Theoretical study of the inner‐sphere energy barrier of the transition‐metal complex M(H2O) in electron‐transfer process

Two theoretical models, a reorganization model and an activation model, are presented for accurately determining the energy barrier of the type M(H₂O) of the transition‐metal complexes in the electron‐transfer process. Ab initio calculations are carried out at UMP2/6‐311G level for several redox pairs M(H₂O) (M=V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co) to calculate their inner‐sphere reorganization energies and activation energies according to the models presented in this article. The values of theoretical inner‐sphere reorganization energies and activational energies are comparable with the experimental results obtained from the vibration spectroscopic data. The theoretical reorganization energy of the every redox pair is four times as much as its activation energy, which agrees with Marcus' electron‐transfer theory. The fact proved that the theoretical models presented in this article are scientific and available for studying the electron‐transfer process of the transition‐metal complex. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 75: 119–126, 1999     

Electronic reorganization triggered by electron transfer: The intervalence charge transfer of a Fe3+/Fe2+ bimetallic complex

The key role of the molecular orbitals in describing electron transfer processes is put in evidence for the intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) of a synthetic nonheme binuclear mixed‐valence Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ compound. The electronic reorganization induced by the IVCT can be quantified by controlling the adaptation of the molecular orbitals to the charge transfer process. We evaluate the transition energy and its polarization effects on the molecular orbitals by means of ab initio calculations. The resulting energetic profile of the IVCT shows strong similarities to the Marcus' model, suggesting a response behaviour of the ensemble of electrons analogue to that of the solvent. We quantify the extent of the electronic reorganization induced by the IVCT process to be 11.74 eV, a very large effect that induces the crossing of states reducing the total energy of the transfer to 0.89 eV. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Metal‐Organic Niccolite: Synthesis,Structures, Phase Transition,and Magnetic Properties of [CH3NH2(CH2)2NH2CH3][M2(HCOO)6] (M=divalent Mn,Fe, Co,Ni, Cu and Zn)

We report the synthesis, crystal structures, thermal and magnetic characterizations of a family of metal‐organic frameworks adopting the niccolite (NiAs) structure, [dmenH₂²⁺][M₂(HCOO)₆²⁻] (dmen=N,N′‐dimethylethylenediamine; M=divalent Mn, 1Mn ; Fe, 2Fe ; Co, 3Co ; Ni, 4Ni ; Cu, 5Cu ; and Zn, 6Zn ). The compounds could be synthesized by either a diffusion method or directly mixing reactants in methanol or methanol–water mixed solvents. The five members, 1Mn , 2Fe , 3Co , 4Ni , and 6Zn are isostructural and crystallize in the trigonal space group P 1c, while 5Cu crystallizes in C2/c. In the structures, the octahedrally coordinated metal ions are connected by anti–anti formate bridges, thus forming the anionic NiAs‐type frameworks of [M₂(HCOO)₆²⁻], with dmenH₂²⁺ located in the cavities of the frameworks. Owing to the Jahn–Teller effect of the Cu²⁺ ion, the 3D framework of 5Cu consists of zigzag Cu‐formate chains with Cu OCHO Cu connections through short basal Cu O bonds, further linked by the long axial Cu O bonds. 6Zn exhibits a phase transition probably as a result of the order–disorder transition of the dmenH₂²⁺ cation around 300 K, confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and single crystal X‐ray diffraction patterns under different temperatures. Magnetic investigation reveals that the four magnetic members, 1Mn , 2Fe , 3Co , and 4Ni , display spin‐canted antiferromagnetism, with a Néel temperature of 8.6 K, 19.8 K, 16.4 K, and 33.7 K, respectively. The Mn, Fe, and Ni members show spin‐flop transitions below 50 kOe. 2Fe possesses a large hysteresis loop with a large coercive field of 10.8 kOe. The Cu member, 5Cu , shows overall antiferromagnetism (both inter‐ and intra‐chains) with low‐dimensional characteristics.     

