超薄石墨相氮化碳纳米片的构建及其光催化作用

通过简单调整g-C_3N_4的热聚合方式,一步构筑了超薄氮化碳纳米片,厚度在0.2~0.4 nm左右,分布均匀,比表面积可以达到99 m~2·g~(-1)。光催化性能测试结果表明,随着纳米片比表面积的增大,材料除了表现出优异的光解水性能以外,还在微生物领域表现出一定的抗菌性能,且活性随着聚合温度的升高、纳米片层的变薄而逐渐提高。     

超薄石墨相氮化碳纳米片的构建及其光催化作用

通过简单调整g-C₃N₄的热聚合方式,一步构筑了超薄氮化碳纳米片,厚度在0.2~0.4 nm左右,分布均匀,比表面积可以达到99 m²·g^-1。光催化性能测试结果表明,随着纳米片比表面积的增大,材料除了表现出优异的光解水性能以外,还在微生物领域表现出一定的抗菌性能,且活性随着聚合温度的升高、纳米片层的变薄而逐渐提高。     

Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Nitrogen‐Rich Carbon Nanofibers: Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution without Cocatalysts

An interconnected framework of mesoporous graphitic‐C₃N₄ nanofibers merged with in situ incorporated nitrogen‐rich carbon has been prepared. The unique composition and structure of the nanofibers as well as strong coupling between the components endow them with efficient light‐harvesting properties, improved charged separation, and a multidimensional electron transport path that enhance the performance of hydrogen production. The as‐obtained catalyst exhibits an extremely high hydrogen‐evolution rate of 16885 μmol h^?1 g^?1, and a remarkable apparent quantum efficiency of 14.3 % at 420 nm without any cocatalysts, which is much higher than most reported g‐C₃N₄‐based photocatalysts even in the presence of Pt‐based cocatalysts.     

石墨相氮化碳/三聚氯氰复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化活性

研制了一种石墨相氮化碳/三聚氯氰(g-C₃N₄/C₃Cl₃N₃)复合型光催化剂。 由于该催化剂在g-C₃N₄的基础上有效拓展了π共轭体系,同时引入氯原子,使带隙位置上移,改善了光生电荷的还原能力,在可见光照射下,能有效降解有机污染物。 实验结果表明,20 min内对RR染料废水的降解率达94.7%,重复使用5次后,降解率仍达94%。 通过在降解体系中加入氧化性活性物种捕获剂的方法,研究了g-C₃N₄/C₃Cl₃N₃吸收可见光降解有机污染物的机理。     

石墨相氮化碳纳米管的合成及光催化产氢性能

通过硬模板法,采用氰胺前驱物和二氧化硅纳米管(SiO₂-NTs)模板,合成石墨相氮化碳纳米管(CN-NTs)光催化剂。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、氮气吸附/脱附测试、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、荧光光谱、热重分析(TGA)等手段对CN-NTs催化剂的结构与性能进行表征。结果表明,CN-NTs的化学组成是石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄),形貌为均匀的纳米管,且是介孔材料。与体相氮化碳(B-CN)和介孔石墨相氮化碳(mpg-CN)相比,CN-NTs的光吸收带边蓝移到440 nm,荧光发射谱的峰强减弱。在可见光(λ>420 nm)照射下,CN-NTs具有较高的光催化分解水活性,产氢速率为58 μmol/h,且表现出良好的光催化活性稳定性和化学结构稳定性。研究结果表明纳米管状结构能有效促进g-C₃N₄半导体激子解离,提高光生电子-空穴的分离效率,进而显著优化g-C₃N₄的光催化产氢性能。     

