Ti、TiN、TiO2改性层的纳米力学性能测试与分析

采用等离子表面合金化技术,分别在316L不锈钢表面制备出渗Ti改性层、渗TiN改性层和TiO2改性层薄膜.使用连续刚度法,从截面方向和表面方向对改性层进行纳米压痕实验,研究改性层的纳米力学性能.实验测得材料在压痕过程中的载荷—位移曲线以及硬度和模量随压入深度的连续变化值.结果表明,改性层纳米力学特性表现为各向异性;TiN改性层的力学性能表现良好.TiO2改性层由渗Ti改性层经氧化制成,二者的弹性模量和硬度在截面方向上变化规律相似,在表面方向上数值相近.     

测量界面软铬层力学性质的纳米压入法

为了测量双层铬的界面软铬层力学性质,提出了化学腐蚀基体法,通过溶解掉基体制备没有基体支撑的自由铬层,将在横截面内线状显示的界面转化为界面表面(铬层与基体相连接的面),避免了横截面不能显示界面表面的缺点。对界面表面进行纳米压入实验和借助于表征薄膜力学性质的表面压入能量法,测得了描述界面软铬层力学性质的弹性模量和压入弹、塑性功等参数。     

表面机械滚压处理(SMRT)316L不锈钢梯度纳米层在腐蚀介质下的摩擦学行为研究

采用表面机械滚压处理(surface mechanical rolling treatment,SMRT)技术在316L奥氏体不锈钢表面构筑了梯度纳米结构层. 利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和纳米压痕仪等分析其微观组织、力学性能等基础上,重点探讨了SMRT前后316L在1 mol/L HCl溶液(以纯水环境作为对比组)中的摩擦学行为. 结果表明:经SMRT加工后316L表面梯度纳米晶层厚度达200 μm以上,表面硬化层厚度超过1.5 mm,表面硬度提升至基体近2倍;SMRT大大减缓了材料磨损,与基体试样相比,SMRT试样在腐蚀介质下减摩效果比纯水环境更明显,且在腐蚀环境下表现出优异的耐腐蚀性能,其磨损机制由处理前伴随严重剥落特征的疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损转变为轻微疲劳磨损. 因此,316L不锈钢机械滚压梯度纳米层在腐蚀服役环境下具有较高的潜在工程应用价值.      

纳米压痕法确定金属间化合物力学性能的研究

利用 SMT 全自动回流焊机和高温恒温试验箱制备出经2次回流焊时效处理20天的Sn-0.7Cu/Cu 焊点试件;采用纳米压入法对其焊点金属间化合物力学性能进行了测试,根据Oliver-Pharr算法,利用接触刚度连续测量技术得到了该化合物（IMC）的杨氏模量及硬度,其硬度为6.43GPa,明显大于同种工况下Cu（2.29GPa）和Sn-0.7Cu（0.32GPa）的硬度;与此同时利用有限元分析软件 ANSYS 对纳米压入过程进行了反分析,结果表明：与理想弹塑性模型相比,线性强化弹塑性模型能够更准确地描述IMC层的力学本构关系,其初始屈服应力0σ和切线模量EΤ分别为0.90GPa和14.5GPa。     

焊接接头局部塑性行为的循环压痕实验研究

基于纳米压痕技术,对转子钢焊接接头不同区域（母材、焊缝和热影响区）开展了压入位移控制的单向压痕实验和压入载荷控制的循环压痕实验研究．首先,通过压入位移控制的单向压痕实验,采用多次测试取平均值的方式获得了焊接接头各个区域的弹性模量和硬度分布特征,同时对各区域弹性模量中值点的载荷-压入深度曲线进行了分析;其次,对各个区域进行压入载荷控制的循环压痕实验,比较其压入深度随循环周次的演化特征．结果表明,焊接接头不同区域力学性能差异较大,热影响区的弹性模量、硬度、抗拉强度和抗循环变形能力最高,焊缝次之,母材最弱;三个区域在循环压痕载荷下的接触载荷-压入深度滞回环曲线均表现出类似棘轮变形的演化特征,且母材演化速度高于焊缝,高于热影响区．研究结果对汽轮机焊接转子的焊接工艺的优化、寿命预测和可靠性设计具有重要的借鉴意义．     