A Density Functional Theory Study on Nonlinear Optical Properties of Double Cage Excess Electron Compounds: Theoretically Design M[Cu(Ag)@(NH3)n](M = Be,Mg and Ca; n = 1–3)

In this work, we investigated the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of excess electron electride molecules of M[Cu(Ag)@(NH₃)_n](M = Be, Mg and Ca; n = 1–3) using density functional theory (DFT). This electride molecules consist of an alkaline-earth (Be, Mg and Ca) together with transition metal (Cu and Ag) doped in NH₃ cluster. The natural population analysis of charge and their highest occupied molecular orbital suggests that the M[Cu(Ag)@(NH₃)_n] compound has excess electron like alkaline-earth metal form double cage electrides molecules, which exhibit a large static first hyperpolarizability () (electron contribution part) and one of which owns a peak value of 216,938 (a.u.) for Be[Ag@(NH₃)₂] and vibrational harmonic first hyperpolarizability () (nuclear contribution part) values and the ratio of /, namely, η values from 0.02 for Be[Ag@(NH₃)] to 0.757 for Mg[Ag@(NH₃)₃]. The electron density contribution in different regions on values mainly come from alkaline-earth and transition metal atoms by first hyperpolarizability density analysis, and also explains the reason why values are positive and negative. Moreover, the frequency-dependent values β(−2ω,ω,ω) are also estimated to make a comparison with experimental measures. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Metal–Organic Perovskites: Synthesis,Structures, and Magnetic Properties of [C(NH2)3][MII(HCOO)3] (M=Mn,Fe, Co,Ni, Cu,and Zn; C(NH2)3= Guanidinium)

We report the synthesis, crystal structures, and spectral, thermal, and magnetic properties of a family of metal–organic perovskite ABX₃, [C(NH₂)₃][M^II(HCOO)₃], in which A=C(NH₂)₃ is guanidinium, B=M is a divalent metal ion (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn), and X is the formate HCOO^?. The compounds could be synthesized by either diffusion or hydrothermal methods from water or water‐rich solutions depending on the metal. The five members (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn) are isostructural and crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pnna, while the Cu member in Pna2₁. In the perovskite structures, the octahedrally coordinated metal ions are connected by the anti–anti formate bridges, thus forming the anionic NaCl‐type [M(HCOO)₃]^? frameworks, with the guanidinium in the nearly cubic cavities of the frameworks. The Jahn–Teller effect of Cu²⁺ results in a distorted anionic Cu–formate framework that can be regarded as Cu–formate chains through short basal Cu? O bonds linked by the long axial Cu? O bonds. These materials show higher thermal stability than other metal–organic perovskite series of [AmineH][M(HCOO)₃] templated by the organic monoammonium cations (AmineH⁺) as a result of the stronger hydrogen bonding between guanidinium and the formate of the framework. A magnetic study revealed that the five magnetic members (except Zn) display spin‐canted antiferromagnetism, with a Néel temperature of 8.8 (Mn), 10.0 (Fe), 14.2 (Co), 34.2 (Ni), and 4.6 K (Cu). In addition to the general spin‐canted antiferromagnetism, the Fe compound shows two isothermal transformations (a spin‐flop and a spin‐flip to the paramagnetic phase) within 50 kOe. The Co member possesses quite a large canting angle. The Cu member is a magnetic system with low dimensional character and shows slow magnetic relaxation that probably results from the domain dynamics.     

Mediated Electrocatalysis at the Electrodes Covered with [MIII(bpy)3](ClO4)3 (M=Co and Fe) in the Presence of Electroactive Solutes