Fe掺杂g-C3N4的制备及其可见光催化性能

以硝酸铁和三聚氰胺为原料制备不同含铁量的Fe 掺杂石墨氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）. 采用X 射线衍射光谱（XRD）、紫外-可见（UV-Vis）光谱、傅里叶变换红外（FT-IR）光谱、电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）、荧光（PL）光谱、X光电子能谱（XPS）等分析手段对制备的催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,铁以离子形式镶嵌在g-C₃N₄的结构单元中,影响了g-C₃N₄的能带结构,增加了g-C₃N₄对可见光的吸收,降低了光生电子-空穴对的复合几率. 以染料罗丹明B的降解为探针反应系统研究了不同含铁量对g-C₃N₄在可见光下催化性能的影响. 结果表明,m（Fe）/m（g-C₃N₄）=0.14%时,制备的Fe 掺杂g-C₃N₄表现出最佳的光催化性能,120 min 内罗丹明B的降解率高达99.7%,速率常数达到0.026 min^-1,是纯g-C₃N₄的3.2 倍. 以叔丁醇、对苯醌、乙二胺四乙酸二钠为自由基（·OH）、自由基（O₂^-·）和空穴（h_VB⁺）的捕获剂,研究了光催化反应机理.     

Fe掺杂g-C_3N_4的制备及其可见光催化性能

以硝酸铁和三聚氰胺为原料制备不同含铁量的Fe掺杂石墨氮化碳(g-C3N4).采用X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)光谱、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱、电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)、荧光(PL)光谱、X光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段对制备的催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,铁以离子形式镶嵌在gC3N4的结构单元中,影响了g-C3N4的能带结构,增加了g-C3N4对可见光的吸收,降低了光生电子-空穴对的复合几率.以染料罗丹明B的降解为探针反应系统研究了不同含铁量对g-C3N4在可见光下催化性能的影响.结果表明,m(Fe)/m(g-C3N4)=0.14%时,制备的Fe掺杂g-C3N4表现出最佳的光催化性能,120 min内罗丹明B的降解率高达99.7%,速率常数达到0.026 min-1,是纯g-C3N4的3.2倍.以叔丁醇、对苯醌、乙二胺四乙酸二钠为自由基(·OH)、自由基(O2-·)和空穴(h+VB)的捕获剂,研究了光催化反应机理.     

Improving Photocatalytic Performance through the Construction of a Supramolecular Organic Framework

A supramolecular organic framework-type photocatalyst, named TM-SOF, is constructed by the self-assembly of cucurbit[8]uril and a tetra-arm monomer containing four N, N’-dimethyl 2,5-bis(4-pyridinium)thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole (MPT) moieties. Benefiting from the multivalent assembly, a photocatalytically active supramolecular MPT dimer can be stably formed in TM-SOF. In addition, TM-SOF exhibits better stability against temperature, substrate, and light irradiation. As a result, TM-SOF shows a significantly improved performance for the photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of aryl boronic acids and thioethers. It is anticipated that this line of research will provide a facile approach for fabricating high-performance supramolecular photocatalysis systems.     

铈掺杂石墨相氮化碳的合成及可见光光催化性能

以硝酸铈和三聚氰胺为原料,采用热解法合成系列Ce掺杂石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4).采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱仪(UV-Vis DRS)、荧光光谱仪(PL)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等对样品进行了表征.结果表明,Ce掺杂使g-C_3N_4晶粒尺寸减小,比表面积增大,光生电子/空穴对复合几率降低,并影响到能带结构.在可见光下光催化降解亚甲基蓝水溶液的结果表明,Ce掺杂g-C_3N_4的可见光光催化活性远优于纯g-C_3N_4.其中,0.10-Ce-C_3N_4样品80 min内对亚甲基蓝的降解率高达98.51%,速率常数达0.0506 min~(-1),是纯g-C_3N_4的4.9倍.     

Embedding Carbon Nitride into a Covalent Organic Framework with Enhanced Photocatalysis Performance

We report a new strategy to construct porous carbon nitride (PCN) by embedding a heptazine unit–the primary building block of carbon nitride–into the backbone of a covalent organic framework (COF). The strategy results in a new type of PCN which bears a fibrous morphology, high surface area and wide visible absorption. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated by photodegradation of an organic dye. We found that the introduction of the heptazine unit has a prominent effect on the catalytic activity, which demonstrates an effective strategy to prepare carbon nitride materials. This work opens up a new way for the preparation of carbon nitride for photocatalysis applications.     

