微凝胶增强两性复合水凝胶的制备与性能

将核壳微凝胶包埋在两性基质中,制备了复合水凝胶(CAH)。 研究发现,利用微凝胶与聚合物链之间的物理缠结作用,可以使复合凝胶具有致密的网络结构,力学性能显著提高;复合凝胶对pH和离子强度敏感,呈现出典型的两性聚电解质凝胶的溶胀行为。 同时微凝胶的存在和特殊的复合结构,可赋予CAH两性凝胶基质所不具有的响应性,并实现在高温下快速响应。     

几类甲基丙烯酸pH—敏感水凝胶的溶胀行为研究

本文合成了以甲基丙烯酸为基础的各类ｐＨ敏感型水凝胶,并研究它们的溶胀行为。初步探索了水凝胶的组成与其ｐＨ敏感的关系,比较了阴离子型水凝胶、阳离子型水凝胶和两性水凝胶的溶胀热力学动力学行为,得出了两性水凝胶在整个ｐＨ范围内都有一定的溶胀比,且在ｐＨ中性时,其溶胀速率要高于相应的阴离子型和阳离子型水凝胶。     

含有4,4′-双(甲基丙烯酰胺基)偶氮苯水凝胶的合成及其在结肠位药物释放的动物实验

合成了不同链长的甲基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酰胺及丙烯酸与4,4′-双(甲基丙烯酰胺基)偶氮苯交联共聚的功能凝胶.三维网络结构通过压缩弹性模量、有效交联密度及聚合物与溶剂间的相互作用参数进行了表征.主要研究了这类凝胶在pH2.2和pH7.4的缓冲溶液的平衡溶胀特性及其偶氮交联基团在体内的降解行为,并讨论了其降解机制.凝胶在胃部的性能稳定,既不发生溶胀,亦不发生降解;但在盲肠内偶氮交联基因可发生降解.其降解率与凝胶的平衡溶胀程度有一个很好的关联:交联程度、疏水基侧链的长度及含量对凝胶溶胀行为的影响结果与这些因素对偶氮交联基团体内降解的影响结果完全一致.通过调节这些因素不仅可以控制凝胶的溶胀程度,而且可以控制偶氮交联基团在体内的降解行为.     

含有4,4′-双(甲基丙烯酰胺基)偶氮苯水凝胶的合成及其在结肠位药物释放的动物实验

合成了不同链长的甲基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酰胺及丙烯酸与 4 ,4′ 双 (甲基丙烯酰胺基 )偶氮苯交联共聚的功能凝胶 .三维网络结构通过压缩弹性模量、有效交联密度及聚合物与溶剂间的相互作用参数进行了表征 .主要研究了这类凝胶在pH2 2和pH7 4的缓冲溶液的平衡溶胀特性及其偶氮交联基团在体内的降解行为 ,并讨论了其降解机制 .凝胶在胃部的性能稳定 ,既不发生溶胀 ,亦不发生降解 ;但在盲肠内偶氮交联基因可发生降解 .其降解率与凝胶的平衡溶胀程度有一个很好的关联 :交联程度、疏水基侧链的长度及含量对凝胶溶胀行为的影响结果与这些因素对偶氮交联基团体内降解的影响结果完全一致 .通过调节这些因素不仅可以控制凝胶的溶胀程度 ,而且可以控制偶氮交联基团在体内的降解行为 .     

pH 响应P(AM-co-AA)/PAAC 半互穿网络微凝胶的合成及表征

在反相微乳液体系中,合成了 pH 响应的聚丙烯酰胺(AM)-丙烯酸(AA)/聚烯丙基氯化铵(PAAC)半互穿网络(semi-IPN-P(AM-co-AA)/PAAC)微凝胶.采用 TEM、光散射及 Zeta电位对微凝胶的微观形貌及 pH 的响应行为进行测定,考察离子强度对微凝胶粒径的影响.结果表明:微凝胶的粒径约 80 nm,溶胀行为对pH及离子强度敏感,改变PAAC的含量可以得到不同PH 下响应的微凝胶.     

结肠位点药物传载凝胶的溶胀动力学研究

合成了带不同疏水侧基的甲基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酰胺及丙烯酸与 4,4′ 二 (甲基丙烯酰胺基 )偶氮苯交联共聚的凝胶 .主要研究了这类凝胶在pH =2 .2至pH =7.4的缓冲溶液的溶胀特性 .其溶胀过程遵循二级溶胀动力学 ,影响这类凝胶溶胀行为的因素包括交联程度、疏水基链的长度、pH值等 .通过调节这些因素是完全可以控制凝胶在小肠内的溶胀程度 ,进而避免凝胶内部的药物被提前释放     

