, 改性过程中生成的大孔径二次孔, 对提高沸石催化剂的反应活性是有利的。     

Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of supercritical CO2 adsorption on NaA and NaX zeolites

Adsorption of supercritical carbon dioxide on two kinds of zeolites with identical chemical composition but different pore structure (NaA and NaX) was studied using the Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulation. The model frameworks for the two zeolites with SiAl ratio being unity have been chosen as the solid structures in the simulation. The adsorption behaviors of supercritical CO2 on the NaA and NaX zeolites, based on the adsorption isotherms and isosteric heats of adsorption, were discussed in detail and were compared with the available experimental results. A good agreement between the simulated and experimental results is obtained for both the adsorbed amount and the bulk phase density. The intermediate configurational snapshots and the radial distribution functions between zeolite and adsorbed CO2 molecules were collected in order to investigate the preferable adsorption locations and the confined structure behavior of CO2. The structure behaviors of the adsorbed CO2 molecules show various performances, as compared with the bulk phase, due to the confined effect in the zeolite pores.     

Statistical mechanics of a two-dimensional lattice model of benzene adsorption in zeolites

In this Letter, we present a mean field calculation of the statistical mechanics of a lattice model of benzene adsorption in the quasi two-dimensional network of pores in zeolites. A lattice fluid model is introduced with monomer states to represent molecules standing perpendicular to the principle axis of the pore, dimer states to represent molecules lying flat against the pore wall, and vacant sites or holes. For a wide range of interaction parameters the model gives steps in adsorption isotherms similar to those observed experimentally for benzene adsorption in silicalite. Our treatment attributes the experimentally observed steps in the level of adsorption with rising pressure, to orientational transitions amongst molecules in the adsorbed phase with two possible ground states arrangements of the benzene molecules in the zeolite pores energetically competing with each other.     

Adsorption of Carbamazepine in All-Silica Zeolites Studied with Density Functional Theory Calculations**

The anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine (−) is an emerging contaminant of considerable concern due to its hazard potential and environmental persistence. Previous experimental studies proposed hydrophobic zeolites as promising adsorbents for the removal of carbamazepine from water, but only a few framework types were considered in those investigations. In the present work, electronic structure calculations based on dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) were used to study the adsorption of CBZ in eleven all-silica zeolites having different pore sizes and connectivities of the pore system (AFI, ATS, BEA, CFI, DON, FAU, IFR, ISV, MOR, SFH, SSF framework types). It was found that some zeolites with one-dimensional channels formed by twelve-membered rings (IFR, AFI) exhibit the highest affinity towards CBZ. A “good fit” of CBZ into the zeolite pores that maximizes dispersion interactions was identified as the dominant factor determining the interaction strength. Further calculations addressed the role of temperature (for selected systems) and of guest-guest interactions between coadsorbed CBZ molecules. In addition to predicting zeolite frameworks of particular interest as materials for selective CBZ removal, the calculations presented here also contribute to the atomic-level understanding of the interaction of functional organic molecules with all-silica zeolites.     

Influence of Hydronium Ions in Zeolites on Sorption

In the presence of sufficient concentrations of water, stable, hydrated hydronium ions are formed in the pores and at the surface of solid acids such as zeolites. For a medium‐pore zeolite, such as zeolite MFI, hydrated hydronium ions consist of eight water molecules and have an effective volume of 0.24 nm³. In their presence, larger organic molecules can only adsorb in the portions of the pore that are not occupied by hydronium ions. As a consequence, the available pore volume decreases proportionally to the concentration of the hydronium ions. The higher charge density (the increasing ionic strength) that accompanies an increasing concentration of hydronium ions leads to an increase in the activity coefficients of the adsorbed substrates, thus, weakening the interactions between the organic part of the molecules and the zeolite and favoring the interactions with polar groups. The quantitative understanding of these interactions makes it possible to link a collective property such as hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of zeolites to specific interactions on molecular level.     

Interaction thresholds for adsorption of quantum gases on surfaces and within pores of various shapes

Adsorption within pores and on surfaces occurs because of the attractive potential provided by the adsorbent. If the attraction is too weak, however, adsorption does not occur to any significant extent. This paper evaluates the criterion for such adsorption, at zero temperature, of the quantum gases 4He and H2. This criterion is expressed as a relationship between a threshold value of the well-depth (D) of the adsorption potential (on a semi-infinite planar surface) and the hard-core diameter (sigma) of the gas-surface pair potential. Six geometries are considered, of which two result in two-dimensional (2D) adsorbed phases, two result in one-dimensional (1D) phases, and two result in zero-dimensional phases. These are monolayer films on semi-infinite substrates or within a slit pore, linear or axial phases within cylindrical pores (within bulk solids) or cylindrical tubes, and single-particle adsorption within spherical pores or hollow spherical cavities, respectively. The criteria for film adsorption are consistent with analogous criteria for film wetting to occur, evaluated with a simple thermodynamic model.