Homogenous Boron‐doping in Self‐sensitized Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Visible‐light Photocatalytic Activity

We report a solvothermal approach for the preparation of homogeneously B‐doped self‐sensitized carbon nitride (B‐SSCN) composed of a core of B‐doped carbon nitride microspheres and a covalently linked shell of s‐triazine oligomers. Compared to the undoped structure, the obtained B‐SSCN photocatalyst exhibits an enhanced visible‐light activity, excellent stability for photocatalytic hydrogen generation due to a reduced band‐gap, enhanced charge‐separation efficiency, and better surface reactivity of B‐SSCN. This work provides a new strategy to uniformly insert heteroatoms into the polymeric carbon nitride framework for the development of metal‐free photocatalysts towards efficient production of solar fuels.     

Production of Metal‐Free Composites Composed of Graphite Oxide and Oxidized Carbon Nitride Nanodots and Their Enhanced Photocatalytic Performances

A novel metal‐free composite (GN) composed of two types of carbon‐based nanomaterials, graphite oxide (GO) and 2D oxidized carbon nitride (OCN) nanodots was produced. Chemical and morphological characterizations reveal that GN contains a main component of GO with well‐dispersed 2D OCN nanodots. GN shows enhanced photocatalytic performance for degrading an organic pollutant, Rhodamine B, under visible light.     

离子热处理合成氮缺陷石墨相氮化碳及其光解水制氢性能

以尿素和二氰二胺为原料热聚合得到石墨相氮化碳,分别采用直接二次煅烧和熔盐离子热后热处理在不同温度下对产物进行后热处理,得到氮缺陷氮化碳CN和CNS。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、透射电镜(TEM)等手段对所制备样品进行表征和分析,探讨了不同热处理温度和加热方法对催化剂微观聚合结构的影响;同时以光解水制氢为测试方法,考察了催化剂的可见光催化性能。结果表明,熔盐离子热更有利于氮化碳的层间聚合,得到高结晶度材料;在面内七嗪聚合单元中引入氮缺陷,产生末端氰基,优化电荷密度分布,增强电荷流动性;克服粒子尺寸效应,扩展催化剂的光吸收范围;当后热处理温度为500℃时,制备的CNS-500表现出优异的光解水制氢活性,是同温度下直接热处理得到的催化剂的3.84倍。     

钨酸铋量子点和纳米片修饰石墨相氮化碳复合催化剂的制备及其可见光催化活性增强

利用超声-水热法、使用油酸钠辅助合成钨酸铋(Bi₂WO₆)量子点/纳米片修饰的石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)(Bi₂WO₆/g-C₃N₄)复合光催化剂。 通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、N₂吸附-脱附等技术手段获得Bi₂WO₆/g-C₃N₄催化剂的组成、结构和光吸收性能,分析合成机理。 以罗丹明B(RhB)水溶液为模拟污染物,考察Bi₂WO₆/g-C₃N₄复合催化剂的可见光催化活性。 结果表明:g-C₃N₄和Bi₂WO₆的质量比为3:7的Bi₂WO₆/g-C₃N₄-30具有最有效的异质界面,电化学阻抗和光电流测试结果显示该催化剂的光生载流子传输速率快、复合率低,可见光照射120 min对RhB的降解率达到95.8%;通过活性物质捕捉实验获知光生空穴是光催化反应中的主要活性物质,分析异质界面对光催化活性的影响,进而提出光催化反应机理。     

Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheet–Carbon Nanotube Three‐Dimensional Porous Composites as High‐Performance Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts

A new class of highly efficient oxygen evolution catalysts has been synthesized through the self‐assembly of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets and carbon nanotubes, driven by π–π stacking and electrostatic interactions. Remarkably, the catalysts exhibit higher catalytic oxygen evolution activity and stronger durability than Ir‐based noble‐metal catalysts and display the best performance among the reported nonmetal catalysts. This good result is attributed to the high nitrogen content and the efficient mass and charge transfer in the porous three‐dimensional nanostructure.     