影响纳米压入测试结果的因素

纳米硬度计 ,又称深度测量压入仪。该仪器在刚性压针上施加特定载荷 ,同时记录压入试样深度。此技术广泛应用于微纳米尺度力学性能的研究。以MTSNanoIndenter○RXP为测试手段 ,参考试样熔融硅为研究对象 ,进行了不同压入深度的测试。结果显示 ,硬度和模量有随压入深度减小而增大的趋势。分析了接触零点的确定、压针尖端缺陷、试样表面的吸湿和粗糙度、弹塑性转变等因素对测试结果的影响。在压入深度为微米和亚微米量级时 ,上述因素对测试结果无显著影响 ;而在纳米量级时 ,有显著影响。所以 ,当压入深度为几十纳米时 ,纳米压入测试结果的可靠性值得注意     

316L不锈钢不同取向压痕应变率敏感性研究

本研究探讨了不同取向对激光选区熔化(SLM)成形316L不锈钢力学性能的影响．使用纳米压痕测试系统对SLM成形316L不锈钢扫描平面方向和叠加成形方向两个取向的试样进行测试,并通过相关计算得出了材料在这两个方向的弹性模量、硬度、应变率敏感性指数等力学参数．实验结果表明,扫描平面方向的弹性模量和叠加成形方向的弹性模量基本相同;在相同的压入应变率下,扫描平面方向的硬度大于叠加成形方向的硬度;而对于不同的压入应变率,在高应变率下的压痕硬度相对较大;随着压入深度的增加,硬度逐渐减小并趋于稳定值．此外,本研究分析了不同压入应变率下硬度和应变率敏感性指数m的压痕尺寸效应,并得到与尺寸无关的硬度和应变率敏感性指数m．最后,通过引入扫描平面方向准静态宏观压缩工况下的应变率敏感性指数m加以验证本研究的合理性,揭示了SLM成形316L不锈钢在不同取向上应变率敏感性的差异,进而为研究准静态宏观压缩下叠加成形方向的应变率敏感性提供了支撑．     

纳米压痕试验中压头尺寸效应的准连续介质法分析

采用准连续介质法模拟了单晶铝纳米压痕试验过程,分析了不同宽度的刚性矩形压头所引起的初始塑性变形特点,获得了载荷-压深、应变能-位移和硬度-压深曲线.从位错理论的角度分析了压头尺寸对纳米压痕测试结果的影响.研究发现:随着压头宽度的不断增大,压头下方位错形核所需要的载荷和压深程度增大,需要的应变能增加,应变能的变化速率递增,纳米硬度值减小,呈现出明显的尺寸效应.同时表明在一定的压入深度下,硬度与压头尺寸之间存在着一定的比例关系,不同尺寸压头获得的硬度值可以相互换算,但当矩形刚性压头宽度大于或等于120时这种尺寸效应消失.研究结果为纳米压痕实验过程中压头尺寸的选择提供了参考依据.     

不同管径氧化钛纳米管层的微动磨损性能

利用阳极氧化法在纯钛表面制备了3组平均内径不同的TiO2纳米管层试样,用扫描电子显微镜、硬度仪和轮廓仪对试样表面形貌、显微硬度、纳米硬度和粗糙度进行测试.在大气环境里,以球/平面接触方式,对摩偶件为超高分子聚乙烯球,采用PLINT高精度液压伺服式微动磨损试验机,分别在4种法向载荷下,对试样进行微动磨损试验.结果表明:随法向载荷的增加,同一摩擦副的摩擦系数降低;TiO2纳米管层的存在降低了钛与UHMWPE之间的摩擦系数,在不同载荷下纳米管层表面的摩擦系数均随管径的增大而增大,但低于无纳米管层的对照组;与UHMWPE对摩,TiO2纳米管层有很好的承载、抗剥离和耐磨性能;摩擦副的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损、UHMWPE塑变导致的表层材料损失.     