溶剂改性疏水pH-敏感凝胶的溶胀行为

在甲苯存在下，以甲基丙烯酸二乙氨基乙酯、苯乙烯和二乙烯苯为单体，通过悬浮聚合方法合成了不同交联度的疏水阳离子凝胶，研究了这些凝胶的pH－敏感溶胀行为。发现以良溶剂甲苯改性的凝胶不仅溶胀度增加，而且溶胀性质对交联度改变出现特异的依赖关系。当凝胶的交联度高于20％时，平衡溶胀度和溶胀速度随交联度的提高不是降低，而是提高。同时发现，随交联度提高，改性凝胶的溶胀逐渐具有零级动力学特性。这对设计由溶胀控制的，具有零级动力学释药特性的控释体系是十分有意义的。     

离子键交联的聚两性电解质凝胶在不同pH和不同电解质溶液中溶胀行为研究

以丙烯酸(AA)和甲基丙烯酸二乙氨基乙酯(DEAM)形成的离子复合物与丙烯酰胺(AAm)共聚,合成了一种新型的离子键交联的聚两性电解质凝胶(PADA).由于分子之间的氢键作用,PADA凝胶并不是在A/C(负正离子单体摩尔比)为1,而是在A/C为1.55处有最大消溶胀.与共价键交联的聚两性电解质凝胶相比,PADA凝胶的溶胀行为具有更强的pH敏感性.PADA凝胶在不同pH缓冲溶液中的溶胀行为表明,在pH 3~4之间消溶胀程度最大.在偏离该pH区域时凝胶均发生溶胀.但凝胶的溶胀程度在pH<3的酸性溶液中随A/C的增加而降低;而在pH>4的偏碱性溶液中随其增加而增加.在不同价数的离子溶液中,离子浓度对于PADA凝胶的平衡溶胀有着不同的影响.对于一价的NaCl溶液,PADA凝胶有典型的反聚电解质效应.但对于高价的CaCl2和柠檬酸三钠溶液,只在较低的浓度下,才表现出反聚电解质效应.而在较高盐浓度时,随盐浓度的增加其溶胀比反而降低.这可能与高价离子形成的离子键交联有关.与pH对PADA凝胶溶胀程度的影响相似,在CaCl2溶液中,PADA凝胶的溶胀程度随A/C的增加而降低;而在柠檬酸三钠溶液中则刚好相反.这种独特的溶胀行为似乎与高价离子电荷的正负性有关.     

聚丙烯酸凝胶溶胀行为的研究

本文合成了一系列不同交联度的聚丙烯酸凝胶,测定了这些凝胶在不同ｐＨ值及温度下的综合溶胀行为,包括用经典的间断称重方法测定溶胀动力学曲线,用溶胀性能自动测定仪测定溶胀应力变化的动力学曲线及平衡溶胀度等。这这类环境敏感材料的应用提供了科学数据。     

天然高分子电场敏感水凝胶——大豆蛋白/羧甲基壳聚糖体系

通过将大豆蛋白(SPI)和羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)进行溶液共混,并加入环氧氯丙烷作为交联剂,成功制备了一种天然高分子两性荷电水凝胶.这种SPI/CMCS水凝胶在电场的作用下可以快速弯向一侧电极,表现出很好的电场敏感性.由于该水凝胶具有两性荷电的特性,因此其在不同pH值的电解质溶液中既可以弯向阳极(当pH6时),也可以弯向阴极(当pH6时).除了pH的变化,其他诸如施加电压的大小以及水凝胶的厚度也会对SPI/CMCS水凝胶在电场中的行为产生影响.相比于先前报道的另外两种天然高分子电场敏感水凝胶,即壳聚糖/羧甲基纤维素水凝胶和壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶,SPI/CMCS水凝胶在酸性较强(pH=3～4)以及中性(pH=7)的环境中仍能表现出良好的电场敏感性,拓展了天然高分子电场敏感水凝胶的应用范围.     

Characteristics of charged networks under an electric stimulus

The electrokinetic phenomena of poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid-co-n-butylmethacrylate) were examined to investigate physical changes of the gel under an applied electric current. When an electrical stimulus was applied to a piece of the gel, without being in contact with an electrode, reversible gel bending was observed. The bending degree was directly proportional to the intensity of the applied electric stimulus. This was explained by ‘depletion polarization’ of ionic species under the stimulus. The swelling of the gel surface facing the anode increased, due to the decreased ionic strength of the boundary layer upon electric stimulation, while gel shrinking occurred at the cathode. When the gel is in direct contact with electrodes, deswelling of the gel was observed at the anode side, while water seepage occurred at the cathode side. This observation was attributed to the electro-osmosis inside the gel, combined with local pH changes around the electrodes resulting from electrochemical reactions, particularly water electrolysis. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Microporous, fast response cellulose ether hydrogel prepared by freeze-drying