Highly Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Evolution from Water using Visible Light and Structure‐Controlled Graphitic Carbon Nitride

The major challenge of photocatalytic water splitting, the prototypical reaction for the direct production of hydrogen by using solar energy, is to develop low‐cost yet highly efficient and stable semiconductor photocatalysts. Herein, an effective strategy for synthesizing extremely active graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄) from a low‐cost precursor, urea, is reported. The g‐C₃N₄ exhibits an extraordinary hydrogen‐evolution rate (ca. 20 000 μmol h^?1 g^?1 under full arc), which leads to a high turnover number (TON) of over 641 after 6 h. The reaction proceeds for more than 30 h without activity loss and results in an internal quantum yield of 26.5 % under visible light, which is nearly an order of magnitude higher than that observed for any other existing g‐C₃N₄ photocatalysts. Furthermore, it was found by experimental analysis and DFT calculations that as the degree of polymerization increases and the proton concentration decreases, the hydrogen‐evolution rate is significantly enhanced.     

纳米银/二维石墨相氮化碳/还原氧化石墨烯复合材料的制备及其光催化降解抗生素

为优化石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)光催化剂的结构,改善其对污染物的降解性能,本文以三聚氰胺为前驱体,通过高温煅烧和热氧化剥离制备了二维石墨相氮化碳(2D-C₃N₄),并用光还原法一步合成纳米银/二维石墨相氮化碳/还原氧化石墨烯(Ag/2D-C₃N₄/rGO)复合光催化剂。通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、光致发光光谱(PL)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氮气吸附脱附等温曲线(BET)等对材料进行表征。 以头孢曲松钠为目标污染物,探究pH值、催化剂用量、头孢曲松钠初始浓度等因素对催化剂的吸附、降解性能的影响,并探究降解反应机理。 当pH=6.0,催化剂用量为0.3 g/L,头孢曲松钠初始浓度为10.0 mg/L时,复合材料对头孢曲松钠的降解率可达到89.1%。 催化剂的稳定性较强,具有实际应用价值,可用于处理含头孢类抗生素的废水。     

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles-Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Evolution

As a promising metal-free photocatalyst, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is still limited by insufficient visible light absorption and rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers, resulting in low photocatalytic activity. Here, we adjusted the microstructure of the pristine bulk-g-C₃N₄ (PCN) and further loaded silver (Ag) nanoparticles. Abundant Ag nanoparticles were grown on the thin-layer g-C₃N₄ nanosheets (CNNS), and the Ag nanoparticles decorated g-C₃N₄ nanosheets (Ag@CNNS) were successfully synthesized. The thin-layer nanosheet-like structure was not only beneficial for the loading of Ag nanoparticles but also for the adsorption and activation of reactants via exposing more active sites. Moreover, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect induced by Ag nanoparticles enhanced the absorption of visible light by narrowing the band gap of the substrate. Meanwhile, the composite band structure effectively promoted the separation and transfer of carriers. Benefiting from these merits, the Ag@CNNS reached a superior hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) yield of 120.53 μmol/g/h under visible light irradiation in pure water (about 8.0 times higher than that of PCN), significantly surpassing most previous reports. The design method of manipulating the microstructure of the catalyst combined with the modification of metal nanoparticles provides a new idea for the rational development and application of efficient photocatalysts.     

Designing a 0D/2D S‐Scheme Heterojunction over Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Inactivation of Bacteria

Constructing heterojunctions between two semiconductors with matched band structure is an effective strategy to acquire high‐efficiency photocatalysts. The S‐scheme heterojunction system has shown great potential in facilitating separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers, as well as acquiring strong photoredox ability. Herein, a 0D/2D S‐Scheme heterojunction material involving CeO₂ quantum dots and polymeric carbon nitride (CeO₂/PCN) is designed and constructed by in situ wet chemistry with subsequent heat treatment. This S‐scheme heterojunction material shows high‐efficiency photocatalytic sterilization rate (88.1 %) towards Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) under visible‐light irradiation (λ≥420 nm), which is 2.7 and 8.2 times that of pure CeO₂ (32.2 %) and PCN (10.7 %), respectively. Strong evidence of S‐scheme charge transfer path is verified by theoretical calculations, in situ irradiated X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance.