Molecular orbital study of some heterocycles containing nitrogen and sulphur

A systematic study of 1, 2, 5-Thiadiazole (I), 2, 1, 3-Benzothiadiazole (II) and the recently synthesised Naphtho[2, 3-c]-1, 2, 5 thiadiazole (III) has been made using the Hückel molecular orbital theory (HMO). Stability and reactivity of these molecules as predicted by HMO calculations are in agreement with experimental observations. For (I) and (II) bond lengths are known and excellent agreement with theory has been shown. Spin densities calculated for the radical anion of (II) are in good agreement with experimental data. Bond lengths in (III) and its reactivity as well as the spin densities for its radical anion are predicted.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine systematische HMO-Studie von 1, 2, 5-Thiadiazol (I), 2, 1, 3-Benzothiadiazol (II) und dem kürzlich synthetisierten Naphto-[2, 3-c]-1, 2, 5-thiadiazol (III) durchgeführt. Die HMO -Berechnung der Stabilität und Reaktivität ist in Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen. Theoretische Bindungslängen für (I) und (II) und Spindichten für (II) sind ebenfalls in Übereinstimmung mit den Experimenten, Bindungslängen und Spindichten für (III) werden vorausgesagt.

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Résumé Utilisant la méthode des orbitales moléculaires de Hückel (HMO) nous avons étudié systématiquement les 1, 2, 5-thiadiazole (I), 2, 1, 3-benzothiadiazole (II) et le naphto [2, 3-c] 1, 2, 5 thiadiazole (III) récemment synthétisé. La stabilité et la réactivité de ces molécules, telles que la théorie les prédit, sont en bon accord avec les données expérimentales. Les longueurs des liaisons de (I) et (II) sont connues et sont en bon accord avec la théorie. Les densités de spin calculées pour l'anion radicalaire de (II) sont en bon accord avec l'expérience. On prédit les longueurs de liaison et la réactivité de (III) ainsi que les densités de spin de son anion radicalaire.

     

Separation of conjugated linoleic acid methyl esters by silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography in semi-preparative mode

Silver-ion HPLC (Ag-HPLC) has been utilized to separate a variety of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by configuration, location or number of olefinic or acetylenic bonds. Two analytical Ag-HPLC columns connected in series and an isocratic solvent system of acetonitrile (ACN) in hexane were used to fractionate 10-15 mg samples of a mixture of two deuterium-labeled isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (Z9.E11- and Z9,Z11-octadecadienoic acid-17,17,18,18-d4). "Baseline" (> 95%) resolution of the two isomers, which decreased with increasing weights of sample injected, was maintained by careful adjustment of the percentage of ACN in the ACN/hexane solvent system. Chemical purities of the isolated FAME were > 96%.     

Enantiomeric separation of various lipoxygenase derived monohydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters by high-performance liquid chromatography

Lipoxygenase derived monohydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters were separated by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a Chiralcel OD-H column in the normal-phase mode. Major lipoxygenase derivatives of linoleic, -linolenic and arachidonic acids are well resolved by this column, provided they have been individually purified. Our method allows an easy and rapid determination of lipoxygenases enantioselectivity. In all cases tested the R enantiomer is eluted first.     

The use of activated (S)-(+)-naproxen for the gas chromatographic resolution of some amino acid methyl esters

Summary A GC method has been elaborated for the separation of enantiomers of some amino acid methyl esters after derivatization with activated (S)-(+)-naproxen. Nine amino acid ester paris were completely resolvede in a single run on a fused silica capillary column.     