A simple and effective method of preparing fast-response gels is developed. The freeze-drying and subsequent rehydration of thermosensitive gels alters the microstructural properties of the gels in a way that leads to rapid shrinking rates. Microporous hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) gels were created by this method to investigate the influence of the process on the swelling and shrinking kinetics of the gels in response to temperature changes. Micropores of different size ranges were produced by freezing gels with different amounts of water at −20 °C. Water content was the key factor to control the microporosity and the shrinking rates of gels. After the freezing treatment, an effective diffusion coefficient for shrinking could be determined by fitting Fick's law to the data (5.2 × 10⁻⁴ cm²/s). This was an increase of two orders of magnitude over that of the untreated, non-porous gel (6.0 × 10⁻⁶ cm²/s). The magnitude of the shrinking coefficient indicates that the shrinking rate of the microporous gel is probably limited by the convective flow, as unsteady flow through porous media follows the same differential equation as Fick's law, but with much greater transport coefficients, as observed here. Physically, the shrinking rate may be determined by the level of interconnected-cells in a microporous structure present at the beginning of shrinking process because the convection through the interconnected-cells is estimated to be much slower than the polymer network diffusion rate of the struts of micropores (0.1–3.0 μm) as well as heat transfer.     

小分子与高分子混合凝胶研究进展

凝胶作为一种半固态的软物质材料近年来得到很多关注。高分子和小分子都可以作为凝胶的胶凝剂,但是由于在形成过程中两者形成的结构交联与否对形成的凝胶影响很大,表现出了明显的不同。而小分子高分子混合凝胶能整合两者的优势,使混合凝胶兼具小分子凝胶的刺激响应性和高分子凝胶的力学性能。本文从高分子凝胶与小分子凝胶的差异化和互补性方面入手,总结了小分子和高分子的混合凝胶的研究进展。     

Mullite Formation of Colloidal Matrix Hybrid Aluminosilicate Gel

A hybrid aluminosilicate gel composed of a relatively small amount of single-phase gel in a diphasic matrix forms when a diphasic gel of AlOOH and SiO₂ is heated at 700°C for 7 h. The formation of mullite from this hybrid gel is a sequential conversion process, but not of two entirely independent processes of single-phase gel and diphasic gel. The high commencement temperature (>1250°C) of mullite formation from this hybrid gel indicates that the dominant component (diphasic component) strongly affects or controls the mullite transformation behavior of the hybrid gel. The apparent activation energy for mullitization from this hybrid gel is 846 kJ/mol, which is somewhat lower than that of pure diphasic gel but much higher than that of pure single-phase gel.     

Pentacyanoferrates(II) on the surface of organomodified silica gel: The matrix effect

Pentacyanoferrate(II) absorbed on a silica gel surface previously modified with 3-aminopropyl and 3-imidazolylpropyl groups were characterized by¹³C MAS/NMR, FT-IR, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. FT-IR and¹³C MAS/NMR data indicated that the pentacyanoferrate(II) complex is bonded to the surface by the nitrogen atom of the functional group. The differences in the isomeric shifts, the quandrupole splittings and the midpoint potentials of the adsorbed complexes in comparison with the model complexes were attributed to the matrix polar effect—i.e., the interaction of the complex with polar groups on the silica surface.     

Tree-gel and loop-gel conversions in nonlinear polymerization

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From gel to glass

Oxide gels are amorphous and porous materials. The main recent challenge in the investigations of these materials is to reduce and even eliminate their porosity while keeping their starting amorphous nature. In this paper, we describe how, during the last few years, the understanding of both their structural and textural evolutions with temperature allowed to fully densify gels at temperatures as low as the glass-transition temperature corresponding to the parent glass. Regarding their structure, glasses are very peculiar materials. And regarding their technological applications, glasses are conventionally produced in a variety of shapes. Working of glasses may also be achieved using gels as starting materials. And for several applications, scientists use gels to synthesise specific compositions, materials having peculiar functions or shapes that are difficult to obtain using traditional melting processes.     

Experimental study of polyacrylamide gel in close‐in well operation

An optimized polymer gel, known as temporary gel, based on polyacrylamide sulfonated copolymer, and a chromium acetate hydroxide were synthesized to close‐in the wells during applying well servicing work. Based on bottle tests, polymer gel with 28 000 ppm of polymer concentration, and 0.105 ratio of crosslinker to polymer, was selected. The pressure effect within the range of 1000 to 4000 psi indicated not impressive effect of pressure on the gel properties. As the results of creep test clarified, yield strength of the gel was measured at temperature of 90°C, and 2000 Pa. Moreover, the results of an experiment under simulated well condition showed a linear correlation between the height of polymer gel column, and the strength and persistence of gel against fluid pressure. At last, process of degelling with 40 g of optimum gel was performed using 14 g of 30 wt% solution of citric acid during 4 hours.     

毛细管凝胶电泳柱技术的新进展*

全面介绍了当前毛细管凝胶电泳(CGE) 柱制备的几种技术, 初步归纳了影响凝胶柱稳定性的可能因素, 并对毛细管凝胶电泳柱技术的几个发展方向进行了概述。共引用文献33 篇。