3NaBH4/ErF3复合储氢材料的制备及吸放氢特性

采用高能球磨法制备了3NaBH4/ErF3复合储氢材料, 并研究了其相结构和储氢性能. X射线衍射(XRD)显示, NaBH4和ErF3在球磨过程中未发生反应; 同步热分析(TG-DSC)测试结果表明, 3NaBH4/ErF3体系在420℃开始放氢, 比相同测试条件下纯NaBH4的放氢温度降低了约100℃, 放氢量为3.06%(质量分数). 压力-成分-温度(Pressure-Composition-Temperature, PCT)性能测试结果显示, 3NaBH4/ErF3复合储氢材料在较低的温度(355~413℃)及平台氢压(<1 MPa)下即拥有良好的可逆吸放氢性能, 最高可逆吸氢量可达到2.78%(质量分数), 吸氢后体系重新生成了NaBH4相. 计算得吸氢焓变仅为-36.8 kJ/mol H2; 而放氢焓变为-180.8 kJ/mol H2. NaBH4在ErF3的作用下提高了热动力学性能, 并实现了可逆吸放氢.     

Ti掺杂的MgH2和Mg2NiH4的放氢性能

以TiF₃和Ti(OBu-n)₄为催化剂, 研究了Ti离子掺杂对MgH₂和Mg₂NiH₄放氢性能的影响. 结果表明, 未掺杂的MgH₂起始放氢温度为420 ℃, 掺杂TiF₃和Ti(OBu-n)₄后分别降低到360和410 ℃; Mg₂NiH₄在掺杂TiF₃后放氢温度由230 ℃降低到220 ℃, 而掺杂Ti(OBu-n)₄后没有变化. 可见无论对MgH₂或Mg₂NiH₄, 在降低放氢温度方面TiF₃都明显优于Ti(OBu-n)₄. 另外, 研究还发现, TiF₃掺杂对MgH₂放氢动力学有显著的提高, 但对Mg₂NiH₄没有明显的提高. 结合XRD和FTIR的测试分析, 我们认为: 催化作用很大程度上取决于氢化物自身的晶体结构和催化剂的电子结构; 降低氢化物放氢温度和提高动力学性能的原因是催化剂与氢化物之间的相互作用削弱了氢化物中Mg—H或Ni—H键, 使得活泼的H…H原子对容易形成, 从而有利于H₂的释出.     

Mg2 FeH6 纳米晶的制备及储氢性能

在室温和氩气气氛下, 以MgH2 和纳米Fe为原料, 采用机械合金化(球磨法)制备了Mg2FeH6纳米晶. 考察了球磨参数(时间、 转速)对产物的影响, 对所制备的Mg2FeH6 纳米晶的组成、 结构和形貌进行了表征, 并对其储氢性能进行了测试. 结果表明, 所制备的Mg2FeH6纳米晶为立方结构, 纯度较高(91.4%), 其晶粒尺寸较小, 约为10~30 nm, 但团聚现象较为严重. Mg2FeH6纳米晶具有较低的活化能和较好的吸放氢动力学性能, 其放氢的脱附焓和脱附熵分别为(-42.8±2) kJ/mol和(-72.0±3) J/(mol·K). 在503 K和6 kPa的氢气压力下, Mg2FeH6纳米晶在70 min内放氢量达到2.5%(质量分数); 在2 MPa的氢气压力下, 上述放氢产物具有较快的起始吸氢速率.     

