甲酸在钯微粒修饰聚苯胺电极上氧化的协同效应研究

Electrochemical oxidation of formic acid on PAN(Pd) electrode has been studied using conventional electrochemical techniques and the electrochemical in-situ FTIR. The process of electrochemical oxidation of PAN(Pd) electorde has been put forward. The kinetic parameters of different thickness of PAN film such as diffusion coefficient (D0) and reaction rate constant(k0) have been calculated. Furthermore, the causes of the difference between PAN(Pd) and pure Pd(or Pt) electrodes as well as the high electrocatalytic activation of PAN(Pd) electrode for oxidation of fomic acid have also been discussed. The high catalytic activation of PAN(Pd) electrode for oxidation of formic acid probably comes from the synergistic effect of the subcatalytic interaction of PAN and the catalytic interaction of the palladium microparticles.     

The determination and role of peroxyacetil nitrate in photochemical processes in atmosphere

Peroxyacetilnitrates (PAN) is the most characteristic photoxidant of a range of secondary pollutants formed by the photochemical reaction of hydrocarbons with nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere: it is phytotoxic and shows an increasing role in human health effects due to ambient air exposure, especially in presence of high ozone concentrations. Because of the similarity of the conditions required for their photochemical production PAN is observed in conjunction with elevated ozone concentrations. PAN has very low natural background concentrations so it is the very specific indicator of anthropogenic photochemical air pollution. In this paper we report PAN concentrations determined in Rome urban area during winter- and summer-period. PAN measurements were carried out by means of a gas-chromatograph equipped with an Electron Capture Detector (ECD) detector. For identifying the acute episodes of atmospheric photochemical pollutants the relationship between PAN and the variable Ox (=NO2+O3) which describes the oxidation process evolution is investigated. The role of Volatile Organic Compounds and PAN in the ozone formation is investigated as well the issue of taking in account the autovehicular emissions for checking the NOx fraction in fuel.     

Ionic strength-sensitive pullulan acetate nanoparticles (PAN) for intratumoral administration of radioisotope: ionic strength-dependent aggregation behavior and (99m)Technetium retention property

In order to design an effective intratumoral radioisotope carrier, a self-assembled nanoparticle evidencing ionic strength (IS)-sensitivity from a polysaccharide derivative (pullulan acetate nanoparticle (PAN)) was prepared via dialysis. The PAN had a spherical shape in a range of size of 50-130 nm and a low critical aggregation concentration (CAC) (<8 microg/mL). With increases in the IS of the dialysis media (IS(dia)), the CAC of PAN was reduced gradually and the rigidity of the hydrophobic core in PAN was increased. This suggests that the property of PAN was altered more hydrophobically at high IS values. The stabilities of PANs prepared from various IS(dia) were also monitored with changes in the turbidity and particle size in different IS solutions. In the case of PAN prepared at an IS(dia)=0.0, the turbidity was dramatically reduced with increasing IS due to the facilitation of aggregation between the particles, whereas in the other cases, these changes were negligible. This finding indicates that PAN prepared in distilled water (IS=0.0) can be readily injected as the consequence of its nano-size, and accumulates quickly, then remains in the tumor site for a considerable period (IS=0.15). In order to closely estimate the potential of PAN as a radioisotope carrier, the radioisotope labeling efficiency of PAN with no chelating agents was evaluated. PAN evidenced a high degree of (99m)Technetium ((99m)Tc) labeling efficiency (approximately 98%). The percentage retention rate (%RR) of the (99m)Tc-labeled PAN was significantly longer than that of the free (99m)Tc (p<0.05), due largely to PAN's IS-sensitivity. In conclusion, PAN may constitute a new approach to the achievement of maximal radioisotope efficiency with regard to intratumoral administration.     

Structures and cyclization behaviors of gel-spun cellulose/polyacrylonitrile composite fibers

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/cellulose composite fibers have been produced by dry-jet gel spinning through their co-solution. The rheological properties of PAN/cellulose/dimethylacetamide/LiCl solutions containing different cellulose contents from 0 to 10 wt% were characterized, and 5 wt% PAN/cellulose composite solution shows the best solution homogeneity. During gel spinning, the cellulose forms elongated particles inside the gelation bath, and the particle diameters depend on the as-spun draw ratio. It was found that the glass transition of PAN fibers shifts to higher temperatures along with the increase of cellulose content, and the glass transition activation energy of PAN chains becomes higher when cellulose particles become smaller. Regardless the changes of cellulose amount (2–10 wt%) and particle diameter (7.1–1.4 μm), the cyclization activation energy of PAN/cellulose composite fibers is 13–17% lower than that of neat PAN fibers. Our experiments suggest that the addition of cellulose in PAN fibers has no direct effect on the cyclization reaction of PAN chains. Instead, the released by-products during the pyrolysis of cellulose at high temperature degradation affect the cyclization reaction of PAN chains.     