Formation of derivatives of chlorophenoxy acids and some other herbicides

Summary A fuming sulphuric acid-ethanol esterification method has been applied to chlorophenoxy acids and some other herbicides. This method is compared with esterification by iodoethane and diazomethane. The chlorophenoxy acids studied were: 2,4-D, dichlorprop, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop and 2,4,5-T. Other herbicides studied were: benazolin, bentazone, bromophenoxime, bromoxynil, chlorthal, dicamba, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, dinoseb, ethephon, fluroxypyr, glyphosate, haloxyfop, ioxynil, picloram, 2,3,6-TBA and triclopyr. Fuming sulphuric acid-ethanol esterification can be successfully applied to chlorophenoxy acids, benazolin, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, dinoseb, fluroxypyr, haloxyfop, picloram and triclopyr. The reproductibility of the method is ±5%.     

Development and application of an analytical method for the determination of storage lipids, fatty acids and fatty alcohols in Calanus finmarchicus

A method was developed for the determination of the major storage lipids, wax ester and triglycerides, in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus. A variation of the Folch method was used to extract the lipid. The method was scaled down to enable the extraction of either pooled (-1 mg) or individual (approximately 200 microg) copepods. The major lipid classes were identified using TLC and quantified using HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection. Analysis of laboratory reference materials indicated that this method underestimated the minor triglyceride component, but gave a good estimate of the major wax ester component. The fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition of the C. finmarchicus were determined following trans-esterification of the lipid extract in methanol. Fatty acids and fatty alcohols were initially identified by comparison with authentic standard and by mass spectroscopy. Using GC with flame ionisation detection the normalised area percentage of the fatty alcohols and fatty acid methyl esters was determined simultaneously in one run for either pooled or individual copepod samples. These methods were applied to C. finmarchicus collected from the Irminger Sea, North Atlantic in 2001 and 2002.     

12-磷钨杂多酸根柱撑水滑石合成及催化脂肪酸甲酯环氧化

研究了一种可用于脂肪酸甲酯环氧化的类水滑石催化剂. 采用共沉淀法合成类水滑石[Mg_1-xAl_x(OH)₂]^x+-(NO^3-)_x·mH₂O, 通过离子交换法制备出一种新的柱撑水滑石[Mg_1-x²⁺Al_x³⁺(OH)₂]^x+[PW₁₂O₄₀]_x/3^3- ·mH₂O化合物, 并由XRD,FT-IR, Raman, ICP和UV-Vis 进行了表征. 用制备的类水滑石应用于无羧酸环境下的催化脂肪酸甲酯环氧化反应, 结果表明, 柱撑水滑石较插层前转化率和选择性都有了明显的提高. 考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂重复使用等因素对环氧化反应的影响, 在60 ℃时反应16 h, 转化率和选择性分别达到56.1%和59.4%, 催化剂使用4 次后重复使用率仍高于90%. 对催化剂催化环氧化的机理进行了初步的探讨.     

Rapid procedure for the isolation and analysis of fatty acid and fatty alcohol fractions from wax esters of marine zooplankton

A rapid and simple method for the isolation of fatty acid methyl esters and fatty alcohols from the lipid fraction of marine zooplankton is described. Wax esters are the dominant lipid class in most calanoid copepods and trans-esterification results in a high fatty alcohol content in the analytical extract. Current procedures for the separation and purification of lipid classes by preparative thin-layer chromatography are time-consuming and are subject to low recovery of the analytes. In this method, fatty acid methyl esters and fatty alcohols were separated by liquid chromatography using silica or honded amino-silica as the stationary phase. The procedure is equally applicable to the analysis of zooplankton with low wax ester (and hence fatty alcohol) content, for example, a number of species of euphausiid and, generally, for samples of low mass.     

Kerr constants of some nitrogen-containing heterocycles

The molecular Kerr constants [ (mK₂)] were measured for pyridine, 2- and 4-methylpyridines, quinoline, and acridine in dioxane. The molecular moments of pyridine and 4-methylpyridine are directed along the axis of maximum polarizability. The B = B₁₂—B₁ values for dilute solutions of azaaromatic compounds in dioxane are proportional to T^–2.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 974–976, July, 1971.     