基于应变率阶跃测试的晶体铜压入应变率敏感性研究

纳米压入测试可以原位获取材料的诸多力学性能,包括弹性模量,硬度,屈服应力,应变率敏感指数等。本文利用应变率阶跃测试技术对多晶铜试样的应变率敏感性进行测试分析,硬度-位移曲线表明压头下方所存在的变形梯度对各阶跃应变率下的硬度值存在明显影响;采用基于晶体细观机制的塑性应变梯度理论对压入变形梯度效应予以修正,比较了修正与未修正数据所得的应变率敏感指数,在有效剔除压入变形梯度影响的基础上,应变率阶跃测试可实现单次压入下材料应变率敏感性的测试表征。     

Influence of anisotropic elasticity on the mechanical properties of fivefold twinned nanowires

Previous atomistic simulations and experiments have shown an increased Young's modulus and yield strength of fivefold twinned (FT) face-centered cubic metal nanowires (NWs) when compared to single crystalline (SC) NWs of the same orientation. Here we report the results of atomistic simulations of SC and FT Ag, Al, Au, Cu and Ni NWs with diameters between 2 and 50 nm under tension and compression. The simulations show that the differences in Young's modulus between SC and FT NWs are correlated with the elastic anisotropy of the metal, with Al showing a decreased Young's modulus. We develop a simple analytical model based on disclination theory and constraint anisotropic elasticity to explain the trend in the difference of Young's modulus between SC and FT NWs. Taking into account the role of surface stresses and the elastic properties of twin boundaries allows to account for the observed size effect in Young's modulus. The model furthermore explains the different relative yield strengths in tension and compression as well as the material and loading dependent failure mechanisms in FTNWs.     

表面纳米化对316L不锈钢低周疲劳性能的影响

超声喷丸(USSP)处理工艺在316L不锈钢表面制备出了纳米表面晶层,对表面纳米化后和未表面纳米化的316L不锈钢试样进行对比拉拉低周疲劳试验,运用数理统计学的方法分析研究了表面纳米化处理对316L不锈钢的低周疲劳性能的影响,并就表面纳米化对疲劳性能的影响机理进行了初步分析探讨.研究结果表明,超声喷丸表面纳米化处理可以有效地提高316L不锈钢的低周疲劳寿命;超声喷丸处理在表面所形成的残余压应力、晶粒细化的纳米强化表层是疲劳寿命提高的主要原因.     

Modification of the elastic properties of nanostructures with surface charges in applied electric fields

The influences of applied electric fields and surface charges on elastic modulus of nanostructures such as nanowires and nanofilms are investigated within the framework of classic continuum mechanics. Under an applied electric field, the surfaces of structures are subjected to the electrostatic forces (negative pressure) along the direction of the electric field, and the resulting surface charges also change the surface mechanical properties due to the Hellman–Feynman (H–F) forces. Through incorporating the surface energy from the negative pressure and the H–F forces into surface free energy, the exact and analytical expressions of the effective elastic modulus of nanowires and nanofilms are addressed by considering the surface energy effects on the elastic modulus of nanostructures, which involves the contribution of the applied electric field and surface charges. The numerical results indicate that applied electric fields parallel to the axis of the nanowire and nanofilms enhance the transverse Young's modulus while reducing axial modulus of nanostructures. The effective modulus of nanowires and nanofilms with lateral surface charges depends on the surface charges density and the sign of the charges. In addition, the effect of electric field and surface charges on Young's moduli of nanowires and nanofilms has been found to be sensitive to structural geometric dimensions such as the thickness of the film and the diameter of the wire.     

基于等效静态载荷法的非线性动态拓扑优化

等效静态载荷法是目前解决动态拓扑优化问题的一种有效方法,但是由于未考虑塑性变形中应力应变关系的时效性,会导致等效载荷偏大和载荷方向偏差,因此无法有效处理材料的非线性问题.据此,提出一种基于模量比率因子的等效静态载荷计算方法.首先,根据结构应力、应变和杨氏模量之间的函数关系,计算各时刻的计算杨氏模量;然后,得到各时刻的模...     

