流变-导电同步测试法研究炭黑填充高密度聚乙烯的等温结晶行为

采用流变-导电同步测试法,研究炭黑(CB)填充高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)在124.3～125.3℃范围的等温结晶行为,发现应变、频率与预降温速率均显著影响等温结晶过程中动态流变与导电行为.动态储能模量(G')与电阻均在结晶过程中发生显著变化.其中,CB粒子在熔体中发生扩散,造成原有逾渗网络结构破坏,导致复合体系电阻在结晶诱导期内增大.随结晶度增加,G'在结晶诱导期附近开始显著增大,其临界时间对应1%～2%相对结晶度;同时,CB粒子在无定形区相互聚集而形成渗流网络结构,使得复合体系电阻显著降低.电阻的变化被认为与CB粒子在熔体中的迁移以及在HDPE晶体生长过程中的聚集行为有关,且比依时性动态流变行为更敏感.     

尼龙短纤维/白炭黑填充天然橡胶的流变与动态力学行为

以尼龙短纤维(NSF)增强天然橡胶(NR)混炼胶为研究体系,以马来酸酐接枝天然橡胶(MNR)为增容剂,考察增容剂、NSF含量对NR/NSF母胶动态流变行为的影响;将NR/NSF母胶加入30份白炭黑(Si O2)填充NR混炼胶中,对比研究NR/NSF、NR/NSF/Si O2混炼胶的线性与非线性流变行为及动态力学行为,采用修正的两相模型分析"粒子相"的增强作用,探讨硫化胶储能模量E'和损耗因子tanδ的变化.结果表明,MNR影响NSF在基体中的分散性和NSF/NR混炼胶的动态流变行为;高填充Si O2和少量NSF之间存在协同增强作用,使NR/NSF/Si O2混炼胶的补强因子和应变放大因子均高于NR/NSF混炼胶,显著增加"粒子相"的黏性与弹性贡献,限制"粒子相"的松弛;硫化胶的E'和tanδ峰值随NSF体积分数增加分别升高和降低.     

纳米粒子交联类玻璃高分子材料的动力学行为和流变行为研究

研究了纳米粒子动态交联端羧基聚丁二烯的动力学行为.除了利用传统的熔融重塑以及应力松弛行为来研究其动态行为和可加工性,着重通过线性和非线性动态流变学,研究揭示了粒子交联类玻璃高分子材料与分子交联类玻璃高分子、粒子填充高分子复合材料的差异.与分子交联体系相比,粒子交联体系末端区的松弛主要来源于粒子的扩散运动,可逆共价网络对模量的贡献较弱,但减慢了粒子扩散的速度.与粒子填充体系相比,在粒子交联体系中,粒子需要在动态共价键解离之后才能从粒子笼中逃出.     

多壁碳纳米管填充聚苯乙烯复合体系的动态流变特性

应用两相模型探讨多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)填充聚苯乙烯(PS)复合体系的动态流变特性.结果表明,体系线性黏弹行为与PS本体的应变放大效应及MWCNTs填料相的弛豫密切相关.在不同温度下,应变放大因子(Af)随MWCNTs体积分数(φ)的变化规律符合扩散控制的粒子串聚集(CCA)模型.φ＜0.020时,MWCNTs分散...     

多组分聚合物体系的动态流变行为与其相行为的关系

对多组分聚合物体系相行为所采用的常规研究方法都存在不可避免的缺陷。而用动态流变学方法研究具有独特的优点,其理论依据是：对具有临界相行为(LCST、UCST)或微相分离行为的多组分聚合物体系,在小应变状态下的动态流变行为对体系在相分离过程中形态和结构的形成与演化极其敏感,非均相结构的产生使体系在长时松弛区域表现出与均相聚合物体系不同的粘弹松弛行为,即弹性显著增加、松弛时问明显增长以及时-温叠加原理失效,偏离经典的线性粘弹理论模型。本文综述了用Han曲线、Cole-Cole曲线、时-温叠加失效和G′-T曲线等动态流变学方法对多组分聚合物体系相行为的研究进展。     

PAA对PLA流变性能和热性能的影响

通过熔融共混法制备了一系列的PLA/PAA共混物,考察了PLA/PAA共混体系的流变行为和热性能(结晶行为和热降解行为).FTIR测试结果证实PLA与PAA分子链之间形成了氢键网络.动态剪切流变测试和DSC测试均表明共混体系的流变行为和冷结晶行为会随着PAA含量的改变而改变,这可能是由于PLA与PAA的氢键作用受到PAA含量的影响.另外,DSC测试证实共混体系中的氢键网络还会受到试样热历史的影响.当PAA含量较低(低于5 wt%)时,PLA/PAA共混体系中PAA与PLA熔体两相的相分离不严重,使得PAA与PLA分子链能够较大限度地接触而形成较强的氢键作用,因而可以明显减缓增塑作用对黏度降低的影响.     