Surface properties of poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) precipitation polymerized in supercritical CO2 and the influence of the molecular weight

In this paper, the surface properties, e.g., the total surface free energy and the related Lifshitz-van der Waals and Lewis acid-base components, of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precipitation polymerized in supercritical CO(2) have been characterized. Moreover, the influence of molecular weight varying has been also investigated. Results show that the surface properties of PAN resulting from supercritical CO(2) are different from those obtained by the conventional method. Of these data, one important finding is that the supercritical CO(2) PAN seems to decrease the surface free energy with the increased molecular weight. Based on previous recorded NMR spectra of this PAN and especially compared to commercial PAN, such phenomena are discussed and ascribed to an increase of the H-bonds and a reduction of the isotacticity in the supercritical CO(2) condition for PAN.     

Recent developments in the chemistry and biology of peroxyacetyl nitrate

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), a ubiquitous compound in ambient air, is formed as a secondary product in photochemical reactions of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. Although PAN has a relatively short lifetime at room temperature (ca. 0.7 h), its thermal dissociation is highly dependent on the temperature as well as the NO-to-NO₂ concentration ratio. These factors lead to a relatively long lifetime for PAN in the mid to upper troposphere, where temperatures are much lower than temperatures at the earth’s surface. The longer lifetime at this altitude allows substantial transport and redistribution of reactive nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere. In urban atmospheres, PAN concentrations in the part-per-billion range can lead to plant damage, while the potential human health effects at these concentrations are currently unknown. These aspects of the chemistry and biology of PAN have led to considerable research into the properties, analysis, reaction kinetics, atmospheric concentrations, and biological effects during the past dozen years. Studies have been conducted that reexamine the infrared and ultraviolet spectra of PAN, the deposition velocity under a variety of conditions, its hydrolysis in acidic and basic solutions, and the thermal dissociation reaction of PAN and associated reactions of the acetylperoxy radical; measure atmospheric abundances; and determine biological effects. In the present paper, many notable aspects of these topics are reviewed and integrated to allow a fundamental understanding of the importance of this molecule.     

Effect of copolymerization on the crystalline structure of polyacrylonitrile

X-ray diffraction of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (poly-HEMA) and their random copolymers containing low proportions of HEMA has been carried out in order to investigate the changes in the PAN structure produced by introducing some HEMA units into the chain. Both crystalline and amorphous phases were distinguishable in PAN and the copolymers. Considerable decrease in crystallinity on copolymerization was found, but not showing any quantitative relationship with the HEMA content. The crystalline lattice in the copolymers remained similar to that of PAN. A two-phase (crystalline and amorphous) structure of PAN was found more suitable to explain the results.     

电催化甲酸氧化中钯微粒与聚苯胺的相互作用

采用电化学、ＸＰＳ和拉曼光谱研究钯微粒修饰聚苯胺（ＰＡＮ（Ｐｄ）电极对甲酸氧化的电催化行为。由于钯与ＰＡＮ的相互作用，钯微粒在所研究的电位区间可稳定地固定于ＰＡＮ中，且甲酸在钯上的氧化明显地抑制ＰＡＮ的氧化降解，使ＰＡＮ（Ｐｄ）电极电催化甲酸氧化反应具有高的稳定性和活性。     

Bioelectrochemical Response of the Polyaniline Tyrosinase Electrode to Phenol

A new, simple amperometric sensor system for detecting phenols has been developed. Using the electrochemical doping method, a polyaniline tyrosinase electrode (TS/PAN/Pt) has been devised as a detecting phenol sensor. The effect of experimental parameters, such as operating potential, pH, and temperature, has been studied. The activation energy of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is 14.73 kJ mol^?1. Comparison of the responses with the 4-aminoantipyrine standard method for phenol sample analysis indicated the feasibility of the TS/PAN/Pt sensor. The TS/PAN/Pt shows a high operational stability. Under the optimum conditions, the TS/PAN/Pt displayed detection limits for phenol in the lower nanomolar range.     

非离子表面活性剂胶束增溶显色反应机理的研究 III:在Fe(III)-PAN-Triton X-100体系中胶束对金属离子反应活性的影响

Fe (III) and PAN form the complex Fe(PAN)2OH which can be extracted into CHCl3. The CHCl3 extract shows absorption maxima at 550 nm and 775 nm (log E550 = 4.06, log e775 = 4.08). In the Fe(III)--PAN--Triton X-100 system, two complex species (Fe(PAN)2)+ and/or Fe(PAN)2OH may be formed. (Fe(PAN)2)+ exhibits a stronger absorption peak at 550 nm (log E550 =4.36). In this paper the effect of Triton X-100 micelles on the Fe(III)-PAN reaction has been investigated in detail. We consider that the presence of high density of ethereal oxygen chains in Triton X-100 micelles enables to concentrate hydrated Fe(III) ions and change their existing state. Moreover, the micelles not only increase the reactivity of Fe(III), but also enhance the rate of the color reaction.     