Electron transfer processes for selected redox systems (ferrocene^0/+, decamethylferrocene^0/+, N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine^0/+, 7,7,8,8‐tetracyano‐quinonedimethane^0/?/2?, cobaltocene^0/+, C₆₀^0/?, and benzoquinone^0/?) at electrodes modified by precipitation of electrochemically inactive [M^III(bpy)₃](ClO₄)₃ (M=Co and Fe, bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) layers have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies. The mediation of heterogeneous electron transfer is observed for these systems. For an electrode modified with [M^III(bpy)₃](ClO₄)₃, the rate of the electrocatalytic mediation process depends on the formal potential of the redox system. If the formal potential of the redox system is close to the potential of [Co^II(bpy)₃]²⁺ oxidation (as is the case with the decamethylferrocene^0/+, N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine^0/+ and 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinonedimethane^0/? systems), the rate of the electrode reaction is limited by the rate of the chemical reduction of the [Co^III(bpy)₃](ClO₄)₃ solid phase by the reduced form of redox couple. For C₆₀ and benzoquinone, which have more negative formal potentials for reduction, the rate of diffusion of the electroactive reactant to the electrode surface limits the rate of electrode process. The kinetics of mediated electrocatalysis are also affected by the solvent. In the case of the Fe(III)‐based layer, the diffusion of the electroactive reactant in the solution is the rate determining step for the catalytic process at the modified electrode for all studied systems. Electrodes modified with [Fe^III(bpy)₃](ClO₄)₃ have been used for the quantitative determination of electroactive compounds. For ferrocene and decamethylferrocene, a linear relationship between the catalytic reduction current and the concentration of reactant in the solution has been observed over the concentration range from 1 to 50 mM.     

Theoretical study of the reactions of the 1Σ+ ground state of MS+ (M = Sc,Y, and La) with oxygen‐transfer reagent MS+ + CO → ScO+ + CS in the gas phase

The reaction mechanisms of the ¹Σ⁺ ground state of MS⁺ (M = Sc, Y, and La) with oxygen‐transfer reagent MS⁺ + CO → MO⁺ + CS in the gas phase has been proposed and investigated by ab initio methods with the 6‐31G* basis set for nonmetal atoms and the effective core potentials of Lanl2dz for the metal atoms. A carbon migration from oxygen atom to sulfur atom via a four‐center transition state is involved on the reaction potential surface. The activation energies of the reactions are 34.0, 24.1, and 36.7 kcal/mol relative to their corresponding reactants and the reaction heats are 15.7, 18.6, and 18.0 kcal/mol (respectively, for M = Sc, Y, and La) at the MP4 (SDTQ)/6‐31G*//MP2/6‐31G* level plus zero‐point energy, which indicates that the cationic yttrium sulfide is more favorable for this type of reaction. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003     

Novel Transition‐Metal (M=Cr,Mo, W,Fe) Carbonyl Complexes with Bis(guanidinato)silicon(II) Ligands

The donor‐stabilized silylene 2 (the first bis(guanidinato)silicon(II ) complex) reacts with the transition‐metal carbonyl complexes [M(CO)₆] (M=Cr, Mo, W) to form the respective silylene complexes 7 – 10 . In the reactions with [M(CO)₆] (M=Cr, Mo, W), the bis(guanidinato)silicon(II ) complex 2 behaves totally different compared with the analogous bis(amidinato)silicon(II ) complex 1 , which reacts with [M(CO)₆] as a nucleophile to replace only one of the six carbonyl groups. In contrast, the reaction of 2 leads to the novel spirocyclic compounds 7 – 9 that contain a four‐membered SiN₂C ring and a five‐membered MSiN₂C ring with a M?Si and M?N bond (nucleophilic substitution of two carbonyl groups). Compounds 7 – 10 were characterized by elemental analyses (C, H, N), crystal structure analyses, and NMR spectroscopic studies in the solid state and in solution.     

Dative bonds versus electron solvation in tri‐coordinated beryllium complexes: Be(CX)3 [X = O,S, Se,Te, Po] and Be(PH3)3 versus Be(NH3)3

The formation mechanism and bonding scheme for the titled molecules is proposed based on high‐level theoretical calculations. All species are formed via three dative bonds from the ligands to Be. For Be(CX)₃ [X = O, S, Se, Te, Po] species and Be(PH₃)₃ the two electrons of beryllium are promoted from 2s to 2p facilitating these bonds. At the same time, electronic density is donated toward the ligands via the π‐frame. In contrast, ammonia partly solvates the valence 2s electrons of Be, which are delocalized in the periphery of the molecule. Based on the proton affinity of all of these complexes and their derivatives, we found that they are strong Lewis bases. For example, Be(PMe₃)₃ is stronger than ammonia and its ethyl substituted analogue and could serve as the basis of more efficient frustrated Lewis pairs.     