高分子复杂体系的结构与流变行为

流变学测试对非均相体系的结构变化具有敏感响应,被认为是表征多相/多组分聚合物体系结构与性能极为有效的方法.本文主要依据作者及其合作者的工作,对近年来围绕非均相体系形态结构与流变响应所开展研究的最新结果进行了总结和评述,涉及LCST型高分子共混体系的相形态与黏弹松弛、嵌段共聚物的微结构与线性/非线性黏弹行为、聚烯烃剪切诱导结晶时间尺度与流变响应、填充聚合物体系的结构性能和流变行为.对多相/多组分高分子共混体系形态结构演变的特征流变响应的充分认识,将有助于优化非均相体系的形态结构与最终力学性能.     

线形苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SBS)的粘弹弛豫与相形态

研究了不同温度下苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SBS)的粘弹弛豫与相形态. DSC分析发现, SBS的相结构特别是其中质量分数较低的PS相畴的大小受热历史影响显著. 用TEM表征了SBS的双相连续形态和两相相畴尺寸. 用动态流变学方法研究了不同温度下SBS嵌段大分子的松弛行为. 结果表明, 在低于PS相玻璃化转变温度时, 嵌段分子中的PB段已可发生运动; 而当高于PS玻璃化转变温度后, 由于PB与PS间的相互作用及PB的链缠结所限制, 体系仍保持较高的弹性模量, 呈现“第二平台”特征流变行为.     

HDPE等温结晶中液-固转变的流变特性

摘要研究了高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)等温结晶过程中液-固转变的流变行为. 发现在等温结晶过程中, 旋转流变仪的平行板上会产生法向拉应力; 在结晶初期, 此应力会快速松弛; 一定时间后, 呈现出积聚并迅速增加的现象. 针对此现象提出了一种新的静态测试方法, 即利用由结晶导致的体积收缩测量法向拉力. 对动态测试和静态测试方法下的流变行为进行比较发现, 动态测试适用于结晶速率较慢的体系, 而静态测试则适用于结晶速率较快的体系. 相对于前者而言, 后者具有不干扰被测试样结晶行为的优点.     

SSBR/SiO_2混炼胶的动态黏弹行为

研究了白炭黑(SiO2)填充溶液聚合丁苯橡胶(SSBR)的动态流变行为,考察了时间-浓度叠加(time-concentration superposition,TCS)原理在粒子填充橡胶中的应用,获得以未填充SSBR为基准的流变叠加曲线.流变叠加曲线在低频下呈现模量平台,复数黏度呈现剪切变稀行为,而损耗因子tanδ在特定频率下出现峰值.基于刚性粒子所导致的应变放大效应以及SiO2粒子间SSBR分子的受限运动,探讨了TCS模量平移因子AG与频率平移因子Aω随SiO2体积分数φ的变化.AG与Aω均为φ的标度函数,但AG～φ关系不符合粒子聚集体团聚(cluster-cluster aggregation,CCA)模型.讨论了偶联剂3-辛酰基硫代-1-丙基三乙氧基硅烷(NXT)对动态流变行为的影响.NXT不影响性叠加曲线的低频平台模量与剪切变稀幂律指数.然而,与不含偶联剂的混炼胶相比,NXT造成SSBR特征弛豫时间缩短,稠度与A增大.     