Fe2O3与TiF3添加剂对LiBH4-MgH2复合氢化物体系的协同催化作用

通过球磨方法制备出2LiBH4-MgH2,2LiBH4-MgH2-10%Fe2O3,2LiBH4-MgH2-10%TiF3,2LiBH4-MgH2-5%Fe2O3-5%TiF3和2LiBH4-MgH2-10%Fe2O3-10%TiF35个复合氢化物体系,用热重(TG)、差示扫描量热(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和压力-组成-温度仪(PCT)等对所制备体系进行表征.结果表明,Fe2O3和TiF3的掺杂均能够有效地改善2LiBH4-MgH2复合体系的放氢性能,尤其是两者共掺杂的2LiBH4-MgH2-10%Fe2O3-10%TiF3体系,初始放氢温度为110℃,总放氢量达到约9.6%.对2LiBH4-MgH2-5%Fe2O3-5%TiF3体系的PCT表征结果表明,在400℃时,10 min内放氢量达到了8.6%,放氢热力学和放氢动力学均优于单一相的掺杂,体现了两相掺杂的协同催化作用.     

镁含量对RE-Mg-Ni系A2B7型储氢合金结构与性能的影响

采用感应熔炼方法制备了La0.8-xGd0.2MgxNi3.1Co0.3Al0.1(x=0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4)储氢合金, 并在氩气气氛和1173 K下进行退火处理. 合金相结构分析结果表明, 镁含量(x)较低时合金以Ce2Ni7型为主相结构, A2B7型相丰度(Ce2Ni7+Gd2Co7)达到98.8%; 镁含量较高时合金相由A2B7型、 CaCu5型和PuNi3型物相构成, 随着镁含量的增加, PuNi3型和CaCu5型相组成逐渐增多, 其晶胞参数随Mg含量的增加而减小, 同时合金的吸氢平台也随之升高. 电化学测试结果表明, 随着合金中Mg含量增加, 合金电极的最大放电容量和循环稳定性均呈先增大后减小的规律, 其中x=0.15时合金电极具有最高的电化学放电容量(393 mA·h/g)和最佳的循环寿命(S100=92.82%). 合金电极的高倍率放电性能(HRD)随Mg含量的增加先减小再增大然后又减小, 适量的Mg元素改善了合金电极的动力学性能.     

MgH2+20%(w)MgTiO3复合材料的吸/放氢性能

为了降低MgH₂的吸放氢温度, 提高其吸放氢动力学性能, 本文通过球磨方法制备了MgH₂+20%(w)MgTiO₃复合储氢材料, 并研究了其储氢性能. X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明, MgTiO₃在与MgH₂球磨过程中生成Mg₂TiO₄和TiO₂, 并且Mg₂TiO₄和TiO₂在体系的吸放氢过程中保持稳定, 能够对MgH₂的吸放氢过程产生催化作用. 程序升温脱附和吸/放氢动力学测试结果表明, 添加MgTiO₃后MgH₂的初始放氢温度从389 ℃降至249 ℃.150 ℃下的吸氢量从0.977%(w)提高到2.902%(w), 350 ℃下的放氢量从2.319%(w)提高到3.653%(w). 同时, MgH₂放氢反应的活化能从116 kJ·mol^-1降至95.7 kJ·mol^-1. 与MgH₂相比, MgH₂+20%(w) MgTiO₃复合材料的热力学与动力学性能均有显著提高, 这主要是由于球磨和放氢过程中原位生成的TiO₂和Mg₂TiO₄具有良好的催化活性.     

添加C10H10Cl2Ti对6LiBH4-CaH2-3MgH2体系储氢性能的影响

C_(10)H_(10)Cl_2Ti的添加可以有效改善6LiBH_4-CaH_2-3MgH_2样品吸放氢性能,添加的质量分数为5%时具有较好的催化效果。样品的起始和终止放氢温度比原始样品分别降低约30和25℃,可逆储氢量(质量分数)约为8.1%。添加C_(10)H_(10)Cl_2Ti催化剂的样品在360℃下等温放氢速率比原始样品提高了178%。两步放氢反应的表观活化能分别为131.4和138.8 kJ·mol~(-1),相比原始样品降低了约18.6%和15.8%。利用X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)对样品进行分析发现,热分解过程中C_(10)H_(10)Cl_2Ti生成了多价态的Ti化合物,催化了LiBH_4与CaH_2的反应,从而改善了复合体系的储氢性能。     