Controlling electrospun nanofiber morphology and mechanical properties using humidity

Electrospinning is a fiber spinning technique used to produce nanoscale polymeric fibers with superior interconnectivity and specific surface area. The fiber diameter, surface morphology, and mechanical strength are important properties of electrospun fibers that can be tuned for diverse applications. In this study, the authors investigate how the humidity during electrospinning influences these specific properties of the fiber mat. Using two previously uninvestigated polymers, poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) and polysulfone (PSU) dissolved in N,N‐Dimethylformamide (DMF), experimental results show that increasing humidity during spinning causes an increase in fiber diameter and a decrease in mechanical strength. Moreover, surface features such as roughness or pores become evident when electrospinning in an atmosphere with high relative humidity (RH). However, PAN and PSU fibers are affected differently. PAN has a narrower distribution of fiber diameter regardless of the RH, whereas PSU has a wider and more bimodal distribution under high RH. In addition, PSU fibers spun at high humidity exhibit surface pores and higher specific surface area whereas PAN fibers exhibit an increased surface roughness but no visible pores. These fiber morphologies are caused by a complex interaction between the nonsolvent (water), the hygroscopic solvent (DMF), and the polymer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011     

Thermal Analysis of Acrylonitrile Polymerization and Cyclization in the Presence of N,N-Dimethylformamide

This paper examines the polymerization of acrylonitrile to poly(acrylonitrile)(PAN), and its cyclization, in bulk form and using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent in which both monomer and polymer are soluble. Thermal analysis of the resultant products after polymerization has been performed by DSC and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Scanning electron microscopy has been used to study the morphology of the resultant products and after thermal treatments. The DSC thermal curve of PAN-DMF sample is quite different from the PAN bulk sample, showing a single sharp exothermic peak associated with nitrile group polymerization (cyclization) of PAN at lower temperature (240°C) than that of bulk PAN sample (314°C). Cyclization of PAN was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. It was found that the amide molecules are difficult to eliminate completely in the product obtained after the polymerization reaction, even after prolonged heating at 110°C, and remain occluded. The formation of a complex by dipolar bonding is also possible and it is discussed. It is concluded that the amount of heat evolved as well as the temperature interval over which it is released are influenced by the chemical processing of PAN when using DMF as solvent of both monomer and polymer. Pyrolysis of these PAN samples revealed the release of occluded molecules of DMF, and several compounds containing nitrogen produced from the thermal degradation processes. All these results are interesting to know the chemical processing of carbon fibres and activated carbon fibres from PAN modified precursors.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

PAN-蛋白质络合物的极谱吸附波及其应用

在0.05 mol/L HAc溶液中,PAN-牛血清白蛋白/人血清白蛋白络合物在-0.58 V(vs.SCE)处产生一灵敏吸附还原峰,峰电位较之游离PAN还原峰负约0.28 V,峰电流与牛血清白蛋白、人血清白蛋白浓度在0.1～12 mg/L,0.1～11 mg/L范围内呈线性关系;检测限均为0.05 mg/L。运用该法测定了人血清样品蛋白质含量。     

Spectrophotometric determination of palladium after solid-liquid extraction with 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol at 90 degrees C

An effective spectrophotometric determination of palladium with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) using molten naphthalene as a diluent has been studied. A green complex of palladium with PAN is formed at 90 degrees C. In the range of pH 1.5-7.5, the complex is quantitatively extracted into molten naphthalene. The organic phase is anhydrously dissolved in CHCl(3) to be determined spectrophotometrically at 678 nm against the reagent blank. Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 0.5-10 ppm. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity are 1.2 x 10(4) l mol(-1) cm(-1) and 0.0070 mg cm(-2), respectively. The optimum conditions for determination are obtained. The interferences of various ions are observed in detail. The method has been applied to the determination of palladium in synthetic samples.     

Overall metabolic network analysis of urine in hyperlipidemic rats treated with Bidens bipinnata L.