Tautomerism of some amino aza-containing heterocycles

With the aim of checking potential amino/imino tautomerism in heterocyclic series, some uv/visible spectroscopic properties of 2-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)pyridine, 2-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)pyrimidine and of 2-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)thiazoleamine are reported and discussed. In dimethyl sulphoxide the imino tautomer of the thiazole derivatives is the more populated form, while in toluene the amino aromatic form predominates. The more populated tautomer of the pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives is the amino aromatic form in both polar and apolar solvents. For the thiazole derivatives the tautomeric equilibrium in toluene is shifted toward the imino form by adding small amounts of tetrabutylammonium bromide or of dimethyl sulphoxide. The position of the tautomeric equilibrium is quantitatively evaluated and discussed.     

Transformations of some substituted methylene heterocycles with some nucleophiles

To the ring nitrogen substituted o-methylene derivatives of pyridine, pyridazine, quinoline and isoquinoline were transformed into the corresponding pyrazolyl derivatives when treated with hydrazine hydrate. On the other hand, the substituted methylene derivatives of quinoline or isoquinoline were transformed with aqueous sodium hydroxide or with sodium ethylate into 2-methylquinoline or 1-methylisoquinoline. This reaction represents a facile introduction of a methyl group in the above mentioned heterocycles.     

气相色谱法在生物柴油生产工艺研究中的应用

综述了气相色谱法在生物柴油生产工艺研究中的应用,包括反应产物和生物柴油产品中脂肪酸甲酯含量和分布的测定,单脂肪酸甘油酯、二脂肪酸甘油酯和三脂肪酸甘油酯含量的测定,游离脂肪酸含量的测定以及微量甲醇含量的测定等。讨论了进样方式、色谱柱类型、硅烷化等因素对反应产物组成测定的影响;提出了一种采用双柱压力反吹的方式测定生物柴油产品中微量甲醇含量的方法：采用正丙醇作内标,甲醇与内标通过预切柱进入分析柱后,通过压力变化,将其余组分通过分流出口反吹出色谱系统;采用极性聚乙二醇色谱柱测定了8种不同植物油中脂肪酸甲酯的含量和分布。     

二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸酯的合成方法

综述了二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸酯的合成方法,讨论了合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸酯所涉及的甲基化试剂、催化剂。参考文献31篇。     

Liquid–liquid equilibria for mixtures containing water,methanol, fatty acid methyl esters,and glycerol

The liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data, including tie-lines and phase boundaries, were measured for the ternary systems of water + methanol + methyl oleate, water + methanol + methyl linoleate, glycerol + methanol + methyl oleate, and glycerol + methanol + methyl linoleate at temperatures from 298.2 K to 318.2 K under atmospheric pressure. All the LLE data follow the Othmer-Tobias equation. Each ternary system behaves type-I LLE. The areas of two-liquid coexistence region decrease with increasing temperature. The experimental data were applied to test the validity of the UNIFAC model and its modified versions, including UNIFAC-LLE and UNIFAC-Dortmund. The LLE data were also correlated with the NRTL and the UNIQUAC models. The UNIQUAC model yielded better results.     

Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of methanol and free glycerol in biodiesel

Summary The methanol and free glycerol content of vegetable oil methyl esters used as diesel fuel (biodiesel) is very important in describing the quality of this fuel and is therefore limited by specifications. A previously described GLC method for the determination of free glycerol in biodiesel has been further developed and also allows the simultaneous determination of methanol. Sample preparation includes dissolving in dimethylformamide, silylation with bis-trimethylsilyltrifluoracetamide (BSTFA) and separation on a methylsilicone fluid, coated-capillary column using either FID or MS-detection. Ethanol and 1,4-butanediol were used as internal standards. Both detection systems show sufficient sensitivity for concentrations relevant to biodiesel samples. The recovery was tested using a RME-sample containing known amounts of methanol and glycerol.     