快离子导体Li3V2(PO4)3包覆LiFePO4的结构和性能

通过机械活化将快离子导体Li3 V2(PO4)3包覆在LiFePO4 表面, 制备了性能优异的复合正极材料9LiFePO4@Li3 V2(PO4)3. 用XRD, SEM, HRTEM, EDS和电化学测试等手段研究了材料的物理化学性能. 结果表明, 包覆后的材料含有橄榄石结构的LiFePO4、单斜晶系的Li3 V2(PO4)3 和正交晶系的Li3 PO4; LiFePO4颗粒表面包覆了一层Li3 V2(PO4)3, 且部分V3+进入LiFePO4晶格内部, 使其晶格参数减小, 包覆后的LiFePO4的交换电流密度和锂离子扩散系数均提高了1个数量级. 电化学测试结果表明, 包覆后的LiFePO4的倍率性能及循环性能都得到显著改善, 在1C和2C倍率下, 包覆后的LiFePO4的首次放电比容量较包覆前分别提高了34.09%和78.97%, 经150次循环后容量保持率分别提高了27.77%和65.54%; 并且5C时容量为121.379 mA·h/g(包覆前LiFePO4在5C下几乎没有容量), 循环350次后的容量保持率高达94.03%.     

Mg／Mgl．8La0．2Ni纳米复合材料的吸放氢性能研究

应用高能球磨法制备Mg-x％Mg1.8La0.2Ni（x=10、20和30）纳米复合储氢材料．X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）和选区电子衍射（SAED）测试表明，该复合材料具有纳米晶和非晶态混合结构的性质，吸氢温度降低，较好的吸放氢动力学性能，在423K，2．5MPa氢压的条件下，50s内即可达到最大吸氢量．     

稀土元素对R-Y-Ni系A2B7型无镁储氢合金微观结构和电化学性能的影响

采用真空电弧熔炼及退火处理制备R-Y-Ni系A_2B_7型R0.3Y0.7Ni3.25Mn0.15Al0.1(R=Y,La,Pr,Ce,Nd,Gd,Sm)储氢合金,系统研究稀土元素R对合金微观组织与结构、储氢和电化学性能的影响。XRD和SEM-EDS分析表明,合金退火组织由Ce2Ni7型主相、PuNi3型及少量Ca Cu5型相组成,Ce2Ni7型主相的晶格常数a、c及晶胞体积V均随稀土R原子半径的减小而依次降低。该合金均具有明显的吸放氢平台,常温下最大吸氢容量为1.17%~1.48%(w/w),吸氢平台压Peq为0.037~0.194 MPa。电化学分析表明,退火合金电极的电化学活化性能优良,R=La合金具有最高的放电容量(389.2 mAh·g-1)和较佳的容量保持率(充放电循环100次后的S100=85.7%),其中合金微观组织的不均匀性及稀土元素的电化学腐蚀是影响电极循环稳定性的主要原因。合金电极的高倍率放电性能(电流密度为900 m A·g-1)HRD900=71.05%~86.94%,其电极反应动力学控制步骤主要由氢原子在合金体相中的扩散速率所控制。     

3LiBH4/CeF3体系的放氢性能及机制

采用球磨法制备了3LiBH₄/CeF₃反应体系, 通过压力-组成-温度(PCT)测试仪、 X射线衍射仪(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)研究了体系的放氢性能、 反应机制及性能改善机理. 结果表明, 3LiBH₄/CeF₃体系在295 ℃左右快速放氢, 总放氢量为4.1%(质量分数). 放氢过程中CeF₃与LiBH₄直接发生反应: 3LiBH₄+CeF₃1/2CeB₆+1/2CeH₂+3LiF+11/2H₂. 与纯LiBH₄相比, 放氢热力学稳定性和表观活化能的降低是3LiBH₄/CeF₃体系放氢温度下降的主要原因.     