Rheological behavior of fumed silica filled polyethylene oxide

Influence of molecular weight of polymer matrix on nanocomposites rheology is not yet well understood. Herein dynamic rheological responses of fumed silica (FS)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanocomposites are investigated as a function of viscosity‐averaged molecular weight (M_η) of PEO, volume fraction (?) and surface characteristics (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) of FS. In the nanocomposites, FS does not influence the glass transition and crystallinity of PEO in the mobile PEO phase while the interfacial interactions tend to immobilize a small fraction of PEO chains that could not undergo glass transition. In spite of the common observation that the reinforcement decreases with increasing M_η of PEO and improving hydrophobicity of FS, linear rheological responses are well reproduced by the two‐phase model, revealing the crucial contribution of the non‐Newtonian matrix undergoing microscopic strain amplified by the filler. Furthermore, nonlinear rheological responses of the nanocomposites are collapsed into master curves plotted against local strain of the matrix. Analyzing the nonlinear rheology by Fourier transform and stress waveform methods reveal the dominating contribution of the matrix and the role of strain amplification played by the filler. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019 , 57, 397–405     

气相二氧化硅填充极性低聚物的界面与流变

气相二氧化硅(FS)/低聚物纳米复合材料应用广泛于涂料、胶黏剂、锂离子电池、液体防弹衣等诸多领域.然而,极性低聚物与FS表面相互作用复杂,FS/低聚物复合材料(ONCs)的流变响应多种多样.如何实现ONCs流变行为调控,是长期困扰工业界的难题.本文详细总结了FS在ONCs领域的应用,将FS粒子间相互作用与ONCs流变性质相关联,综述ONCs界面层结构的表征、调控手段及界面层与流变行为的关系.结合本课题组对FS/极性低聚物体系界面及流变行为的研究成果,提出未来ONCs领域的2个重要方向,即研究界面结构与粒子-极性低聚物相互作用间的关系,并通过界面设计实现对纳米粒子/极性低聚物复合材料的流变行为的精确调控.     

Crystallization,rheological, and mechanical properties of PLLA/PEG blend with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (FMWCNTs) were introduced into poly(L‐lactide)/polyethylene glycol (PLLA/PEG) blend and the effects of FMWCNTs on crystallization behaviors, rheological, and mechanical properties of PLLA/PEG/FMWCNTs were investigated. The results show that FMWCNTs exhibit good distribution in the nanocomposites and absorb some PEG to agglomerate around them. The crystallization behavior of PLLA in the nanocomposites is greatly dependent on the content of FMWCNTs. At low content of FMWCNTs, the addition of FMWCNTs improves the crystallization behavior of PLLA by enhancing the crystallization temperature and accelerating the crystallization rate, whereas at high content of FMWCNTs, the crystallization of PLLA is restricted to a certain degree. Rheological properties show the formation of the network structure of FMWCNTs at high content, which is the main reason for the retarded crystallization behavior of PLLA due to the network structure providing restriction to mobility and diffusion of PLLA chains to crystal growth fronts. The mechanical properties show that FMWCNTs exhibit reinforcement effect for plasticized PLLA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and characterization of cubic cobalt oxide nanocomposite fluids

Narrow size distribution cubic Co₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized and rheological properties of suspensions of the cubes in oligomeric polyethylene glycol (PEG) were explored over a range of particle volume fractions and rotational shear flow conditions. At low and high particle volume fractions, the relative viscosity of the suspensions is described by a Krieger–Dougherty formula with an intrinsic viscosity consistent with expectations for suspensions of ideal cuboids. At intermediate to high particle loadings, the suspensions manifest complex rheological behavior, including shear thinning and shear-thickening features. These observations are discussed in terms of the charge carried by the cubes and the shear rate/volume fraction dependency of the transition from shear thinning to shear thickening.     

Monodisperse macromolecules – A stepping stone to understanding industrial polymers

Polymers synthesized via anionic polymerization have proved important to our fundamental understanding of the processing, that is rheology and crystallisation, of bulk commodity polymers. The role of monodisperse hydrogenated polybutadienes as models for linear and branched polyethylene is examined. Systematic studies of the effects of long-chain branching, using well-defined “comb” materials have improved our understanding of how the number and length of branches affect the rheological properties and how these features impact on their crystallization behaviour. A combination of techniques including rheology, Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), and birefringence measurements have provided insight into role of linear long chains in the formation of oriented morphologies during the crystallization of hydrogenated polybutadiene blends of controlled polydispersity leading to the development of a quantitative model.     