几种拟除虫菊酸甲酯对映体的毛细管气相色谱手性拆分

4种酰基化环糊精衍生物（2，6－二－O－戊基－3－O－丁酰基－β－CD、2，6－二－O－戊基－3－O－戊酰基－β－CD、2，6－二－O－戊基－3－O－庚酰基-β－CD和2，6－二－O－戊基－3－O－辛酰基－β－CD）用作毛细管气相色谱固定相，对顺式－和反式－3－（2－甲基丙烯基）－2，2－二甲基环丙烷羧酸甲酯（菊酸甲酯）、顺式－和反式－3－（2，2－二氯乙烯基）－2，2－二甲基环丙烷羰酸甲酯（二氯菊酸甲酯）、2－（4－氯苯基）－3－甲基丁酸甲酯（戊菊酸甲酯）和顺式－3－（2－氯－3，3，3－三氟丙烯基）－2，2－二甲基环丙烷羧酸甲酯（功夫菊酸甲酯）等6种拟除虫菊酸甲酯对映体进行了拆分，结果表明：所合成的4种环糊精衍生物可将顺式－和反式－菊酸甲酯、顺式－和反式－二氯菊酸甲酯、戊菊酸甲酯及顺式－功夫菊酸甲酯等6种菊酸甲酯对映体较好分离。发现不同的环糊精衍生物手性分离能力不同，溶质的结构变化对分离结果也有较大影响。     

Lipozyme 435-Mediated Synthesis of Xylose Oleate in Methyl Ethyl Ketone

In this paper, we have performed the Lipozyme 435-catalyzed synthesis of xylose oleate in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) from xylose and oleic acid. The effects of substrates’ molar ratios, reaction temperature, reaction time on esterification rates, and Lipozyme 435 reuse were studied. Results showed that an excess of oleic acid (xylose: oleic acid molar ratio of 1:5) significantly favored the reaction, yielding 98% of xylose conversion and 31% oleic acid conversion after 24 h-reaction (mainly to xylose mono- and dioleate, as confirmed by mass spectrometry). The highest Lipozyme 435 activities occurred between 55 and 70 °C. The predicted Ping Pong Bi Bi kinetic model fitted very well to the experimental data and there was no evidence of inhibitions in the range assessed. The reaction product was purified and presented an emulsion capacity close to that of a commercial sugar ester detergent. Finally, the repeated use of Lipozyme 435 showed a reduction in the reaction yields (by 48 and 19% in the xylose and oleic acid conversions, respectively), after ten 12 h-cycles.     

Environmentally weathered residues source diagnostic by high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles

High-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles (HMPASH) were applied in a forensic chemical analysis to identify the source(s) of environmentally weathered residues polluting the beaches of the Mediterranean city of Alexandria, Egypt, and to assess their weathering trends. The HMPASH were investigated by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in residues and an Egyptian crude as a possible source oil. The dibenzothiophenes/naphthenodibenzothiophenes (DBE 9/DBE 10) parameter indicated that two studied residues were likely to have originated from Egyptian crude oils, whereas the third residue could have had a foreign source. The residues displayed different stages of weathering. HMPASH having double bond equivalent (DBE) 1–5 were more influenced by weathering processes than those having DBE 6–17, probably because they are aliphatic sulphides and not aromatic compounds.     

Electronic structure of sulphur compounds—VII photoelectron spectra of thiocarbonyl heterocycles

The photoelectron spectra of α-substituted thiocarbonyl heterocycles have been analysed. By observing the effects of methyl substitution on the spectra, it was possible to assign the first five bands. These assignments were confirmed by semi-empirical calculations (CNDO/S).     

Quaternary salts of some heterocycles containing nitrogen

A series of mono- and biquaternary salts were synthesized from 1, 3-dichloropropane-2-ol and the nitrogen-containing heterocycles quinoline, isoquinoline, quinaldine, pyridine, 2-picoline, and lepidine. The UV-spectra of the compounds obtained were investigated.