基于超导量子器件的量子计算

超导量子器件能够展现宏观量子相干性.基于超导量子器件的量子计算是量子信息领域中的一个重要研究方向,同时,超导量子器件物理特性的研究也是目前凝聚态物理和量子光学领域的交叉前沿课题.文章简述了近年来在超导量子计算方面的一些重要结果和进展,并讨论了其研究现状和发展趋势.     

Quantum computation with untunable couplings

Most quantum computer realizations require the ability to apply local fields and tune the couplings between qubits, in order to realize single bit and two bit gates which are necessary for universal quantum computation. We present a scheme to remove the necessity of switching the couplings between qubits for two bit gates, which are more costly in many cases. Our strategy is to compute with encoded qubits in and out of carefully designed interaction free subspaces analogous to decoherence free subspaces. We give two examples to show how universal quantum computation is realized in our scheme with local manipulations to physical qubits only, for both diagonal and off diagonal interactions.     

Quantum computation with Turaev-Viro codes

For a 3-manifold with triangulated boundary, the Turaev-Viro topological invariant can be interpreted as a quantum error-correcting code. The code has local stabilizers, identified by Levin and Wen, on a qudit lattice. Kitaev’s toric code arises as a special case. The toric code corresponds to an abelian anyon model, and therefore requires out-of-code operations to obtain universal quantum computation. In contrast, for many categories, such as the Fibonacci category, the Turaev-Viro code realizes a non-abelian anyon model. A universal set of fault-tolerant operations can be implemented by deforming the code with local gates, in order to implement anyon braiding. We identify the anyons in the code space, and present schemes for initialization, computation and measurement. This provides a family of constructions for fault-tolerant quantum computation that are closely related to topological quantum computation, but for which the fault tolerance is implemented in software rather than coming from a physical medium.     

Quantum computation with trapped polar molecules

We propose a novel physical realization of a quantum computer. The qubits are electric dipole moments of ultracold diatomic molecules, oriented along or against an external electric field. Individual molecules are held in a 1D trap array, with an electric field gradient allowing spectroscopic addressing of each site. Bits are coupled via the electric dipole-dipole interaction. Using technologies similar to those already demonstrated, this design can plausibly lead to a quantum computer with greater, approximately > or = 10(4) qubits, which can perform approximately 10(5) CNOT gates in the anticipated decoherence time of approximately 5 s.     

Quantum computation with vibrationally excited molecules

A new physical implementation for quantum computation is proposed. The vibrational modes of molecules are used to encode qubit systems. Global quantum logic gates are realized using shaped femtosecond laser pulses which are calculated applying optimal control theory. The scaling of the system is favorable; sources for decoherence can be eliminated. A complete set of one- and two-quantum gates is presented for a specific molecule. Detailed analysis regarding experimental realization shows that the structural resolution of today's pulse shapers is easily sufficient for pulse formation.     

Quantum computation with ions in microscopic traps

We discuss a possible experimental realization of fast quantum gates with high fidelity with ions confined in microscopic traps. The original proposal of this physical system for quantum computation comes from Cirac and Zoller (Nature 404, 579 (2000)). In this paper we analyse a sensitivity of the ion-trap quantum gate on various experimental parameters which was omitted in the original proposal. We address imprecision of laser pulses, impact of photon scattering, nonzero temperature effects and influence of laser intensity fluctuations on the total fidelity of the two-qubit phase gate.     

Quantum computation with programmable connections between gates

A new model of quantum computation is considered, in which the connections between gates are programmed by the state of a quantum register. This new model of computation is shown to be more powerful than the usual quantum computation, e.g. in achieving the programmability of permutations of N different unitary channels with 1 use instead of N uses per channel. For this task, a new elemental resource is needed, the quantum switch, which can be programmed to switch the order of two channels with a single use of each one.     

Quantum computation with two-dimensional graphene quantum dots

We study an array of graphene nano sheets that form a two-dimensional S=1/2 Kagome spin lattice used for quantum computation. The edge states of the graphene nano sheets are used to form quantum dots to confine electrons and perform the computation. We propose two schemes of bang-bang control to combat decoherence and realize gate operations on this array of quantum dots. It is shown that both schemes contain a great amount of information for quantum computation. The corresponding gate operations are also proposed.     

Quantum computation and simulation with superconducting qubits

Superconducting circuits based on Josephson junctions are regarded as one of the most promising technologies for the implementation of scalable quantum computers. This review presents the basic principles of superconducting qubits and shows the progress of quantum computing and quantum simulation based on superconducting qubits in recent years.The experimental realization of gate operations, readout, error correction codes, as well as some quantum algorithms are summarized, followed by an introduction of quantum simulation. And then some important applications in fields including condensed matter physics, quantum annealing, and quantum chemistry are discussed.     

Quantum computation with two-dimensional graphene quantum dots

We study an array of graphene nano sheets that form a two-dimensional S=1/2 Kagome spin lattice used for quantum computation.The edge states of the graphene nano sheets are used to form quantum dots to confine electrons and perform the computation.We propose two schemes of bang-bang control to combat decoherence and realize gate operations on this array of quantum dots.It is shown that both schemes contain a great amount of information for quantum computation.The corresponding gate operations are also proposed.     