Theoretical Study of the Inner/sphere Reorganization Energy and Activation Energy of Self/exchange Electron Transfer Reaction for M(H2O)26+/3+ (M=V, Cr, Mn, Fe and Co) Systems

通过建立电子转移过程的活化模型和重组模型, 提出了用量子化学从头算方法研究电子转移过程内层重组能和活化能的新方法. 在UMP26/311G水平上获得了5对过渡金属水合离子体系M(H     

VCe0.95M0.05 (M=Cu, Co, Mn, Fe或Cr) 复合氧化物的结构和氧化还原性能

采用溶胶 凝胶法制备VCe和VCe0.95M0.05(M=Cu,Co,Mn,Fe或Cr)复合氧化物。用XRD,拉曼光谱,XPS和TPR技术对结构和氧化还原性能进行表征。所有样品的主要物相是四方相的VCeO4。当Fe,Mn,Cu或Co取代部分Ce导致形成少量CeO2或单斜相的VCeO4。XPS结果表明VCe0.95Co0.05,VCe0.95Mn0.05,VCe0.95Cr0.05和VCe0.95Fe0.05复合氧化物中V的价态是+5+δ(δ<1)高于VCe,而VCe0.95Cu0.05相反,V的价态是+5-δ低于VCe。Fe,Co,Cr或Mn能促进VCeO4中V5+的还原,而Cu抑制VCeO4中V5+的还原。     

Investigation on transition States of [Alanine + M2+] (M = Ca,Cu, and Zn) complexes: A quantum chemical study

The ground state geometries of [Alanine (Ala) + M²⁺] [M = Ca, Cu, and Zn) complexes were calculated in gas phase at B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level of theory. Transition states (TSs) between different stable conformers of [Ala + M²⁺] complexes were also calculated. Among the different [Ala + M²⁺] complexes, the complex where metal cations coordinated to carboxylate group (? COO^?) is found to be energetically most favorable. To calculate TSs, the ground state structures of any two conformers of [Ala + M²⁺] complexes were used. The ground state energies of two stable conformers and their TS structures were used to calculate the activation energy. The reactivity of different conformers of [Ala + M²⁺] complexes have been discussed in terms of energy difference between their highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012     

Coexistence of Two Thermally Induced Intramolecular Electron Transfer Processes in a Series of Metal Complexes [M(Cat‐N‐BQ)(Cat‐N‐SQ)]/[M(Cat‐N‐BQ)2] (M=Co,Fe, and Ni) bearing Non‐Innocent Catechol‐Based Ligands: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study

The different thermally induced intermolecular electron transfer (IET) processes that can take place in the series of complexes [M(Cat‐N‐BQ)(Cat‐N‐SQ)]/[M(Cat‐N‐BQ)₂], for which M=Co ( 2 ), Fe ( 3 ) and Ni( 4 ), and Cat‐N‐BQ and Cat‐N‐SQ denote the mononegative (Cat‐N‐BQ^?) or dinegative (Cat‐N‐SQ^2?) radical forms of the tridentate Schiff‐base ligand 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,2‐quinone‐1‐(2‐hydroxy‐3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)imine, have been studied by variable‐temperature UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopies. Depending on the metal ion, rather different behaviors are observed. Complex 2 has been found to be one of the few examples so far reported to exhibit the coexistence of two thermally induced electron transfer processes, ligand‐to‐metal (IET^LM) and ligand‐to‐ligand (IET^LL). IET^LL was only found to take place in complex 3 , and no IET was observed for complex 4 . Such experimental studies have been combined with ab initio wavefunction‐based CASSCF/CASPT2 calculations. Such a strategy allows one to solicit selectively the speculated orbitals and to access the ground states and excited‐spin states, as well as charge‐transfer states giving additional information on the different IET processes.     