Determination of young's modulus or Poisson's ratio using eddy currents

Combined a-c and d-c magnetic fields cause strains in a conducting sample. The amplitude of this strain is dependent on the value of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. The strain amplitude, being in the order of 10 pm, can be measured with a stabilized Michelson interferometer, described elsewhere.^1,2 An expression is derived, relating the axial strain in cylindrical samples to the magnetic-field quantities, the elastic properties and the electrical resistivity of the sample. The finite-element method is used to treat more complicated configurations. Samples of aluminum, copper, gold and tin are used for comparing the measured and calculated results. To this end, the elastic properties of the copper samples were also determined from measurement of the ultrasonic-wave velocity. The agreement between both methods is very satisfactory.     

高分子材料机械密封磨损特性及表面织构的影响

为提高金属/高分子材料机械密封的抗磨损性能,采用光刻-电解技术在316不锈钢表面制作微凹坑阵列形式的表面织构,与5种不同弹性模量的高分子材料组成摩擦副进行磨损试验.试验结果表明,对弹性模量最小的UHMWPE材料,表面织构起到了增磨作用,对其他四种弹性模量较高的材料,表面织构起到减磨作用,而且,随着高分子材料弹性模量的增大,表面织构表现出的减磨作用也随之增大.为解释这个现象,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对摩擦副接触面进行了应力和变形分析,结果表明:织构化表面在接触过程中会产生应力集中和表面形变,材料的弹性模量越小,凹坑引起的变形越明显,可能产生的切削作用越显著.     

Surface-effects-dominated thermal and mechanical responses of zinc oxide nanobelts

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out to characterize the mechanical and thermal responses of -oriented ZnO nanobelts with lateral dimensions of 21.22 Å×18.95 Å, 31.02 Å × 29.42 Å and 40.81Å × 39.89 Å over the temperature range of 300-1000 K. The Young's modulus and thermal conductivity of the nanobelts are evaluated. Significant surface effects on properties due to the high- surface-to-volume ratios of the nanobelts are observed. For the mechanical response, surface-stress-induced internal stress plays an important role. For the thermal response, surface scattering of phonons dominates. Calculations show that the Young's modulus is higher than the corresponding value for bulk ZnO and decreases by ~ 33% as the lateral dimensions increase from 21.22 Å × 18.95 Å to 40.81 Å × 39.89 Å. The thermal conductivity is one order of magnitude lower than the corresponding value for bulk ZnO single crystal and decreases with wire size. Specifically, the conductivity of the 21.22 Å × 18.95 Å belt is approximately (31-18)% lower than that of the 40.81 Å × 39.89 Å belt over the temperature range analyzed. A significant dependence of properties on temperature is also observed, with the Young's modulus decreasing on average by 12% and the conductivity decreasing by 50% as temperature increases from 300 K to 1000 K.     

Thermal gradient effect on the free vibration of a cardioid cross-section cylindrical shell

For the first time, a new cross-section profile and efficient method are developed for the vibration analysis of isotropic and orthotropic cylindrical shells having circumferentially varying profile of a cardioid cross-section expressed as an arbitrary function, under thermal gradient effect. The governing equations of orthotropic cylindrical shells with varying thermal gradient around its circumference are derived as a boundary-value problem and solved numerically as an initial-value problem, based on the framework of Flügge's shell theory, transfer matrix approach and Romberg integration method. As a semi-analytical procedure, the trigonometric functions are used with Fourier's approach to approximate the solution in the longitudinal direction and also to reduce the two-dimensional problem to one-dimensional one. The thermal gradient is assumed to arise due to the variation of Young's moduli and shear modulus, along the circumferential direction of the shell. The results are obtained to indicate the effects of cardioid cross-section on the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes in the thermal environment as well as the sensitivity of the vibration behavior to the thermal gradient ratio and the orthotropy of the shell is also investigated for different types of vibration modes. In general, close agreement between the obtained results and those of other researchers has been found.