Effect of preparation conditions on the microstructural characteristics and optical properties of oxidized zinc films

Thin films of zinc (Zn) were deposited onto glass substrates (maintained at room temperature) by thermal evaporation under vacuum. The metallic zinc films were submitted to thermal oxidation in air at 670 K and 770 K, respectively, for 5–90 min, in order to obtain zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the ZnO thin films were polycrystalline and had a wurtzite (hexagonal) structure. The morphology of the prepared ZnO thin films was investigated using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Transmission spectra were recorded in the spectral domain from 300 nm to 1400 nm. The optical energy bandgap calculated from the absorption spectra (supposing allowed direct transitions) was in the range 3.05–3.30 eV.     

Interrelation between microstructure and optical properties of erbium-doped nanocrystalline thin films

Nanocrystalline silicon thin films codoped with erbium, oxygen and hydrogen have been deposited by co-sputtering of Er and Si. Films with different crystallinity, crystallite size and oxygen content have been obtained in order to investigate the effect of the microstructure on the photoluminescence properties. The correlation between the optical properties and microstructural parameters of the films is investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry. PL response of the discussed structures covers both the visible wavelength range (a crystallite size-dependent photoluminescence detected for 5–6 nm sized nanocrystals embedded in a SiO matrix) and near IR range at 1.54 μm (Er-related PL dominating in the films with 1–3 nm sized Si nanocrystals embedded in a-Si:H). It is demonstrated that the different PL properties can be also discriminated on the basis of ellipsometric spectra.     

Interrelation between the threshold characteristics of erosion and spall fracture

Threshold diagrams of erosion and spall fracture are constructed based on the concept of incubation time of the fracture. It is shown that in the case of a defectless material, the incubation time can be estimated from the spallation or erosion experimental data. The temperature dependence of the threshold velocities of microparticle impact is considered. The effect of increasing the dynamic yield stress upon an increase in the surface temperature of the target material is obtained for small-size microparticles. The relationship with an analogous effect in the spallation experiments is discussed.     

Spectral transparency and microstructure of artificial mists

The results of the final stage of comprehensive investigations of the spectral transparency of artifical mists are reported. Preliminary results had been published by us earlier in [1, 2]. On the basis of a mass of experimental statistical data, a final comparison is made between the results of calculating the attenuation coefficients of the aerosol component of clouds and mists according to the method proposed in [2], with the results of obtaining the same coefficients by experimental determination in an artificial cloud chamber. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between calculated and measured values of the relative attenuation coefficients. It is suggested that the considerable divergence between calculated and experimental data on absolute attenuation coefficients is due to a systematic understatement of the droplet concentration value which was determined by means of a flow collector.     

Interrelation between electromagnetic response parameters and impact excitation characteristics in insulators

The effect of the impact energy and duration on the parameters of the electromagnetic response from concrete is studied. These two parameters are shown to affect the spectral characteristics of the response. The duration of the first pulse of the response reflects the duration of the impact excitation active stage. An impact excitation energy above 5×10^?2 J causes irreversible residual strains in concrete.     

Interrelation between optical and magneto-optical properties of MnSbBi(Pt,Co) films

Results of the study of optical and magneto-optical properties of MnSbBi(Pt, Co) films in a spectral region of 360–820 nm are reported. It is shown that the multilayer MnSbBi(Pt, Co) films obtained by magnetron sputtering possess considerable optical rotation in the geometry of the polar Kerr effect, which is as large as 0.5°–0.7° upon 5-h annealing of the films at 350°C. The spectral dependences measured for the magnitude of the polar Kerr effect showed that these films may be used for laser data recording in the short-wavelength spectral region, which substantially increases the recording density. Studies of the film structure by X-ray and electron diffraction analysis showed that the films have a polycrystalline structure, with granules 15–40 nm in size. Possible causes of a large magnitude of Kerr effect are analyzed.     

Influence of pH on microstructural and optical properties of electrosynthesized CdSe thin films

Cadmium selenide (CdSe) thin films were electrosynthesized onto well cleaned stainless steel and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass (10-15 Ω/cm²) substrates at different pH of the electrolytic solution. X-ray diffraction study reveals a cubic structure with preferential orientation along the (1 1 1) direction. The structural parameters such as grain size (D), lattice constant (a), strain (ε), dislocation density (δ), average internal stress (S) and degree of preferred orientation (I₁₁₀/I₂₂₀) in the film are calculated and they are found to be dependent on the pH of the depositing bath. EDAX analysis confirms nearly stoichiometric composition of the film deposited at pH 2.70. AFM analysis shows uniform deposition of the film over the entire substrate surface. In optical studies, the transition of the deposited film is found to be a direct allowed transition. The optical energy gaps are found to be in the range from 1.87 to 2.04 eV depending on the pH of the depositing bath. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum shows blue shift in PL peak position and reduction in luminescence intensity for the film deposited at pH other than 2.70.     

Interrelation of the macrostructure and microstructure with the nonlinear optical properties of iodate and titanate crystals

Noncentrosymmetric crystals of iodates and titanates have been systematized, and the principles of the design of new nonlinear optical materials by means of revealing empirical composition-structure-property relationships have been considered. It is demonstrated that, in the diagram of chemical bond lengths, noncentrosymmetric crystals of simple and binary iodates and titanates are located within the rosette formed by three partially intersecting ellipses. The empirical dependences of the nonlinear optical susceptibility χ⁽²⁾ of the crystal on the length of the shortest metal-oxygen chemical bond L are established for iodates and titanates. These dependences exhibit maxima at L = 177 and 180 pm for iodates and L = 177 and 188 pm for titanates.     