Functions of MgH(2) in hydrogen storage reactions of the 6LiBH(4)-CaH(2) reactive hydride composite

A significant improvement of hydrogen storage properties was achieved by introducing MgH(2) into the 6LiBH(4)-CaH(2) system. It was found that ～8.0 wt% of hydrogen could be reversibly stored in a 6LiBH(4)-CaH(2)-3MgH(2) composite below 400 °C and 100 bar of hydrogen pressure with a stepwise reaction, which is superior to the pristine 6LiBH(4)-CaH(2) and LiBH(4) samples. Upon dehydriding, MgH(2) first decomposed to convert to Mg and liberate hydrogen with an on-set temperature of ～290 °C. Subsequently, LiBH(4) reacted with CaH(2) to form CaB(6) and LiH in addition to further hydrogen release. Hydrogen desorption from the 6LiBH(4)-CaH(2)-3MgH(2) composite finished at ～430 °C in non-isothermal model, a 160 °C reduction relative to the 6LiBH(4)-CaH(2) sample. JMA analyses revealed that hydrogen desorption was a diffusion-controlled reaction rather than an interface reaction-controlled process. The newly produced Mg of the first-step dehydrogenation possibly acts as the heterogeneous nucleation center of the resultant products of the second-step dehydrogenation, which diminishes the energy barrier and facilitates nucleation and growth, consequently reducing the operating temperature and improving the kinetics of hydrogen storage.     

Ti-Zr催化剂对NaH/Al复合物可逆储氢特性的影响

采用机械球磨(NaH/Al+Ti)和(NaH/Al+Ti-Zr)复合物的方法加氢制备了NaAlH4配位氢化物, 系统研究了Ti、Ti-Zr催化剂以及不同加氢条件对其可逆储氢行为的影响. 结果表明, 对于NaH/Al体系的吸放氢性能, 共掺金属Ti粉/Zr粉的催化作用比单独掺金属Ti粉的催化作用要好. 随着加氢温度从85 ℃上升到140 ℃, 体系的吸氢容量先增后减, 并在120 ℃时达到最大值; 同时, 发现共掺Ti-Zr催化剂的复合物具有最佳的储氢性能, 在120和85 ℃时的吸氢量分别为4.61%和3.52%(w), 比仅掺Ti 催化剂的复合物分别高出0.40%和0.70%(w)的吸氢量. 随着加氢压力的增大, (NaH/Al+Ti-Zr)复合物的吸氢性能随之提高. XRD和DSC分析结果表明, NaAlH4体系的放氢过程明显发生两步分解反应, 共掺Ti-Zr催化剂的复合物储氢性能优于单独掺Ti 催化剂的原因是, 共掺催化剂能有效改善NaAlH4体系吸放氢反应的动力学性能,并降低体系的放氢温度.     

Theoretical Studies on Dehydrogenation Reactions in Mg2(BH4)2(NH2)2 Compounds

Borohydrides have been recently hightlighted as prospective new materials due to their high gravimetric capacities for hydrogen storage. It is, therefore, important to under-stand the underlying dehydrogenation mechanisms for further development of these ma-terials. We present a systematic theoretical investigation on the dehydrogenation mecha-nisms of theMg₂(BH₄)₂(NH₂)₂ compounds. We found that dehydrogenation takes place most likely via the intermolecular process, which is favorable both kinetically and thermo-dynamically in comparison with that of the intramolecular process. The dehydrogenation of Mg₂(BH₄)₂(NH₂)₂ initially takes place via the direct combination of the hydridic H in BH₄^- and the protic H in NH₂^-, followed by the formation of Mg-H and subsequent ionic recombination of Mg-H^δ- …H^δ+N.     