Structure and Polymorphism of M(thd)3 (M = Al,Cr, Mn,Fe, Co,Ga, and In)

Formation, crystal structure, polymorphism, and transition between polymorphs are reported for M(thd)₃, (M = Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ga, and In) [(thd)^– = anion of H(thd) = C₁₁H₂₀O₂ = 2, 2, 6, 6‐tetramethylheptane‐3, 5‐dione]. Fresh crystal‐structure data are provided for monoclinic polymorphs of Al(thd)₃, Ga(thd)₃, and In(thd)₃. Apart from adjustment of the M–O_k bond length, the structural characteristics of M(thd)₃ complexes remain essentially unaffected by change of M. Analysis of the M–O_k, O_k–C_k, and C_k–C_k distances support the notion that the M–O_k–C_k–C_k–C_k–O_k– ring forms a heterocyclic unit with σ and π contributions to the bonds. Tentative assessments according to the bond‐valence or bond‐order scheme suggest that the strengths of the σ bonds are approximately equal for the M–O_k, O_k–C_k, and C_k–C_k bonds, whereas the π component of the M–O_k bonds is small compared with those for the O_k–C_k, and C_k–C_k bonds. The contours of a pattern for the occurrence of M(thd)₃ polymorphs suggest that polymorphs with structures of orthorhombic or higher symmetry are favored on crystallization from the vapor phase (viz. sublimation). Monoclinic polymorphs prefer crystallization from solution at temperatures closer to ambient. Each of the M(thd)₃ complexes subject to this study exhibits three or more polymorphs (further variants are likely to emerge consequent on systematic exploration of the crystallization conditions). High‐temperature powder X‐ray diffraction shows that the monoclinic polymorphs convert irreversibly to the corresponding rotational disordered orthorhombic variant above some 100–150 °C (depending on M). The orthorhombic variant is in turn transformed into polymorphs of tetragonal and cubic symmetry before entering the molten state. These findings are discussed in light of the current conceptions of rotational disorder in molecular crystals.     

Magnetic and redox properties in hydroxo‐ and alkoxo‐bridged Fe(III) binuclear complexes: A density functional study

DFT calculations were carried out in order to deduce the dependence of magnetic coupling on the structure of doubly hydroxide/alkoxide‐bridged diiron(III) dimers. The broken‐symmetry formalism was employed to calculate the magnetic exchange parameter J. The potential surfaces of the ground state display a geometrical minimum at an Fe O(H) Fe angle of 105° and FeFe distance of 3.2 Å, in good agreement with experimental values. The calculated correlation between the magnetic coupling with the geometrical structure agrees well with the experimental literature data, although always overestimated. Electrochemical measurements show that a one‐electron reduction is likely to cause dissociation into pseudooctahedral, monomeric subunits, and, consequently, no calculations were made for the reduced dimeric species. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 72: 61–71, 1999     

荷电(±1)对二十面体X_(13)(X=Cr,Mn,Fe,Co)团簇的稳定性与磁性的影响

采用基于密度泛函理论的计算方法,对正二十面体金属X13(X=Cr,Mn,Fe,Co)中性和荷电团簇进行了全面的结构优化计算,研究了荷电对团簇的稳定性和磁性的影响.结果表明:荷负电能够使团簇的稳定性增强;荷电对不同团簇的原子间距离的影响不同;同时荷电对不同团簇磁性的影响也是不一样的,尤其是荷负电能够使Fe13和Co13团簇的磁性大大增强;荷电对不同团簇磁性的影响不是通过原子间距离的变化来实现的,而是受到原子内部电荷的转移和杂化程度的影响.     

Low Temperature Specific Heat Capacity of 3d Transition Metal Chlorine Boracites (T3B7O13Cl; T=Cr,Mn, Fe,Co, Ni,Cu, Zn or Mg)

The heat capacities of eight chlorine boracites T₃B₇O₁₃Cl (T=Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn or Mg) have been measured in the temperature range 2 to 100 K. Magnetic phase transitions occur below 20 K in the compounds studied except in the two non-magnetic substances Zn₃B₇O₁₃Cl and Mg₃B₇O₁₃Cl. The magnetic specific heat capacities give information on magnetic ground state of the transition metals and the entropy related to the phase transitions. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

溶液中M(H2O)26+/3+(M=V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co)自交换电子转移体系内层重组能和活化能的理论研究

通过建立电子转移过程的活化模型和重组模型, 提出了用量子化学从头算方法研究电子转移过程内层重组能和活化能的新方法. 在UMP26/311G水平上获得了5对过渡金属水合离子体系M(H2O)26+/3+(M= V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co)自交换反应的内层重组能和活化能, 获得了与Marcus电子转移理论相一致的结果.