Ethylene–acrylic acid copolymer induced electrical conductivity improvements and dynamic rheological behavior changes of polypropylene/carbon black composites

The experimental data reveal that the addition of ethylene–acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) into carbon black (CB)/polypropylene (PP) composites can improve the electrical conductivity of CB/PP composites by two to six orders of magnitude at a comparatively low CB content (φ), and when φ = 2.5 vol %, 60/40 of PP/EAA is an optimum for electrical conductivity improvement. The dynamic rheological data show that with increasing φ there are apparent rheological percolations for CB/PP composites. A modified Kerner–Nielson equation can be used to describe the correlation between electrical percolation and dynamic viscoelastic percolation. The addition of EAA into CB/PP composites leads to apparent changes in dynamic rheological behaviors. When φ = 2.5 vol %, a rheological percolation appears in CB/PP/EAA (CPE) composites with increasing EAA content. The similar rheological behaviors correspond to the similar morphological structures for CPE composites with φ = 5.0 vol %. The appearance of bumps in the van‐Gurp–Palmen plots corresponds to the formation of network structure in CB/PP and CPE composites, and the more perfect the networks, the higher the amplitude of the bumps. All data indicate that the van‐Gurp–Palmen plot is sensitive to the formation of filler particle networks or cocontinuous phase which spans the whole composite. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1762–1771, 2009     

Using particle tracking to probe the local dynamics of barley β-glucan solutions upon gelation

The sol-gel transition of aqueous barley β-glucan solutions which undergo gelation with ageing has been studied by conventional bulk rheology, phase contrast microscopy and particle tracking microrheology. Characterisation of the primary structure of the β-glucan isolate was carried out by enzymic methods and HPLC. The Brownian diffusion of fluorescent microspheres (0.75 μm diameter, carboxylate-coated particles) was used to probe the spatial mechanical properties of the gelling systems at the scale of microns; the potential use of passive particle tracking to study biopolymer gelling systems that present spatial heterogeneities is thus explored. For the β-glucan gels cured at 25°C both microrheology and bulk rheology revealed that with increasing the polysaccharide concentration the gelation time decreased, while the gelation rate and gel strength of the barley β-glucan gels increased. The particle tracking method had higher sensitivity and could map molecular ordering and structural heterogeneities in the evolving polysaccharide network at a micro-level. That is, different size pores were generated upon ageing with regions of depleted or less amount of β-glucan molecules. Furthermore, this method could detect changes in the fine structure of the system before such events can be registered by bulk rheological measurements; i.e. microheterogeneity and aggregation of β-glucan chains were revealed by particle tracking at earlier temporal stages of the experiment.     

Rheological and Interfacial Properties of Colloidal Electrolytes

Electric conductivity and rheological responses of colloidal electrolytes consisting of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfon)imide, polyethylene glycol(PEG) oligomer, and fumed silica have been investigated. Incorporating silica could improve ionic conductivity of the electrolytes at the same lithium/oxygen ratios. The colloidal electrolytes demonstrate a sol to gel transition with increasing silica content while they exhibit shear thickening behaviors during steady flow at intermediate range of strain rate. The presence of lithium salt, on the one hand, could lower the crystallinity of PEG or forbid the crystallization and on the other hand, interferes the chain adsorption on the surface of silica. Furthermore, lithium salt strongly retards the segmental relaxation of PEG in the colloidal electrolytes.     

Effect of pH on deagglomeration and rheology/morphology of aqueous suspensions of goethite nanopowder

The kinetics of deagglomeration in diluted suspensions of goethite nanopowder, as well as the rheology and morphology of the resulting suspensions, strongly depends on pH. At pH 3, nanopowder can be dispersed as separate nanoparticles, and the resulting suspension is Newtonian, with the viscosity only marginally higher than the viscosity of water. At pH between 5 and 12, nanoparticles tend to reaggregate and form weak aggregates/flocs. Morphology changes from a Newtonian suspension of primary nanoparticles to a non-Newtonian, shear-thinning suspension of large, porous, interconnected flocs with the yield stress reaching a maximum at an isoelectric point. The effect of pH on morphology and rheology is reversible, and as pH is reduced to 3, the suspension becomes Newtonian, with viscosity marginally higher than the viscosity of water. The rheological models based on DLVO theory do not allow prediction of the effect of pH on viscosity and yield stress, but the flow curves of goethite suspensions can be described by a fractal model with five adjustable parameters.