Pressure-enhanced dehydrogenation reaction of the LiBH4-YH3 composite

The increase in hydrogen back pressure unexpectedly enhances the overall dehydrogenation reaction rate of the 4LiBH(4) + YH(3) composite significantly. Also, argon back pressure has a similar influence on the composite. Gas back pressure seems to enhance the dehydrogenation reaction by kinetically suppressing the formation of the diborane by-product.     

Superior hydrogen storage properties of LiBH4 catalyzed by Mg(AlH4)2

Mg(AlH(4))(2) is found to provide a synergistic effect on improving the de-/rehydrogenation properties of LiBH(4). The Mg(AlH(4))(2)-catalyzed LiBH(4) exhibits lower dehydrogenation temperature and faster de-/rehydrogenation kinetics than the individually MgH(2)- or Al-catalyzed LiBH(4).     

Reversible storage of hydrogen in destabilized LiBH4

Destabilization of LiBH4 for reversible hydrogen storage has been studied using MgH2 as a destabilizing additive. Mechanically milled mixtures of LiBH4 + (1/2)MgH2 or LiH + (1/2)MgB2 including 2-3 mol % TiCl3 are shown to reversibly store 8-10 wt % hydrogen. Variation of the equilibrium pressure obtained from isotherms measured at 315-400 degrees C indicate that addition of MgH2 lowers the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation enthalpy by 25 kJ/(mol of H2) compared with pure LiBH4. Formation of MgB2 upon dehydrogenation stabilizes the dehydrogenated state and, thereby, destabilizes the LiBH4. Extrapolation of the isotherm data yields a predicted equilibrium pressure of 1 bar at approximately 225 degrees C. However, the kinetics were too slow for direct measurements at these temperatures.     

Stability and reversibility of LiBH4

LiBH4 is a complex hydride and exhibits a high gravimetric hydrogen density of 18.5 wt %. Therefore it is a promising hydrogen storage material for mobile applications. The stability of LiBH4 was investigated by pcT (pressure, concentration, and temperature) measurements under constant hydrogen flows and extrapolated to equilibrium. According to the van 't Hoff equation the following thermodynamic parameters are determined for the desorption: enthalpy of reaction DeltarH = 74 kJ mol-1 H2 and entropy of reaction DeltarS = 115 J K-1 mol-1 H2. LiBH4 decomposes to LiH + B + 3/2H2 and can theoretically release 13.9 wt % hydrogen for this reaction. It is shown that the reaction can be reversed at a temperature of 600 degrees C and at a pressure of 155 bar. The formation of LiBH4 was confirmed by XRD (X-ray diffraction). In the rehydrided material 8.3 wt % hydrogen was desorbed in a TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) measurement compared to 10.9 wt % desorbed in the first dehydrogenation.     

Mg-Fe-Ni非晶储氢电极材料的微结构和电化学性能

采用XRD、SEM、电化学测试等方法研究了机械球磨合成的Mg-Fe-Ni非晶储氢电极材料的微结构和电化学储氢性能. 结果表明, 镁含量和镍粉添加量对复合物的电化学性能有显著影响. 对于(xMg+Fe)+200% (质量分数, 余同)Ni (x=2、3) 复合物, 随Mg含量增加, 最大放电容量增大. 当x=2、3时复合物的最大放电容量分别为391.9、480.8 mA•h•g^-1. 无镍的(3Mg+Fe)复合物最大放电容量仅为23.8 mA•h•g^-1；对于(3Mg+Fe)+y% Ni (y=0、50、100、200), 随着镍添加量的增加, 球磨120 h合成复合物的最大放电容量先增加后减小,并在y=100时达到最高值519.5 mA•h•g^-1. 微结构分析表明,无镍的Mg-Fe复合物经120 h球磨后仍为Mg和Fe两个单相混合组织, 无新相产生, 而加入镍粉有助于Mg-Fe非晶相的形成, Ni还起到良好的表面电催化作用, 改善了非晶Mg-Fe-Ni复合物的电化学性能.