球面元件表面AlF3薄膜的光学特性和微观结构表征

在模拟球面元件曲率半径的仿面形夹具上镀制了AlF3单层薄膜,并对不同口径位置上的薄膜进行了比较,以表征球面元件表面镀制薄膜的光学特性和微观结构。首先,采用紫外可见光分光光度计测量了不同口径位置上薄膜样品的透射和反射光谱,反演得出AlF3的折射率和消光系数。然后,使用原子力显微镜观察了样品的表面形貌和表面粗糙度。最后,使用X射线衍射仪对薄膜的内部结构进行了表征。实验结果表明：在球面不同位置镀制的AlF3单层薄膜样品的光学损耗随着所在位置口径的增大而增大。口径为280 mm处的消光系数是中心位置处消光系数的1.8倍,表面粗糙度是中心位置的17.7倍。因此,球面元件需要考虑由蒸汽入射角不同带来的光学损耗的差异。     

Research of microstructural characteristics on nanocrystalline diamond by microwave plasma CVD

In this study, the nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films were carried out by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with CH₄/Ar/H₂ gas concoction on Si substrate at moderate temperatures. The characteristics of NCD films were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, optical emission spectroscopy and optical contact angle meter. The analytical results revealed that C₂ radial was the dominant species in the deposited process. From TEM observation, the NCD films were formed via the etching of hydrocarbons and a small amount of H₂ content additive into gas mixture has improved the aggregation of the nucleation film to form the NCD films. The more hydrophobic surfaces imply that NCD films are the potential biomaterial in the application of article heart valve or stent.     

TM mode optical characteristics of five-layer MOS optical waveguides

The field distribution and complex eigenvalue equation of the TM mode are solved from the wave equation for a five-layer optical waveguide with finite metal cladding and a dielectric buffer layer. For air–Au–SiO₂–GaAs–AlGaAs MOS waveguides, numerical results for the propagation constant and absorption loss of the TM mode are computed in the complex plane from the eigenvalue equation. The effects of some guided structural parameters on the mode propagation and absorption loss are analysed and discussed.     

离子注入对ZnTe:O中间带光伏材料的微观结构及光学特性的影响

II-VI和III-V族高失配合金半导体是新型高效中间带太阳电池的优选材料体系,但中间带的形成及其能带调控等关键问题仍未得到有效解决.采用氧离子注入方式,在非平衡条件下对碲化锌(Zn Te)单晶材料实现了等电子掺杂,深入研究了离子注入对Zn Te:O材料的微观结构和光学特性的影响.研究表明:注入合适浓度的氧离子(2.5×1018cm-3)将会形成晶格应变,并诱导1.80 e V(导带下0.45 e V)中间带的产生;而较高浓度(2.5×1020cm-3)的氧离子会导致Zn Te注入层表面非晶化,并增强与锌空位相关的深能级(～1.6 e V)发光.时间分辨光致发光结果显示,离子注入诱导形成的中间带主要是和氧等电子陷阱束缚的局域激子发光有关,载流子衰减寿命较长(129 ps).因此,需要降低晶格紊乱度和合金无序,实现电子局域态向扩展态的转变,从而有效调控中间带能带结构.     

Effect of microstructural characteristics on the magnetic properties of sol-gel synthesized ZnMnO

In this paper we report the effect of microstructural characteristics on the magnetic properties of sol-gel synthesized Mn-doped ZnO. The microstructural characteristics of the samples (e.g., grain sizes and their distribution) have been varied by changing the sintering temperature (T_S) and sintering duration (T_H). Weak room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) has been observed in the samples sintered for ∼8 h at 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 °C. The ferromagnetic fraction and the saturation magnetization, however, first increase as T_S increases from 500 to 600 °C and after that both start decreasing. On the other hand, the samples sintered for ∼12 h at the same temperatures show paramagnetic behavior at room temperature. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) results show enhancement in the grain sizes with the increase in both T_S and T_H. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) results show increase in the oxygen content in the sample with increase in both T_S and T_H. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) measurements reveal that the basic crystal structure of all the samples corresponds to the wurtzite structure of pure ZnO together with some minor impurities. The correlation between the observed magnetic properties and the microstructural characteristics of the samples has been discussed in this paper.     

Sputtered deposited nanocrystalline ZnO films: A correlation between electrical, optical and microstructural properties

Zinc oxide thin films were prepared by dc (direct current) and rf (radio frequency) magnetron sputtering on glass substrates. ZnO films produced by dc sputtering have a high resistance, while the films produced using rf sputtering are significantly more conductive. While the conductive films have a compact nodular surface morphology, the resistive films have a relatively porous surface with columnar structures in cross section. Compared to the dc sputtered films, rf sputtered films have a microstructure with smaller d spacing, lower internal stress, higher band gap energy and higher density. Dependence of conductivity on the deposition technique and the resulting d spacing , stress, density, band gap, film thickness and Al doping are discussed. Correlations between the electrical conductivity, microstructural parameters and optical properties of the films have been made. PACS 73.25.+i; 81.15.cd; 81.05.ys     

新型光学聚合物——Topas环烯烃共聚物微结构光纤的设计及特性分析

以新型光学聚合物Topas 环烯烃共聚物（折射率为1.53）为基质,设计了四种微结构聚合物光纤.应用有限元方法对各种光纤在波长0.5—2.0 μm范围内的基模有效折射率、模场面积和数值孔径进行了计算.研究了结构参数对模场分布、单模特性和色散特性的影响.得出了具有极大/小模场面积、无限单模传输和平坦近零色散的光纤结构参数.与石英、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯基质的微结构光纤相比,该光纤具有更大的数值孔径和较宽的平坦近零色散范围.为光纤的制备提供了理论指导. 关键词： 微结构聚合物光纤 有限元方法 传输特性 Topas 环烯烃共聚物