Quantum computation with a one-dimensional optical lattice

We present an economical dynamical control scheme to perform quantum computation on a one-dimensional optical lattice, where each atom encodes one qubit. The model is based on atom tunneling transitions between neighboring sites of the lattice. They can be activated by external laser beams resulting in a two-qubit phase gate or in an exchange interaction. A realization of the Toffoli gate is presented, which requires only a single laser pulse and no individual atom addressing.     

量子计算与量子模拟

量子计算和量子模拟在过去的几年里发展迅速,今后涉及多量子比特的量子计算和量子模拟将是一个发展的重点.本文回顾了该领域的主要进展,包括量子多体模拟、量子计算、量子计算模拟器、量子计算云平台、量子软件等内容,其中量子多体模拟又涵盖量子多体动力学、时间晶体及多体局域化、量子统计和量子化学等的模拟.这些研究方向的回顾是基于对现阶段量子计算和量子模拟研究特点的考虑,即量子比特数处于中等规模而量子操控精度还不具有大规模逻辑门实现的能力,研究处于基础科研和实用化的过渡阶段,因此综述的内容主要还是希望管窥今后的发展.     

Quantum computation in quantum-Hall systems

We describe a quantum information processor (quantum computer) based on the hyperfine interactions between the conduction electrons and nuclear spins embedded in a two-dimensional electron system in the quantum-Hall regime. Nuclear spins can be controlled individually by electromagnetic pulses. Their interactions, which are of the spin-exchange type, can be possibly switched on and off pair-wise dynamically, for nearest neighbors, by controlling impurities. We also propose the way to feed in the initial data and explore ideas for reading off the final results.     

Quantum computation with surface-state electrons by rapid population passages

Quantum computation requires coherently controlling the evolutions of qubits.Usually,these manipulations are implemented by precisely designing the durations(such as theπ-pulses)of the Rabi oscillations and tunable interbit coupling.Relaxing this requirement,herein we show that the desired population transfers between the logic states can be deterministically realized(and thus quantum computation could be implemented)both adiabatically and non-adiabatically,by performing the duration-insensitive quantum manipulations.Our proposal is specifically demonstrated with the surface-state of electrons floating on the liquid helium,but could also be applied to the other artificially controllable systems for quantum computing.     

Quantum computation with quantum-dot spin qubits inside a cavity

Universal set of quantum gates are realized from quantum-dot spin qubits inside a cavity via two-channel Raman interactions. Individual addressing and effective switch of the cavity mediated interaction are directly possible here. This simple realization of all wanted interaction for selective qubits makes current scenario more suitable for scalable quantum computation.     

Quantum computation in a decoherence-free subspace with superconducting devices

We propose a scheme to implement quantum computation in decoherence-free subspace with superconducting devices inside a cavity by unconventional geometric manipulation. Universal single-qubit gates in encoded qubit can be achieved with cavity assisted interaction. A measurement-based two-qubit Controlled-Not gate is produced with parity measurements assisted by an auxiliary superconducting device and followed by prescribed single-qubit gates. The measurement of currents on two parallel devices can realize a projective measurement, which is equivalent to the parity measurement on the involved devices.     

Quantum computation with trapped ions in an optical cavity

Two-qubit logical gates are proposed on the basis of two atoms trapped in a cavity setup and commonly addressed by laser fields. Losses in the interaction by spontaneous transitions are efficiently suppressed by employing adiabatic transitions and the quantum Zeno effect. Dynamical and geometrical conditional phase gates are suggested. This method provides fidelity and a success rate of its gates very close to unity. Hence, it is suitable for performing quantum computation.     

Quantum algorithms in one-way quantum computation

Cluster states are the fundamental resource for the one-way model of quantum computation. In this paper we show the realization of a two-photon four-qubit cluster state. The qubits are encoded in the polarization and the linear momentum of the particles. By using this state we realized two important quantum algorithms, namely the Grover’s search and the Deutsch’s algorithm.     

Quantum computation: Algorithms and Applications

As the prospect of commercial quantum computers turns ever more real in recent times, research in quantum algorithms becomes the center of attention. Due to the strong parallelism of quantum computing in Hilbert space, ordinarily intractable calculation problems could now be solved very efficiently with non-classical means. To exploit parallelism, creative quantum algorithms are required so that efficient quantum oracles can be tailor-designed to specific computation needs. Therefore, in the quest for quantum supremacy, quantum algorithms and their related applications are as important as the quantum computer hardware. This article covers the basic concepts of quantum computation and reviews some important quantum algorithms and their applications.     

Quantum computation and simulation with vibrational modes of trapped ions

Vibrational degrees of freedom in trapped-ion systems have recently been gaining attention as a quantum resource,beyond the role as a mediator for entangling quantum operations on internal degrees of freedom, because of the large available Hilbert space. The vibrational modes can be represented as quantum harmonic oscillators and thus offer a Hilbert space with infinite dimensions. Here we review recent theoretical and experimental progress in the coherent manipulation of the vibrational modes, including bosonic encoding schemes in quantum information, reliable and efficient measurement techniques, and quantum operations that allow various quantum simulations and quantum computation algorithms. We describe experiments using the vibrational modes, including the preparation of non-classical states, molecular vibronic sampling, and applications in quantum thermodynamics. We finally discuss the potential prospects and challenges of trapped-ion vibrational-mode quantum information processing.