Hyperlipidemia has been highlighted as one of the most prominent and global chronic conditions nowadays. Bidens bipinnata L. (BBL), a folk medicine in contemporary China, has efficacy in the treatment of hyperlipidemia (HLP) in China. Although some physiological and pathological function parameters of hyperlipidemia have been investigated, little information about the changes in small metabolites in biofluids has been reported. In the present study, global metabolic profiling with high-performance liquid chromatography–linear ion trap/Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC–LTQ/Orbitrap MS) combined with a pattern recognition method was performed to discover the underlying lipid-regulating mechanisms of BBL on hyperlipidemic rats induced by high-fat diet (HFD). The total of four metabolites, up- or down-regulated (p < 0.05 or 0.01), were identified and contributed to the progression of hyperlipidemia. These promising identified biomarkers underpin the metabolic pathway, including glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, the TCA cycle, sphingolipid metabolism and purine metabolism. They are disturbed in hyperlipidemic rats, and are identified using pathway analysis with MetPA. The altered metabolite indices could be regulated closer to normal levels after BBL intervention. The results demonstrated that urinary metabolomics is a powerful tool in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of hyperlipidemia to provide information on changes in metabolite pathways.     

Effects of fabrication conditions on the structure and function of membranes formed from poly(acrylonitrile–vinylchloride)

Phase-inversion membranes formed from poly(acrylonitril–co-vinylchloride) (PAN–PVC) have been utilized for encapsulating living cells for transplantation; however, a detailed analysis of the structure and function of the integral skin layer has not been reported. PAN–PVC membranes fabricated under different precipitation conditions were analyzed using microscopic techniques and several functional tests. Structural analysis with scanning atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the presence of nodular elements in the skin layer which changed as a function of precipitation conditions. In addition, membrane hydraulic permeabilities, sieving coefficients, and diffusive permeabilities also varied with precipitation conditions. Furthermore, changes in the functional properties could be related to the size of the nodular elements and their accompanying interstitial space. The results provide insight into the fundamental interrelationships that exist between membrane fabrication, the fine surface morphology of the skin layer, and membrane performance.     

聚丙烯腈溶液的凝胶化研究

聚丙烯腈是用途最广泛的聚合物之一,其溶于适当溶剂中形成的聚丙烯腈溶液是制备聚丙烯腈纤维、渗透膜等高分子材料的原料。聚丙烯腈溶液的物理化学性质对所制备材料的性能有很大的影响。本文对高分子溶液的凝胶化和高分子凝胶的特点做了简要介绍,并介绍了聚丙烯腈及其凝胶的特点。根据高分子浓溶液体系的特点提出用于表征聚丙烯腈溶液凝胶化的主要方法。从浓度和温度对聚丙烯腈溶液凝胶化行为的影响、熟化和非溶剂对聚丙烯腈溶液凝胶化行为的影响、聚丙烯腈溶液凝胶化的热可逆性、聚丙烯腈溶液凝胶化的分形特征以及聚丙烯腈凝胶的交联机理这几个方面对已有聚丙烯腈溶液的凝胶化研究成果和最新进展进行了综述。最后对聚丙烯腈溶液凝胶化和聚丙烯腈凝胶的研究前景做了展望。     

STXM研究氧元素在PAN预氧化纤维截面上的分布

采用扫描透射X射线显微镜( STXM),对聚丙烯腈(PAN)预氧化纤维截面进行具有30 nm空间分辨率的元素分布研究,结合将两幅吸收图上对应像素点的光密度相比求解元素分布的双能衬度分析法,获得氧元素在PAN预氧化纤维截面上的分布信息.STXM实验结果表明,氧元素在PAN原丝截面上分布是均匀的;经过预氧化后,PAN纤维皮...     

Relaxation phenomena and electrical conductivity of some polymeric films

Electrical conduction in sandwich samples of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or copolymer of acrylonitrile with butadiene between silver has been studied, measuring the dependence of current on the applied field, temperature and time. The conduction mechanism depends on the polymer type. A polarization contribution is suggested in the conduction mechanism at high temperatures, besides Schottky emission in the case of PAN and the simple carrier jump model in the case of NBR at room temperature. The temporal current variation is explained in terms of dipole orientation. The mobility and charge carrier density are influenced by the applied field, temperature and film thickness.     

微孔型聚丙烯腈固体电解质的结构与导电性能研究

用蒸汽相沉析法和液相沉析法分别制备了两类高孔隙率的聚丙烯腈 (PAN)微孔膜 .用扫描电子显微镜对微孔膜的形态进行了观察 ,发现前者为均匀的蜂窝状结构 ,而后者则具有不对称的三层次结构 .又用这两类微孔膜分别制备了两个系列的微孔型PAN电解质 .电性能测试表明前者的室温电导率较高 ,可以达到 4×10 - 3 S cm ,后者的电导率则相对较低 .微孔膜本身诸因素对微孔型PAN电解质电导率的影响顺序为微孔膜结构—孔隙率—微孔孔径